Equine Production PDF

Sock VEM013: Equine production and health ENTIRE management ○ Intact male testicles FOAL ○ Y...

Sock VEM013: Equine production and health ENTIRE management ○ Intact male testicles FOAL ○ Young horse COMMON TERMINOLOGIES ○ Less than a year old until it is weaned. ➔ Mature animals are animals that ○ Colt, gelding or filly up to a year undergo puberty and are able to old reproduce. ➔ Horses reach puberty around 2 years HAND ○ (hh) MARE ○ A common measurement in the ○ A female horse that is 3 years of United States to measure equine age (allow to mate or to conceive is the hand, which is 4 inches at this age) (10.16 cm). ○ Adult female horse ➔ In thoroughbred horse, they are refer as LIGHT HORSES mare at the age of 4 years old ○ 12 - 17.2 hh and weigh 900 to 1400 pounds FILLY ○ Riding, driving, showing, racing, ○ Female foal or utility on a farm or ranch ○ Young female horse ➔ Their lightness is being used for speed. ○ Younger than 3 years of age DRAFT HORSES BROODMARE ○ 14.2 to 17.2 and weigh 1400 ○ For breeding purposes pounds or more ○ Female horse of breeding age ○ For heavy work or pulling ○ Mare kept for breeding ○ Either pregnant or with a foal on PONIES the side, or intended to be ○ A small horse measuring 14 pregnant. hands and 2 inches or less, weighing 500 to 900 pounds BARREN ○ Refers to horse breeds less than ○ For breeding purpose 14.2 hands tall. ○ Non Pregnant female horse ○ Used for entertainment and as ○ Currently not pregnant pets, and can also do lighter tasks and riding. STALLION ○ Male horse that is3 years old or WARMBLOOD (Temperament/Attitude of more the horse. Not inner temperature) ○ UNCASTRATED male horse ○ Term describing Arabians, Barbs and Thoroughbreds. STUD ○ Strong temperament, ○ Male horse for breeding competitiveness; used for racing ○ Can be used interchangeably and riding with stallion ○ Light horses are considered as warmbloods. COLT ○ Young male horse COLDBLOOD (Temperament/Attitude of the ○ Male foal horse. Not inner temperature) ○ Generic name for heavy GELDING European horse breeds ○ CASTRATED male horse or other descended from the Forest equine Horse. ○ A male horse castrated before ○ Draft horses (Gentle giants) sexual maturity ○ Docile ○ Heavier horses are considered as STAG coldbloods. ○ A male horse castrated after sexual maturity BREAKING IN A HORSE ○ The process of training a horse RIDGLING/ RIDGELING to be ridden for work ○ Or rig, is a cryptorchid; a male ○ Bringing the horse under saddle animal with one or both ○ Either train the horse to wear a testicles undescended tack and any equipment for ○ At least one of the testicles is horses. inside the abdomen (Condition: Cryptorchidism; Operation: HORSE TACK cryptorchidectomy or RIG ○ The gear used in equipping a operation) horse, including saddle, briddle,  etc. ○ Outfitting the horse also called as tacking up a horse BALK ○ to stop short and refuse to proceed ○ Horse that can’t be moved. ○ Due to disobedience or not familiar to the handler or fright or pain/injury. EQUESTRIAN ○ an expert horseback rider / professional horse rider or handler ○ Someone that is riding the horse ○ Related to management EQUITATION ○ a rider's position while mounted, and encompasses a rider's BISHOPPING ability to ride correctly and with ○ the act of changing the effective aids. appearance of equine teeth to ○ The skill of riding a horse make the horse look younger ○ filing down the Galvayne's FARRIER Groove or changing the shape or length of the teeth, or using ○ Someone who cleans or silver nitrate to artificially create manages the hooves cups ○ Does hoof trimming ○ NOT a good practice ○ Puts on horseshoes ○ Alter’s the age of the horses for ○ Professional hoof care specialist marketing and selling. FERAL ○ Once domesticated horses who are currently free-roaming FLOATING ○ Dental care process for horses ○ Filling the sharp edges of the teeth GRADE ○ a horse whose parentage is BOX STALL unknown, unidentifiable, or of ○ an individual enclosure within a significantly mixed breeding barn or stable in which an ○ Unknown ancestry animal may move about freely without a restraining device GREEN ○ House of the horse is called ○ Refers to the horse’s experience stable; compartments inside are ○ Not