Latin Grammar PDF

**Ablative Case** - **Function**: Used for various meanings, including: 1. **Separation/Source**: Shows \"from where\" something comes. - *ab agrō* (from the field) 2. **Place Where**: Indicates the location of an action. - *in horto* (in the garden) 3. **M...

**Ablative Case** - **Function**: Used for various meanings, including: 1. **Separation/Source**: Shows \"from where\" something comes. - *ab agrō* (from the field) 2. **Place Where**: Indicates the location of an action. - *in horto* (in the garden) 3. **Means/Instrument**: Describes what is used to perform an action. - *gladiō* (with a sword) 4. **Accompaniment**: Shows with whom an action is done. - *cum amīcō* (with a friend) 5. **Time**: Indicates when something happens. - *ante meridiem* (before noon) - **Common Prepositions**: *ab* (from), *cum* (with), *in* (in, on), *ex* (out of), *sine* (without). **Accusative Case** - **Function**: Used for the direct object (the receiver of the action) and with certain prepositions. - *videt puerum* (he sees the boy). - **Prepositions with Accusative**: *ad* (to), *per* (through), *in* (into), *sub* (under), *ante* (before). **Masculine and Feminine Nouns** - **Masculine Nouns**: Typically end in *-us* or *-er*. - Example: *dominus* (master), *servus* (slave). - **Feminine Nouns**: Typically end in *-a*, *-is*, or *-e*. - Example: *puella* (girl), *via* (road). **1st Declension (Feminine)** - **Characteristic Endings**: These nouns typically end in *-a* in the nominative singular. - Example: *puella* (girl) - Singular: - Nominative: *puella* (girl) - Genitive: *puellae* (of the girl) - Dative: *puellae* (to/for the girl) - Accusative: *puellam* (girl, as the object) - Ablative: *puellā* (with the girl) - Plural: - Nominative: *puellae* (girls) - Genitive: *puellārum* (of the girls) - Dative: *puellīs* (to/for the girls) - Accusative: *puellās* (girls, as the object) - Ablative: *puellīs* (with the girls) **2nd Declension (Masculine and Neuter)** - **Masculine Nouns**: Often end in *-us* or *-er* in the nominative singular. - Example: *dominus* (master) - Singular: - Nominative: *dominus* (master) - Genitive: *dominī* (of the master) - Dative: *dominō* (to/for the master) - Accusative: *dominum* (master, as the object) - Ablative: *dominō* (with the master) - Plural: - Nominative: *dominī* (masters) - Genitive: *dominōrum* (of the masters) - Dative: *dominīs* (to/for the masters) - Accusative: *dominōs* (masters, as the object) - Ablative: *dominīs* (with the masters) - **Neuter Nouns**: These follow the same pattern but have *-um* in the accusative singular and nominative plural. - Example: *bellum* (war) - Singular: - Nominative: *bellum* (war) - Genitive: *bellī* (of the war) - Dative: *bellō* (to/for the war) - Accusative: *bellum* (war, as the object) - Ablative: *bellō* (with the war) - Plural: - Nominative: *bella* (wars) - Genitive: *bellōrum* (of the wars) - Dative: *bellīs* (to/for the wars) - Accusative: *bella* (wars, as the object) - Ablative: *bellīs* (with the wars) **Verbs (3rd Person)** - **3rd Person Singular**: Verbs end in *-t* for he, she, it. - *amāt* (he/she/it loves). - **3rd Person Plural**: Verbs end in *-nt* for they. - *amant* (they love). - **Example Conjugation (1st Conjugation)**: - Singular: - 1st: *amō* (I love) - 2nd: *amās* (you love) - 3rd: *amat* (he/she/it loves) - Plural: - 1st: *amāmus* (we love) - 2nd: *amātis* (you all love) - 3rd: *amant* (they love) **Prepositions** - Prepositions are words that show relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words in a sentence. - **With Accusative**: *ad* (to), *per* (through), *in* (into), *ante* (before), *sub* (under). - **With Ablative**: *ab* (from), *cum* (with), *in* (in/on), *ex* (out of), *sine* (without). **Conjunctions** - **Function**: Join words, phrases, or clauses. - *et* (and) - *sed* (but) - *aut* (or) - *quia* (because) - *nē* (lest, so that not) - *autem* (however) **Interjections** - **Function**: Express strong emotions or reactions. - *eheu* (alas, oh no) - *vae* (woe) - *heu* (alas, oh!) - *ecce* (look, behold) **Adverbs** - **Function**: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. - *bene* (well) - *celeriter* (quickly) - *fortiter* (bravely) - *nunc* (now) - *semper* (always) - *saepe* (often) **Beginner Latin Vocabulary** - **Nouns**: - *puer* (boy) - *puella* (girl) - *dominus* (master) - *servus* (slave) - *bellum* (war) - *via* (road) - **Verbs**: - *amare* (to love) - *videre* (to see) - *vocare* (to call) - *portare* (to carry) - *currere* (to run) - **Adjectives**: - *bonus* (good) - *magnus* (big, great) - *fortis* (brave) - *parvus* (small) - *novus* (new) - **Pronouns**: - *ego* (I) - *tu* (you) - *ille* (he, that one) - *ea* (she) - *id* (it, neuter) - *nos* (we) - *vos* (you, plural) - **Prepositions**: - *in* (in, on) - *ad* (to) - *ab* (from) - *cum* (with) - *per* (through) **Summary of Key Concepts** - **Ablative**: Used for separation, means, accompaniment, and time (with prepositions like *ab*, *cum*). - **Accusative**: Used for the direct object and with prepositions like *ad*, *per*, *in*. - **Conjunctions**: Words like *et*, *sed*, and *aut* that link phrases and clauses. - **Prepositions**: Words that show relationships, like *ad* (to), *in* (into), *ex* (out of). - **Adverbs**: Modify verbs or adjectives, like *bene* (well), *celeriter* (quickly). - **Interjections**: Express emotions, like *eheu* (alas) or *vae* (woe). - **Vocabulary**: Learn basic words like *puer* (boy), *amare* (to love), and *bonus* (good).