Oxford Latin Past Paper Chapter 17 PDF

# Chapter 17 Comitia ## Pictures **Picture 1:** Two boys, Quintus and Gaius, are walking to school. **Picture 2:** Gaius is climbing a tree. Quintus is running toward the tree. **Picture 3:** Quintus is looking up at Gaius, who is still up in the tree. Quintus looks worried while Gaius looks...

# Chapter 17 Comitia ## Pictures **Picture 1:** Two boys, Quintus and Gaius, are walking to school. **Picture 2:** Gaius is climbing a tree. Quintus is running toward the tree. **Picture 3:** Quintus is looking up at Gaius, who is still up in the tree. Quintus looks worried while Gaius looks unsure and slightly nervous. **Picture 4:** Quintus is shaking Gaius's hand, who has gotten down from the tree. ## Text Quintus ad lūdum ambulābat; subitō Gāium vīdit. Gāius arborem ascendēbat. Quintus ad arborem festīnāvit. ānxius erat; clāmāvit: 'quid facis, Gāiī? dēscende.' Gāius eum audīvit; ad terram rediit Quintumque salūtāvit. These captions introduce two different past tenses; you should look at the grammar on p. 112 before you study the vocabulary. # Vocabulary 17 From now on in the vocabularies, verbs will be given with the perfect (1st person sing.) as well as the present infinitive, e.g. 1st conjugation: parō, parāre, parāvī 2nd conjugation: moneō, monēre, monuī 3rd conjugation: regō, regere, rēxī 4th conjugation: audio, audīre, audīvī The different ways in which 3rd conjugation verbs form their perfect are explained bit by bit in the grammar sections of succeeding chapters. A number of verbs have 'irregular' principal parts, i.e. they do not follow the regular pattern given above. ## Verbs | Verb | English | |---|---| | sum, esse, imperfect: eram; perfect: fuī | I am | | superō, superāre, superāvī | I overcome | | discēdō, discēdere, discessī | I go away, depart | | legō, legere, lēgī | I read | | crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī + dat. | I believe, trust | | prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī | I promise | | efficiō, efficere, effēcī | I effect, carry out | ## Adverbs | Adverb | English | |---|---| | deinde | then, next | | enim | for | | igitur | and so, therefore | | tamen | however, but | ## Nouns | Noun | English | |---|---| | hōra -ae, f. | hour | | pecūnia -ae, f. | money | | divitiae -ārum, f. pl. | riches | | candidātus -ī, m. | candidate | | numerus -ī, m. | number | | ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis, f. | speech | | ōrātiōnem habere | to make a speech | | vulnus, vulneris, n. | wound | ## Adjectives | Adjective | English | |---|---| | candidus, -a, -um | white | | optimus, -a, -um | best | | pessimus, -a, -um | worst | | vērus, -a, -um | true | | vēra dicere | to speak the truth | | gravis, grave | heavy, serious | ## Conjunction | Conjunction | English | |---|---| | cum | when | ## Grammar ### Tenses Verbs in Latin alter their endings to indicate different tenses, i.e. the time at which an action or event takes place. So far all the stories have been told in the present tense; this is used when the action of the verb is happening now or happens regularly, e.g. Flaccus in agrō labōrat. Flaccus is working in the field (now) or Flaccus works in the field (every day). (Latin does not have separate tenses to indicate these different meanings.) We now introduce two past tenses: ### The Imperfect Tense This tense is used when an action in the past is continuous, repeated or incomplete, e.g. Flaccus in agrō diū labōrābat. Flaccus was working in the field for a long time. Quintus ad lūdum cotīdiē ambulābat. Quintus used to walk to school every day. Horatia ianuam claudēbat, cum māter 'nōlī' inquit 'iānuam claudere.' Horatia was shutting the door when her mother said 'Don't shut the door.' Note that English does not always indicate time so precisely, e.g. Flaccus worked in the field a long time: but Latin will say labōrābat, since the action is continuous. Quintus walked to school every day: but Latin will say ambulābat, since the action is repeated. The imperfect tense is formed by adding the following endings to the present stem: | Pronoun | Ending | |---|---| | I | -bam | | You (Singular)| -bās | | He/She | -bat | | We| -bāmus | | You (Plural)| -bātis | | They| -bant | ### The Perfect Tense The perfect tense is most often used to express completed past action, e.g. Flaccus ad agrum ambulāvit. Flaccus walked to the field. Flaccus ad agrum nōn ambulavit. Flaccus did not walk to the field. nõnne Flaccus ad agrum ambulavit? Didn't Flaccus walk to the field? The perfect person endings are the same for every conjugation: | Pronoun | Ending | |---|---| | I | -i | | You (Singular)| -istī | | He/She | -it | | We| -imus | | You (Plural)| -istis | | They| -erunt | These endings are attached to the perfect stem: * 1st conjugation: parāv- * 2nd conjugation: monu- * 3rd conjugation, e.g.: rēx- * 4th conjugation: audīv- ### Exercise 17.1 Translate 1 litteräs cotīdiē (every day) scrībēbāmus. 