trained/ just started called box stall (1 stall: 1 horse) training GROOM ○ Person who tends and takes care of the horses ○ Also called SOTA JOCKEY ○ Someone who rides horses in horse racing ○ Should be light in weight around TIE STALL 50kg ○ a type of stall where animals are tethered at the neck to their NEAR SIDE stall. ○ Left side ○ Tethered animals ○ Due to physical examination, OFF SIDE administration of drugs. ○ Right side  PADDOCK ○ Eohippus is an extinct genus of ○ Area where horses are placed in small equid ungulates. an enclosure ○ First equid before evolution ○ Called Dawn Horse REARING ○ 30 cm or 12 inches - smaller ○ A horse stands up on its hind leg than a dog SOUND ○ A healthy horse ○ No flaws or injury physically UNSHOD ○ Horse not wearing shoes YEARLING ○ Horse not larger than 2 years of age yet beyond a year old. ○ Less than 2 but greater than 1 MERYCHIPPUS ○ Size of a dog ZEBROID Zebra X Horse= ZORSE ○ Offspring of zebra and a horse ○ Zorse JACK ○ Male adult donkey JENNET ○ Female adult donkey HINNY male horse X female donkey ○ a hybrid between a male horse and a female donkey PLIOHIPPUS ➔ MULE male donkey X Female horse ○ 1st one toed horse ◆ offspring of a male donkey (a ○ The side toes has already jack) and a female horse (a reduced in size mare) ○ Pliocene Epoch (7 Million years ago) EVOLUTION OF HORSES EQUID EVOLUTION ○ The evolution of the horse did not develop in a straight line. It has many branches ○ The evolution of the horse where it has something to do with the changes of its anatomy ○ Evolution of Horses ○ Ancestors of horses were BROWSERS ○ From 5 toed to 1 toed hoofed animal (This allowed them to run faster since the more digits, the harsher the friction) GRAZERS ○ Eating grass (nodding) ○ Feed close to the ground ○ Cattle, sheep DOMESTICATION OF HORSES BROWSERS ○ 30,000 B.C ○ Eating shrubs Relationship was seen ○ Above ground between horses and ○ Goat humans due to cave ➔ Ancestors of horses are browsers paintings ➔ Digits are lessened throughout The painting was called evolution Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc Cave ◆ Grower in size ◆ They grow their eyes apart for a ○ Prehistoric Evidence panoramic vision. Bone carvings and Lascaux Cave drawings EOHIPPUS (Hyracotherium) smaller than dog in france ○ Also known as the dawn horse ○ Early Relationships  Appeared as early as ➔ Calvary are soldiers that rides horses; it 30,000 B.C improve the military tactics ➔ Horses are also used to transport ○ Development of Tools and supplies. Structures ◆ Some horses are trained for Chariots, tacks, and hiking and bicking corrals around 14,000 B.C ◆ Heavier horses are trained to be means they are now able quite before a raid to control horses Corrals are enclosures LIGHT BREEDS and they were actually ○ Characteristics: bred by humans 13 to 15 hands in height High endurance, speed, ○ Archaeological Finds and agility. Tombs Sintashta and ○ Historical Use: Petrovka tribes dated to Utilized by Arabs, 2100 B.C Ancient Egyptians, Native Americans, and others. HISTORY OF HORSE TACK ○ Examples: ○ Earliest saddles can be traced Arabian, Barb, and back to about 500 B.C Akhal-Teke. ○ Stirrups and Stirrup leathers ➔ Mainly use for soldiers Invented by the Chinese a loop with a flat base to MEDIUM BREEDS support the rider's foot. ○ Characteristics: Stirrups secures the rider 14 to 17 hands in height and stability Agile and quick ○ Early Human Use ○ Examples: Using crude bridles Lipizzaner, Andalusian, ○ 4th Century B.C and other Warmbloods Rough saddles with Geographical Use: minimal padding Primarily utilized by ○ 500 B.C (India) Europeans historically. Invention of a simple toe ➔ Pull supply wagons and larger soldiers strap with a knight and shining armor. ○ 2nd Century A.D (Romans) Full-treed saddle HEAVY BREEDS ○ Characteristics: HISTORY OF HORSE COLLAR Largest, thickest, and ○ 2500 B.C.: strongest horses Yokes similar for oxen. Calm disposition ○ 1600 B.C.: ○ Examples: Harness and breast collar Percheron and other draft ○ 5th Century (China): breeds. Popularity and Development of the horse Use: collar Popular in Europe from ○ 9th Century (Europe): the Middle Ages onward Introduction of the horse collar HORSES AND AGRICULTURE ○ 12th Century: ○ Agricultural History: Horse collar usage At least 10,000 years. became common Primary labor force until ○ Early Egyptian Chariot: the 20th century Use of Used a yoke for Mules and Draft Horses: harnessing horses. Strength and endurance ➔ Collars are used for the neck of the ○ Tasks: horses yet it is discomforting the horse Pulled plows, wagons, and prone to injury. Harnessing hose and harvest equipment power. LOGGING HORSES IN WARFARE ○ Skidding and loading logs ○ Development of Cavalry: ○ Hauling loaded wagons Assyrians in the 8th ○ Current Use: century B.C. Still employed in some ○ Breed Specialization: areas Speed and agility or protection and solidity. TRANSPORTATION ○ Military Training: ○ Various Uses: Horses were trained for Pulled royal carriages, battlefield tactics carts, buggies, and stagecoaches.  ○ Mail delivery Cargo transport 100 sportsmen led by ➔ Delivery of mail and even pull boats in Spanish General Jose de rivers and canals la Gandara y Navarro. Established the "Gran HORSES IN CANAL BANKS Copa de Manila" in 1898 ○ Historical Role: Charity races in 1935. Pulled boats and barges in the 1800s-1900s SERVICE Transportation ○ Miniature horses as guides: ○ Development Impact The Guide Horse Transported travelers and Foundation in 1999 settlers Trade Facilitation ○ Benefits to owners: Not easily distracted RANCHING Have excellent eyesight ○ Quarter Horse: 30-40 years ideal ranch horse (they Cost-effective have cow sense) Physically support ○ Key Tasks: individuals Roping Branding COMPETITION Sorting cattle ○ Dressage and show jumping: Gathering the herd 17th and 18th-century Driving cattle to market cavalry training Riding fence lines ○ Eventing: ➔ Cattle management where horses are Three-day test for cavalry raised in a large area horses. Dressage Test: Precision PACKING of body movements ○ Mules as preferred pack animals Stadium Jumping: (mules are very intelligent Assessed gracefulness animals) ○ Cutting and team penning: Stamina, intelligence, Sorting cattle and agility. ○ Pulling contests for draft horses: Uses by the forest service Teamwork of work horses Transport in remote areas Military use EQUINE ASSISTED THERAPY ○ Current Uses: ○ Children with mental or Serve people for emotional disorders recreational hunting and ○ Working with these animals packing trips. boosts confidence and self-esteem ENTERTAINMENT ○ Helps children with ADD ○ Ancient Greece (648 B.C.): ○ Encourages autistic children Worldwide popularity by 200 A.D. HORSE SPORT ○ Ancient Rome (416 B.C.): Up to 10,000 spectators. ➔ Horse riding is actually one of the ○ Europe (1066): oldest sports betting genres and also Jousting tournaments one of the most exciting and ○ American West (1700s): entertaining events. Rodeos ◆ Also considered as sport IN THE PHILIPPINES FLAT RACING ○ Cultural incorporation: ○ Complete an oval tracks Itneg's horse blanket ○ Races conducted in either from Abra. direction Kalinga's three-paneled In most countries e.g. US, blanket called pinilian Canada, European with the silam kabayo countries, Philippines the (like a horse) motif. race is conducted in ○ In Mindanao: the B'laan and counter clockwise horse ownership direction ○ The rigodon de honor, a stately Australia and New dance, in Pampanga zealand in clockwise ○ Earliest Horse Sport: direction. Juego de Anillo ("game of ○ The rider is known as the jockey. the ring") An Iberian sport adapted to Filipino fiestas. ○ Manila Jockey Club: Founded in 1867  another. Hence, the name is steeplechase. ➔ It involves the ability of the horse to clear obstacles with precision, and the horse’s stamina for long distances for the track HUNT SEAT ○ Focusing on judging the rider’s form ➔ Most popular type of racing, but the ○ Classes includes: most popular type of horse racing in the Equitation: judge on flat Philippine is the thoroughbred terrain ➔ Either a straight course, no obstacles Jumping: jumping over and focus on the speed of the horse or fences related to stamina of horses (they can Hunters: evaluated on sustain their speed for a long time until form and style over a the racing is finish) course of fences. HARNESS RACING ○ Feature a standardbred also known as standardbred racing ○ Completes at specific gaits, either trotting or spacing The trot would be the