Pharmacy Orientation (2023/2024) PDF

Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmacy Orientation...

Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmacy Orientation PT 101 Lecture No. (1) Pharmacy Careers By Dr. Yasmin Mortagi Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Aim After completing this course, students should be able to: Describe the mission of pharmacy, role of pharmacist in society, the responsibility of pharmacist and the skills required to become a pharmacist. Compare between various pharmacy careers and educational requirements. Identify pharmaceutical dosage forms and routes of administration. Read the prescription and determine the medication errors. Perform accurate pharmaceutical calculations. Learn about prescription and its contents. Know the ancient Arabic pharmacists and their achievements in the fields of pharmacy. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Competencies 1.C1.1 Define pharmacy, drug, excipients and describe classification of drugs, pharmacy careers, pharmaceutical organizations, information resources and sources of drugs, the right pharmaceutical and medical terminology, different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, and study the history of pharmacy. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Contents Introduction Scope of pharmacy Pharmacy Education Pharmacy Careers 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 4  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Introduction The word pharmacy is derived from the Greek word pharmakon, meaning medicine or drug. Pharmacy Pharmacy has been defined as that profession which is concerned with: - Preparing and dispensing medications. - Compounding, labeling and dispensing of drugs and medical devices. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 5  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) - Provision of drugs and related information to the public. - Interpretation of the prescription orders. 6 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 25/03/1446 6  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Pharmacist - A pharmacist is one who is educated and licensed to dispense drugs and provide drug information, an expert on drugs. - He is the most accessible member of today's health-care team and often the first source of assistance and advice on many common health care matters. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 7  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Drug - A drug is a material that has a pharmacological effect, this material may be natural in origin (plant, animal, mineral), synthetic e.g. aspirin or may be semisynthetic e.g. ampicillines. -When such drug is mixed with other ingredients (or even by itself), packed and labeled then dispensed, it described as a medicine. - Pharmaceutical products or medicines should be safe, effective, and reliable. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 8  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Nature and Sources of Drugs 1- Plant Source: Various parts of plants may be used as sources of dugs e.g. Senna leaves, Digoxin (Lannet®, Lanoxin®) 2- Animal Source: Insulin ( Mix Tard®, Act Rapid®) is obtained from the pancreas of different animals as cattle and pigs, while Heparin is obtained from the liver or lung tissue of pigs and it is used as anticoagulant. 3- Mineral Source: as Magnesium sulfate, Zinc and iodine. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 9  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 4- Microorganism: as fungi and bacteria are important sources of antibiotics e.g. Penicillin. 5- Synthetic drugs: Many drugs are nowadays being produced in laboratory by synthetic chemist e.g. Aspirin and Paracetamol 6- Biotechnology: has been recently introduced which enabled us to prepare many of the drugs having complex chemical structure. Through this approach the following drugs were prepared: Vaccines Antibiotics 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 10  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Pharmacy Education - Either faculty of pharmacy give a five-year program to get the Bachelor degree in pharmaceutical sciences. - Or six-year program to get Pharm D. The curriculum consists mainly of courses in: - Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology - Organic chemistry - Pharmaceutical chemistry - Biochemistry -pharmacy laws - Clinical pharmacy - Pharmacognosy - Microbiology - Mathematics and management courses In Egypt three main degrees are awarded: - Bachelor degree in pharmaceutical science (B.Pharm.) or (Pharm D). - Master degree in pharmaceutical science (M.Sc.). This requires a minimum of two years beside one year of courses. - Doctor in philosophy in pharmaceutical science (Ph.D.). 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 11  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Diplomas - In addition some faculties award diploma. There are many diplomas in the field of pharmacy. 1- Diploma in cosmetics 2- Diploma in hospital pharmacy 3- Diploma in clinical pharmacy 4- Diploma in drug design 5- Diploma in quality control 6- Diploma in medicinal plants 7- Diploma in biochemistry 8- Diploma in pharmacology 9- Diploma in microbiology 10- Diploma in organic chemistry 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 12  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Pharmacy Careers: Governmental employment Industrial pharmacy Hospital pharmacy Community pharmacy Military pharmacy Academic field Family planning Training of other health care workers 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 13  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 1- Governmental employment Governmental employed pharmacists either working in the central administration of pharmaceutical affairs or in administrative services are responsible for: - Planning and applying health and drug policies. - Distributing drugs to government hospitals and pharmacies. - Inspection. - Registration, approval and quality control of drug products, cosmetics and medical devices. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 14  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 2- Industrial pharmacy The pharmacist may hold a position in: - Manufacture and production. - Research and development (R&D). - Quality control and quality assurance. - Sales and marketing. - Clinical trials and drug information. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 15  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 3- Hospital pharmacy It is the practice of pharmacy in hospitals, clinics and drug information center. In theses settings the pharmacists: - Dispense medication to in-patients and prepare sterile solutions and admixture for injection. - Advise patients on the use of drugs and provide direct patient care. - Monitor drug regimens and evaluate drug use. - Take part in the analysis of drugs in body fluids and participate in the planning of clinical trials. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 16  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 4- Community pharmacy Community pharmacists are the health professionals most accessible to public. They provide several functions such as: - Provide distribution of prescribed drugs. - Give advice on the treatment of minor health problems and may suggest OTC drugs. - Monitor drug utilization and control drugs with potential for abuse or misuse. - Compound prescriptions to meet patient needs. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 17  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 5- Military pharmacy - Pharmacists are responsible for: -Manufacture of pharmaceutical products. -Distribute drugs to military areas and hospitals. -Dispense drugs to personnel working in the army. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 18  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 6- Academic field - Pharmacists in the academic field may work in many activities such as: - Education. - Research. - Continuing education. 19 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 25/03/1446 19  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 7- Family planning - Pharmacists are hired in family planning sectors to provide services such as: - Inform and educate women about the use of contraceptive pills. - Inform and educate people about other methods for contraception. - Advise and educate mothers especially in rural areas about the importance of child care. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 20  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 8- Training of other health care workers - Training provided by pharmacists includes: Optimizing of drug therapy. Promoting the rational use of drugs. Promoting ways to reduce drug abuse. Drug storage and stability. 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 21  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s References 1. Aulton, Michael E., and Kevin Taylor, eds. Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013. 2. Remington, Joseph Price. Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. Vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 3. Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal A World Health Organization resource Ensuring good dispensing practices Part II: Pharmaceutical management, chapter 30. March 2012. http://www.msh.org/ 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 22  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 28 September 2024 www.su.edu.eg 23  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmacy Orientation PT 101 Lecture No. (2) Pharmaceutical Organizations By Dr. Heba Awed Lecturer of Pharmaceutics 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Aim After completing this course, students should be able to: Describe the mission of pharmacy, role of pharmacist in society, the responsibility of pharmacist and the skills required to become a pharmacist. Compare between various pharmacy careers and educational requirements. Identify pharmaceutical Organizations, dosage forms and routes of administration. Read the prescription and determine the medication errors. Perform accurate pharmaceutical calculations. Learn about prescription and its contents. Know the ancient Arabic pharmacists and their achievements in the fields of pharmacy. 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Competencies 1.C1.1 Define pharmacy, drug, excipients and describe classification of drugs, pharmacy careers, pharmaceutical organizations, information resources and sources of drugs, the right pharmaceutical and medical terminology, different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, and study the history of pharmacy. 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Contents Pharmaceutical Organizations 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 4  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmaceutical Organizations There are many international and national organizations that are related to the field of pharmacy. 1- International Organizations: (a) World Health Organization (WHO) It is the organization responsible for the health care all over the world. (b) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) It is the organization responsible for the quality of food and drug in the United States of America. (c) United Nation Division of Narcotic Drugs (UNDND) It is the organization responsible for regulations concerning the use and abuse of narcotic drugs. 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 5  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 2- National Organizations (a) Syndicate of the pharmacists It is the organization responsible for pharmacy profession and welfare of pharmacists in Egypt. (b) Egyptian Pharmaceutical Society (EPS) The main function of this society is educational. It issues a scientific journal in pharmaceutical sciences, holds conferences for pharmacists, and responsible for continuing education. 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 6  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) (c) Egyptian Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ESHP) This society is concerned with all aspects of hospital and clinical pharmacists. (d) National Pharmacopeial Committee Pharmacopeia: an authoritative book containing information on medicinal drugs. 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 7  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Information Resources in Pharmacy The field of information science conventionally divides sources of information into four types: 1- Primary literature. 2- Secondary literature. 3- Special information sources. 4- Resources on the internet. 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 8  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 1- Primary Literature - Scientific journals are the most frequently cited examples of primary sources. It is the channel through which scientific research has been reported, evaluated and published. - Examples: - Journal of pharmaceutical sciences (J.Pharm.Sci.). - Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology (J.Pharm. Pharmcol.). - International journal of pharmaceutics (Int. J.Pharm). - Pharmaceutical research (Pharm.res.). - New England journal of medicine (Eng.J.Med.). 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 9  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 2- Secondary Literature Contain information from any or all of the primary sources previously mentioned, which has been modified and rearranged, usually by someone other than the original author, possibly for a specific scientific audience or purpose. These sources refer directly to primary sources information. Examples: - United states drug information (USDI). - Textbook of Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics. - Textbook on drug stability. - Textbook on dosage forms. 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 10  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 3- Special Information Sources - A variety of reference works are published on drugs and their uses. Examples of such works are: Pharmacopeias. Formularies. Drug compendia. 