2 urbem fortiter defendēbant. 3 in agrīs errābam. 4 filium diū quaerēbat. 5 in casa quiēscēbās. 6 fessī erāmus. 7 ad forum ambulābant. 8 magistrum non audiēbātis. 9 domum fugiēbam. 10 in foro diū manēbant. ### The Perfect Stem The perfect stem is formed in various ways: 1. Regular verbs of the 1st, 2nd and 4th conjugations form perfects as follows: The suffix -v or -u is added to the verb stem, e.g. * 1st para-, perfect parā-v-ī * 2nd mone-, perfect mon-u-i (the e of the stem drops out) * 4th audi-, perfect audi-v-ī ### Exercise 17.2 Form the imperfect and perfect (1st person singular) of the following verbs dormiō, salūtō, habeō, labōrō, exerceō, custōdiō 2. 3rd conjugation verbs, the stems of which end in a consonant or in u, follow various patterns: * The suffix -s is added to the verb stem, e.g. - reg-ō, reg-ere: perfect rēx-i (for rēg-s-i) - dīc-ō, dic-ere: perfect dix-i (for dīc-s-i) * The verb stem is unchanged, e.g. - contend-ō, contendere: perfect contend-i - constitu-ō, constituere: perfect constitu-ī * The vowel of the present stem is lengthened, e.g. - leg-ō, leg-ere: perfect lēg-i - em-ō, em-ere: perfect ëm-i * The present stem is reduplicated (i.e. the first syllable is doubled), e.g. - cad-ō, cad-ere: perfect ce-cid-ī - curr-ō, curr-ere: perfect cu-curr-i * The suffix -v/iv or -u is added to the stem, e.g. - sin-ō, sin-ere: perfect sīvī - pet-ō, pet-ere: perfect petīvī - pōn-ō, pōn-ere: perfect posui These rules will enable you to recognize most perfect forms in your reading. At present only learn the following, which add the suffix -s to the present stem: * scrib-ō, scrib-ere, scrīp-sī I write * dīc-ō, dic-ere, dīx-i I say * dūc-ō, dūc-ere, dūx-ī I lead * reg-ō, reg-ere, rex-ī I rule * claud-ō, claud-ere, claus-i I close * ēvād-ō, ēvād-ere, ēvās-ī I escape * cēd-ō, cēd-ere, ces-sī I yield, I go * lūd-ō, lūd-ere, lūs-ī I play * mitt-ō, mitt-ere, mis-ī I send * surg-ō, surg-ere, surrex-ī I get up, rise * ger-ō, ger-ere, ges-sī I carry, wear **NB 1: ** When -s is added to the consonant in which the present stem ends, certain changes of spelling occur, e.g. c + s = x (dīc-si becomes dīxī); d drops out (claud-si becomes clausī), etc. **NB 2: ** The perfect of compound verbs is usually the same as that of the simple, e.g. dūcō, dūxī; re-dūcō, re-dūxī cēdō, cessī; ac-cēdō, ac-cessī mittō, mīsī; re-mittō, re-mīsī **NB 3:** A few 2nd conjugation verbs also form the perfect by adding suffix -s; learn the following * augeō, augere, auxī I increase * iubeō, iubēre, iussi I order * maneō, manēre, mānsī I remain, stay * persuādeō, persuādēre, persuāsī + dat. I persuade * rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī I laugh **NB 4: ** The perfect stem of sum is fu-: * fu-i I was * fu-istī you (sing.) were * fu-it he/she was * fu-imus we were * fu-istis you (pl.) were * fu-erunt they were ### Exercise 17.3 Put the following verb forms into (a) the imperfect (b) the perfect 1. monet 2. dormiō 3. superant 4. dēbēmus 5. clāmātis 6. custodiunt 7. dūcō 8. mittimus 9. claudis 10. iubeō 11. manēmus 12. dicitis 13. ēvādunt 14. amat 15. exerceō # Chapter 17 Comitia ## Picture **Picture 1:** A painted announcement on a wall for the election of a man named M. Epidius Sabinus for Duovir. Next there is a picture of a Roman bar. Then, a picture of a Roman poster for Julius Polybius. ## Text comitia iam aderant. cīvēs novōs duovirōs creāre dēbēbant. per omnēs viās in mūrīs casārum nūntiī candidātōrum pictī erant, sīcut: ORO VOS M. EPIDIUM SABINUM DUOVIRUM FACIATIS. CANDIDATUS DIGNUS EST, COLONIAE VESTRAE DEFENSOR. cīvēs in viās festīnābant et candidātōs spectābant. illī per viās ambulābant; togās candidās gerēbant; turba fautōrum eōs comitābat. ōrātiōnēs habēbant; multa prōmittebant quae efficere non poterant; cīvēs eōs audiēbant, paucī tamen eīs crēdēbant. Flaccus in tabernā sedēbat et colloquium