movement of the horses diagonal legs together, so it is a 2-beat gait Similarly the pace is also 2-beat gait, but the legs ➔ Originated in English sport of fox that are moved together hunting in which the riders will follow would be both lateral hounds or dogs in pursuit of foxes legs. ➔ It involves stronger emphasis on the ○ Horses pull a cart called sulky form of the rider and style while riding 2 wheeled cart tied by the on the horse back horses ○ The rider is called the driver. SHOW JUMPING ○ Riders navigate a series of fences quickly with minimal errors (such as knocking out rails or refusal) ○ Warmbloods are commonly used to higher levels Favored because of their warm temperament and ➔ Popular in North america and Europe their ability to clear high ➔ Slower race compared to flat racing fences that’s why they because it is pulling weight are ideal for this type of ➔ It involves standardbred horses horse racing. STEEPLECHASE ○ Horses that are racing while jumping over various obstacles Obstacles such as fences, benches, ditches and water jumps ➔ This is termed as discipline of daredevils because it has a very thrilling nature. DRESSAGE ○ Subtle maneuvers highlighting the horses natural movement ○ Horses and riders are scored with their precision of their ➔ A challenging form of horse racing and movements visually exciting ○ Riders must wear back derby, ➔ Originated in Ireland. Traditionally, it is white breeches, black high a cross country race from one church to boots, and a white sock tie  ○ Horses are evaluated to their ability to provide comfortable and responsive ride Equitation: rider’s skills in controlling Horsemanship- riders ability to guide the horse through various gaits. ➔ Involves a wide range of movements, trying to showcase the horses balance and agility and how the horses respond to commands from the riders. ➔ The goal is to make the horse obedient and effortless with graceful movement ➔ Riders need to have a dress code for the competition and professionalism SADDLE SEAT ➔ A type of western riding wherein the ○ Flatter seat, positioning the rider ability of horses to carry its riders behind the withers quietly and comfortably demonstrated ○ Allows horses to display high ➔ In the picture the rein is loose means action the horse is willingly performing the ○ Classes includes: command of the rider while it is horse Pressure class: the horse maintaining easiness. is judged ➔ Ideally, the pacing should be steady and rider Equitation class:: the should be a slow pace rider is judged ➔ The horses neck is leveled with the Effectiveness of back of the horse controlling the ➔ The horse should be in a relaxed and horse is the controlled stage. Thus, obedient quite primary focus. and comfortable WESTERN SHOWMANSHIP ○ Horses are presented to the judges while handled from the ground ○ Goal is to make the horse make his best ○ Requires wearing of western apparel ➔ One of the key objective of this form of riding is to encourage the horse to display high action in its gait, so high stepping action. ➔ Provide a visually impressive show WESTERN RIDING ○ Originated from cowboy ➔ Focuses on the ability of the handler in techniques for managing cattle showcases the horse’s qualities and safely and comfortably make it look its best ○ Dominated by quarter horses, ◆ Horse’s conformation along with other western breeds ◆ Manners of the horse like paint and appaloosa ◆ Overall presentation ➔ Handlers should still be in specific western attire Gymkhana ○ Barrel racing: Competitors race around barriers The rider must guide the ➔ Originated from the practice of horse around a set of cowboys in the American west barrels Without knocking ➔ Events in western riding involve cattle it over. but all are rooted in cattle work ○ Pole bending: competitors weave (originally aimed at working cattle in and out of poles efficiently e.g. several purposes under Instead of barrels they ranching but now this involves in series use poles. of events. WESTERN PLEASURE  CUTTING ○ Objective to separate 2 cattle from the herd A task that must be performed in a time frame ○ Judges on speed and effectiveness of separating cows from a designated group ➔ Also a popular sport, designed to test the speed and agility of the horse