Pharmacy Orientation: Nile Valley University PDF

Nile Valley University Faculty Of Pharmacy Pharmacy Orientation Code: PT101 Credit hour: 1 Lectures number: )6( Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical...

Nile Valley University Faculty Of Pharmacy Pharmacy Orientation Code: PT101 Credit hour: 1 Lectures number: )6( Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical technology Department Pharmaceutical Dosage forms Definition: Dosage forms is the form in which a drug is administered to or used by a patient such as tablets, capsules, injections …..etc.  Dosage forms classification Dosage forms classification Liquid Dosage Semisolid D.F. Solid Dosage forms 1. Ointment Molded D.F. Sterile D.F. form 1. Solution 2. Cream 1. Suppositories 1. Injection 1. Tablets 2. Suspension 3. Paste 2. Pessaries 2. Ophthalmics 2. capsules 3. Emulsion 4. gel  I. Liquid Dosage Forms 1- Solutions 2- Suspensions 3- Emulsions  Solutions A group of preparations in which molecules of solute (solid, liquid & gas) are dispersed among those of the liquid solvent. Solutions used for specific therapeutic effect either internal or external Solutions can be classified according to the vehicle to 1- Aqueous 2- Non aqueous Advantages of solution dosage form More quickly effective than tablets and capsules Easy to be used by pediatrics and geriatrics Give uniform dose than suspension (not need shacking( Disadvantages of solution dosage form Bulky to carry around Less stable than solid dosage forms (hydrolysis and oxidation) Difficult to mask unpleasant taste and odour Aqueous solutions Aqueous solutions: Are liquid preparations that contain one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in water Uses: it is used both as a vehicle or solvent for the medicinal ingredients Advantages: it is tasteless odorless, free from irritating character Aqueous solutions cont… Examples of aqueous solution preparations 1- Aromatic water Or medicated water is clear saturated aqueous solution of volatile or aromatic substance used as perfumed liquid e.g. peppermint water 2- Syrups (Sweet and / or viscid solution) are concentrated solutions of sugar as sugar in water: – Simple syrup: sugar in purified water only – Flavored syrup: when flavor is added to the syrup  Aqueous solutions cont… 3- Douches: Are aqueous solutions directed against a part or into cavity of the body used as cleansing or antiseptic agents such as eyes, pharyngeal and vaginal douches 4- Enemas: Rectal injection employed to evacuate the bowel. They may possess anathematic, nutritive, sedative properties  Aqueous solutions 5- Gargles: Aqueous solution containing antiseptics, antibiotics or anesthetics used to treat pharynx and nasopharynx 6- Mouth wash: Aqueous solutions containing antibiotics and flavoring agents to produce plaque, dental caries. Aqueous solutions 7- Nasal solutions: Aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays and used to reduce nasal decongestion 8- Otic Solutions: Aqueous solutions used for topical administration in ear Non-aqueous solution "Are solutions containing minor quantities of the toxic solvents such as benzene, acetone…..etc." External products will contain methanol, isopropanol, PEG, ethers…etc. Internal products will contain ethanol, glycol and oils  Examples of Non aqueous solvents 1-Elixirs: 2- Spirits: Are clear, pleasant sweetened Also known as essences are hydroalcoholic liquids intended hydroalcholic solutions of volatile for oral use substances containing 50-90% The main ingredients in elixirs alcohol. are ethanol and water, also The high alcohol content is glycerin and sorbitol are used. intended to make the oil to be The alcohol content in elixir dissolved in water. may be small or high. 3- Glycerins: Or glycerites are solutions containing not less than 50% glycerin by weight. It is valuable pharmaceutical solvent  Suspensions: Suspension: is a two phase system consisting of a finely divided insoluble solid dispersed in a liquid. The particle size of the dispersed solid is usually greater than 0.5 um. The liquid may be oily or aqueous. Properties of good suspension: The dispersed solid should settle slowly and easily redispersed on shacking The particles should not cake on settling Suitable viscosity that the preparation pours easily It must be chemically stable with elegant appearance Advantages of suspension Used to supply insoluble drugs in a liquid form The taste can be improved if supplied in suspension rather than in a liquid form Used when the drug is unstable in an aqueous medium  Suspensions The main ingredients (components) in a suspension: The drug External medium usually water Wetting agent Flocculating agents Suspending agent Agents to adjust pH (buffers) Flavoring sweetening and colouring agents Preservatives  Emulsion a two-phase system prepared by combining two immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed uniformly throughout the other using an emulsifying agent It consists of two phases: – Internal phase or dispersed phase (solute) – External phase or dispersion medium (vehicle) Types of emulsions: 1- O/W emulsions: Oil dispersed, water dispersion 2- W/O emulsions: Water dispersed, Oil dispersion Advantages of Emulsion Masked the unpleasant taste or odor of oil and oil soluble drugs Solubility of many drugs is increased when incorporated in emulsion Prolonged action of drugs is obtained in emulsion form Disadvantages of Emulsion Physical un-stability of emulsion may occur due to the coalescence of the small dispersed globule forming large globules Creaming or cracking of emulsion (