cum amīcīs faciēbat. Ganymēdēs, senex querulus et miser, 'candidātīs crēdere nōn possumus' inquit; 'cum enim magistrātum petunt, omnia promittunt. cum duovirī sunt, nihil faciunt. nihil cūrant nisi pecuniam suam.' Philērus 'vēra dīcis, Ganymēdēs,' inquit; 'omnēs candidātī putidī sunt, sīcut Chrysanthus, homō pessimus. ōlim pauper erat, quī parātus fuit quadrantem dē stercore dentibus tollere. nunc dīvitiās innumerābilēs habet. quomodo illās dīvitiās sibi comparāvit? furcifer est.' Flaccus tamen amīcōs invītus audīvit: 'nōlī nūgās nārrāre, amīce,' inquit; 'iam dēbēmus ad comitium īre et suffragia ferre. surgite, amīcī, et mēcum venīte.' omnēs igitur ad forum processerunt et festīnāvērunt ad comitium. in triviīs duōbus candidātīs occurrerunt qui ad comitium prōcēdēbant. pistōrēs alterī favēbant; alba ferēbant cum hāc înscriptiōne: C. IULIUM POLYBIUM DUOVIRUM ORO VOS FACIATIS; PANEM BONUM FACIT. alterī favēbant müliōnēs. aliī aliōs vituperābant. mox saxa per aurās volābant. multī vulnera accēpērunt, multī timuērunt domumque redierunt. tandem candidātus quīdam, vir gravis et spectātus, örātiōnem ad cīvēs habuit tumultumque sēdāvit. omnēs ad comitium processerunt, suffrāgia tulērunt, novōs duovirōs creāvērunt. fautōrēs eōrum laetī clāmāvērunt victōrēsque triumphantēs domum dūxērunt. Flaccus domum festīnāvit Scintillaeque omnia nārrāvit. ## Vocabulary | Latin | English | |---|---| | comitia | the elections | | creare | to elect; pictī painted | | sīcut | like | | ōrō vōs... faciatis | I beg you to make | | turba fautōrum | a crowd of supporters | | comitābat | accompanied | | tabernā | a pub | | colloquium | conversation | | querulus | complaining, querulous | | magistratum | magistracy, office | | nisi | except | | putidī | rotten; ōlim once | | quadrantem | a farthing | | dē stercore | from the dung | | dentibus | with his teeth | | comparavit | did he get? | | furcifer | a thief; nūgās nonsense | | comitium | the polling station | | suffragia ferre | to cast our votes | | in triviīs | at a crossroads | | pistörēs | the bakers; alteri (dat.) one | | favēbant | favored, supported | | alba (n. pl.) | notice boards | | pānem | bread; alteri the other | | mūliōnēs | the muleteers | | vituperabant | began to abuse | | volābant | were flying | | spectātus | respected | | tumultum | riot | | sēdāvit | calmed | | tulērunt | cast | | triumphantēs | in triumph | # Grammar and Exercises ### Exercise 17.4: Translate 1. ad urbem ambulāvimus. 2. Quintus nõn dormīvit. 3. mihi omnia dīxistī. 4. mīlitēs prope castra sē exercuerunt. 5. mẽ cūrāvistis. 6. filium ad agrum dūxī. 7. Flaccus puerum ad agrum mīsit. 8. eum iussit in agrō labōrāre. 9. cür iānuam non clausistī? 10. puellae litterās bene scrīpsērunt. ### Exercise 17.5: Translate the following verb forms 1. spectā 2. spectābam 3. spectat 4. spectāvī 5. spectāre 6. spectāvērunt 7. dūcēbās 8. dūcere 9. dūcunt 10. dūxistis 11. dūc 12. dūxit 13. dormīre 14. dormīte 15. dormiēbant 16. dormiō 17. dormīvistī 18. dormiēbāmus 19. monuerunt 20. monēbat 21. monēre 22. monēte 23. monuimus 24. monuit ### Exercise 17.6 In the following sentences put each verb in parentheses into the appropriate tense (imperfect or perfect) and translate the whole sentence. For example: Horatia Quintusque in hortō (lūdere), cum Scintilla eōs (vocāre). lūdēbant; vocavit. Horatia and Quintus were playing in the garden when Scintilla called them. 1. Scintilla Quintum Horātiamque (vocāre); ad agrum eōs (mittere). 2. puerī ad agrum (ambulāre); cēnam ad patrem (portāre). 3. nōn (festīnāre) sed in viā diū (lūdere). 4. tandem ubi agrum (intrāre), Horātia patrem (vocāre). 5. ille filiam nōn (audīre); sub arbore (dormīre); nam fessus (esse). 6. Horātia frātrem (monere); 'nōlī patrem excitāre,' inquit; 'fessus (esse).' 7. sed ille (ēvigilāre) puerōsque (salūtāre). 8. puerī in agrō diū (manēre); tandem Quintus Horātiam domum (redūcere). ### Exercise 17.7 Translate into Latin 1. Quintus and Horatia were hurrying to school. 2. But on the way they stayed and played with a friend, who was exercising his dog. 3. When they approached the school, the master was standing near the door. 4. He watched them and said, 'Why are you coming late?' 5. Quintus laughed and said, 'We are not coming late.' 6. The master was angry. He told (= ordered) them to go in at once. 7. When he dismissed the other children, he told them to stay and write their letters again.