and the rider. ➔ A timed event REINING ➔ Originated from the tradition cattle ○ Judged on the horses ability to ranching execute maneuvers with ease ➔ This will require horses that are cow and grace sense e.g. quarter horse ○ In freestyle reining, maneuvers are synchronized to music TEAM PENNING ○ Involves three teams sorting 3 designated cows from a herd an penning them in a paddock at the opposite end of arena ➔ Involves precision and finesse ➔ Evolved from maneuvering horses around cattle ➔ In freestyle reining there is ➔ Based on speed, time factor and choreography and synchronization with accuracy. music. Thus, contains artistic and ➔ Only the designated cows must be creative dimensions. penned ➔ Teamwork, coordination, and good TRAIL CLASS communication is essential for optimal ○ Involves horses navigating performance. various obstacles on a trail course: CALF ROPING Stepping through traps ○ Developed form the task of or puddles of water roping calves for tagging Walking over small Also known as tied down bridges and stepping roping over wooden poles on the ○ Two types: ground Single roping ○ Requires horses to be obedient One rider chases and capable of side-passing and a calf ropes it and backing up. dismounts from the horse to tie the legs from the calf together Timing is critical Team roping: involves the header and the heeler ➔ Challenging obstacle course but simulates real world trail scenarios ➔ Complete the obstacles with calmness without hesitation ➔ Points are given on how the horses navigate each challenge. ➔ Traditional rodeo event ➔ The horse must be willing and the rider must provide effective communication ❖ Other activities: on the horse.  Trail riding: Riding horses on trails for ➔ Forearm: the area of the front leg leisure or exercise between the knee and elbow Parades (antebrachium) ○ Participate in prosessions, ➔ Forelock: the continuation of the main. celebration A hair that hangs in the ears down to Drill teams: Synchronized maneuvers the forehead of the horse. on horseback as part of a team ➔ Girth or hearth girth: important in ○ Performing with music weight estimation. It is where the barrel Hippotherapy: a therapeutic treatment is as its greater diameter Horse camping ➔ Hock: counterpart of human knee Horse resorts ( Dude ranches) (tarsus) large joint on the hind leg ○ A form of tourism ➔ Jugular groove: Blood collection. Draft horses: Farming draft, showing, Depression in the neck where the logging, recreation and more jugular vein is located Driving: hitching equines to wagons, ➔ Knee: Carpus equivalent to the risk of carriages, carts, sleighs, or other horse human drawn vehicles. ➔ Loin: area behind the saddle from the Mounted police: Patrol horseback last rib to the croup (lumbar vertebrae) ➔ Mane: long hair that grows on the POINTS OF HORSES dorsal region of the neck on the crest. Found underlying either side of the neck ➔ Muzzle: found in the horse’s face include the chin, mouth and the nose or nostrils. ➔ pastern : connect between the fetlock joint and the coronet. (middle and proximal phalanx) ➔ Shoulder: location of the scapula ➔ Withers : the tallest point of the horse where the height is measured POLL ○ Often refers to the joint of the head and neck, where the first ➔ Back of the horse is where the saddle cervical vertebra (atlas or C1) would go. Thus, begins in the withers connects to the skull (occipital and extends at the last thoracic crest) vertebrae ➔ Barrel is the main area or body of the horse include the rib cage enclosing the eternal organs ➔ Cannon bones are between the knee and the fetlock joint. Is sometimes called the shin of the horse but actually the metacarpal 3 or metatarsal 3 ➔ Chin groove: found in the horse’s head behind the lower lip. A depression or an area that slightly on the lower jaw ➔ Coronet or the coronary band: it is a ring of soft tissue above the horny hoof it blends with the skin of the leg ➔ Crest: upper portion of the neck where the mane grows THROAT ➔ Croup: the topline of the horse’s ○ This is the point where the hindquarters sometimes called the windpipe meets the head ramp. Begins at the hip and end in the dock of the tail. ➔ Dock: point of the tail that connects to the hind or rear of the horse ➔ Elbow: joint of the front leg at the point where the belly meets the leg of the horse ➔ Fetlock: sometimes called the ankle of the horse ➔ Flank: it is the area where the barrel of the horse where the hindquarters or leg meets. Area behind the rib cage and in front of the stifle joint. An important surgical location in large animals. ➔ Throat latch: part of the harness, but sometimes used to refer to the throat  CHESTNUT ○ A flat, hairless area on the inner leg of a horse, usually located above the knee CALCULATE THE WEIGHT ➔ A form of callus found inside the leg ESTIMATING THE HEIGHT ○ A hand is a unit of length ERGOT specifically used to measure the ○ A callosity on the back of the height of horses hocks ○ It is standardized equal to 4 inches (10.46cm) GASKIN ○ Large, muscular area on the back of a horse’s hind leg, positioned between the stifle joint (knee) and the hock joint (ankle) ➔ Wither height: from the wither down to the hoof. The horse must be in the flat ➔ Homologous to the calf of the human surface AGE ESTIMATION USING 12 FRONT TEETH ➔ Central incisors are also called pincers or nippers ➔ Incisors are the most commonly used in determining the age of the horse DETERMINING THE AGE, HEIGHT, AND WEIGHT ➔ Practice scenarios: hold the tongue out to the side of the face of the horse this ➔ Measuring the weight of the horse is will provide an obstructed view of the important in administering medication dental arcade in computing for the right dose or ➔ Temporary teeth are elongated and oval amount of drug that needs to be in shape administered to the horse, for tracking nutrition and for selling purposes EMERGENCE OF TEMPORARY TEETH LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENT ○ To estimate a horse's weight, the TEMPORARY CENTRAL two most common ○ Birth to 10 days (6 days) measurements taken are the heart girth (the distance around the chest) and the body length from the shoulder to the buttock (heart girth and body length together it is called linear measurement)  Star ○ Markings on the forehead ○ Marking means patches of white hair ○ Not typically a star TEMPORARY INTERMEDIATES ○ 4 to 6 weeks (6 weeks) Snip ○ Marking on the muzzle of the horse TEMPORARY CORNERS ○ 6 to 10 months (6 months ) Strip ○ Narrow straight of white hair that runs vertically down to the EMERGENCE OF THE PERMANENT TEETH muzzle of the horse or in the midline. ➔ Permanent teeth are more triangular in ○ Sometimes they are not in a shape straight line ➔ The dental cups starts to disappear from the incisor , they will become the dental stars Blaze ○ Wider and prominent white patches of hair in the middle of the eyes PERMANENT CENTRALS : 2.5 years ○ Doesn’t cover the eyes PERMANENT INTERMEDIATES: 3.5 years PERMANENT CORNERS: 4.5 years APPEARANCES OF CANINE TEETH: 4-5 years TOOTH WEAR ○ 6 years old Baldface ○ White patch of hair that covers or extends to the eyes ○ Have blue eyes ○ Common in paint horse ○ 15 years old MARKINGS COLORS AND MARKINGS  Stocking ○ It extends beyond the hock joint Coronet Dorsal stripe ○ A white band of hair above the hoof ○ A primitive marking yet it’s not a patch of white hair rather black. ○ Just above the hoof ○ It can be found in donkey and wild horses ○ A stripe of hair that runs to the dorsal back of the horse ○ Follows the spine Pastern ○ White patch of hair that covers the pastern ○ Does not go beyond the fetlock Practice test Sock /Fetlock ○ White patches of hair that extends beyond the fetlock ○ Socks doesn’t just occur on 4 legs but it depends Boot Sock Fetlock Pastern Coronet Partial pastern Boot ○ Extends beyond the fetlock but below the knee or hock The four horsemen of the apocalypse ➔ Represents the basic color of the horses  ◆ White ◆ Red ◆ Black ◆ Gray Colors ○ Black is dominant (Eumelanin) ○ Red is recessive (Pheomelanin) ○ White is absent of any pigment or albino Dun ○ Coat color dilution ○ Black stripe ○ Closest color to natural 'wild' color in horses The muzzle is white, the ○ Any horse that have a primitive skin is white and even marking it is instantly called the hoof, mane, and tail dun despite of the color Black horse despite of markings BLACK-BASED COLORS Bay Grullo ○ Light brown to dark brown body ○ Dark, smoky gray body color with with dark points black mane and tail ○ 6 black points ○ Black stripe down the back with Mane dark legs Tail ○ Also known Gray dun All four limbs ○ Ears have black borders BAY ROAN ○ True roan on a bay coat Buckskin ○ Mane, tail, and lower legs are ○ Yellow or gold body color with black, and the reddish body is black mane and tail intermingled with white hairs ○ Lower legs usually black and my ○ The head is usually red have white markings ○ Does not have a dorsal stripe ○ Looks like a bay because of the 6 points but has a yellowing or gold in color.  ○ More of a yellow tint to their coats than chestnuts ○ Mane and tail color matches body color ○ Sometimes have flaxen or blond manes and tails Blue Roan ○ Uniform mixture of white hairs mixed with black hairs (bluish appearance) ○ Heads and lower legs darker ○ Mane and tail nearly always black Chestnut ○ Distinct reddish color in their bodies ○ Mane and tail of same color as body Roan is white hair that is mixed with any color is called roan ○ It is more on like a faded color Palomino Perlino ○ Golden yellow body color with ○ Cream coats and blue eyes white mane and tail ○ Mane, tail, and points that are rust or orange hued ○ It sometime called pseudoalbino Cremello ○ Cream color, pink skin, white Brown mane, and blue eyes ○ Brown or light black body color with a lighter color around the muzzle flank and inside upper legs ○ Mane and tail are always black Red Roan ➔ It’s like black but with light brown areas ○ Uniform mixture of white hairs and highlights mixed with red hairs ➔ Mane and tail will always black ○ Head and lower legs usually darker due to proliferation of red RED-BASED COLORS hairs ○ Mane and tail can be black, red Sorrel or flaxen ○ Copper-red body color  Overo - does not cross over in the spine Tovero Red Dun ○ Type of dun with a reddish tint to their coats ○ With dark stripe along back and have red, white or flaxen mane and tail Sabino ○ white markings or legs ○ white ticking or roaning of the midsection Gray ○ White hairs mixed with darker hairs of any coloration ○ Dapple gray ○ Flea-bitten gray BREED CHARACTERISTICS Cold blood ○ heavy, solid, strong horses ○ calm ○ may include draft horses ➔ Compared to white this has dark pigmentation. Nd the color is white Warmblood Paint horse ○ light-to-medium horse breeds ○ suitable for riding Tobiano ○ with a strain of Arab breeding ○ white coloring across the spine ○ may include all light horses ○ Skewbald: Bay with tobiano ○ Piebald: Black with tobiano Ponies ○ 14.2 hands or less (height) ○ -500 to 900 pounds (weight) ○ either as draft or saddle type  ○ Largest and most powerful draft horse Miniatures ○ scaled-down version of a full-size horse ○ not a breed ○ maximum height is 34 inches (8 hh & 5 inches) Akha teke ○ Pet ○ Originated from Turkmenistan ○ Light horse breed Arabian ○ Curved neck ○ Concave nose Belgian(Brabant) ○ Cold blood ○ Largest breed of horse; weighs 1100 kg or 1.1 tons Thoroughbred ○ In the Philippines it is used for flat racing ○ Originated from great Britain Clydesdale ○ Cold blood horse Andulusian ○ Spanish breed of horse ○ Mane and tail have abundant hair Friesian ○ Black color is only allowed for this breed ○ Only 1 star is allowed ○ Long mane and tail ○ Originated from Netherlands Australian Stock horse ○ From Australia Shire Lipizzaner ○ From Britain ○ The movement is the preferred ○ Roman nose or convex nose characteristic  ○ Docile temperament ○ Use for various event Peruvian Paso Lusitano ○ From Portugal Standardbred ○ Use in harness racing Mustang ○ From the name “mestena” means uncertain ownership Tennese walking horse ○ Previously domesticate then ○ Natural gait also called running escaped and currently living in walk the wild American paint horse Quarter horse ○ Herding cows ○ Natural cow sense ○ Any event involving cattle ○ They can be any color, but does not allowed paint horses Appaloosa ○ Spotted horses ○ brought in the Americans by the spanish ○ The pattern is termed as: Blanket Missouri fox trotter Leopard ○ Preferred because of their gaits Roan Snowflake pattern Paso fino ○ Collected gait Knabstrupper  ○ Spotted breed ○ A danish breed ○ Originated from Denmark Pony of the americas Shetland pony ○ Oldest breed of horse in Britain ○ Strong despite of size American miniature Horse