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 11  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmacopeias - Pharmacopeias are issued or authorized by government or by international agencies. Modern pharmacopeias include information on: The therapeutic uses of drugs. Analysis of drugs. Present official standards for purity and strength of drugs. Examples: United state pharmacopeia (USP) British pharmacopeia (BP) Egyptian pharmacopeia (EP) 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 12  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Formularies - Compounding and testing of medication. - Depending on the individual formulary, it may also contain additional clinical information, such as side effects, contraindications, and doses. Examples: - British National Formulary (BNF). - Egyptian National Formulary (ENF). 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 13  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Drug compendia - There are references works containing concise information on the therapeutic use of drugs including dosage, contraindications, adverse effects and pharmacokinetics. Examples: - Handbook of Injectable Drugs. - Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs. 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 14  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 4- Resources on the Internet Electronic mail and Discussion Groups: The pharmaceutical information Network (PharmInfoNet) hosts several subject-specific discussion lists for professionals and patients. Search Engines and Search Directories: (Google and Yahoo) Major Pharmacy Websites: PharmInfoNet (www.pharminfo.com). Pharma Web (www.pharmweb.net). FDA (www.fda.gov). 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 15  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s References 1. Aulton, Michael E., and Kevin Taylor, eds. Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013. 2. Remington, Joseph Price. Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. Vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 3. Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal A World Health Organization resource Ensuring good dispensing practices Part II: Pharmaceutical management, chapter 30. March 2012. http://www.msh.org/ 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 16  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 8 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 17  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmacy Orientation PT 101 Lecture No. (3) Pharmacy Terminology By Dr. Heba Awd Ghanem Lecturer of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arish Branch 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Aim After completing this lecture, students should be able to: Identify chemical name Identify generic name Identify routes of administration. Compare between systemically and local acting agent Differentiate between different treatment terms 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Contents How do we name drugs? Pharmacy terminology 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Competencies 1.C1.1 Define pharmacy, drug, excipients and describe classification of drugs, pharmacy careers, pharmaceutical organizations, information resources and sources of drugs, the right pharmaceutical and medical terminology, different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, and study the history of pharmacy. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 4  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) How do we name drugs? Every drug has three names: 1- Chemical Name The drugs are named according to its chemical structure following the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) rules. 2- Generic Name (Official name) This name is generally derived from its chemical structure and this name is chosen by official person and thus listed in the official compendia under such name. 3- Brand Name (Trade name) This name is chosen by the manufacturers; which may be a generic name. The brand name should be easy to pronounce thus easy to be remembered. The name may have an indication to its therapeutic use or the name of the manufacture. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 5  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) E.g. an analgesic compound has the following chemical structure: Thus: Its chemical name is: N-acetyl-Para-aminophenol Generic name (Official name): In British pharmacopoeia; it is named Paracetamol. In United States pharmacopoeia, it is named acetaminophen. Brand Name (Trade name): The drug may have many names according to the manufacture: - Abimol (Glaxo) - Paramol (Misr) - Pyral (Kahira) - Cetal (Eipico) 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 6  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmacy: Derived from the Greek word pharmakon meaning medicine or drug. Therapy: Treatment of a disease. Drug: Is a material that has a pharmacological or therapeutic effect. Active Ingredient: A material which has a therapeutic or pharmacological activity. Inactive Ingredient: A material which has no therapeutic activity. Medicine: When a drug is packed, labeled and dispensed. Dosage Form: Refers to the gross physical form in which a drug is administered to or used by a patient. Dosage Form Design: The conversion of a drug chemical into a medicine. Drug Product: A dosage form containing one or more active therapeutic ingredients along with other substances included during the manufacturing process. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 7  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 8  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 9  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Excipient: Anything other than the drug substance in the dosage form. Dosage Regimen: Is the systematized dosage schedule. Dose: Amount of drug which is taken each time. It should be safe and effective. Strength: Concentration of the drug in a dosage form (or its potency). Loading Dose, or Initial Dose: The dose size used in initiating therapy so as to yield therapeutic concentration which will result in clinical effectiveness. Maintenance Dose: The dose size required to maintain the clinical effectiveness or therapeutic concentration according to the dosage regimen. Intravascular Administration: Refers to all routes of administration where the drug is directly introduced into the blood stream, i.e., intra-venous, intra-arterial, and intracardial. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 10  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Extravascular Administration: Refers to all routes of administration except those where the drug is directly introduced into the blood stream. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 11  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Extravascular routes are: I.M., S.C., Oral, Rectal, Topical, etc. Disintegration: The process that a solid drug product disintegrates into small particles. Dissolution: The process in which amount of active ingredient in a solid dosage form dissolves under standardized conditions of temperature and media composition. Absorption: Is the movement of a drug into the blood stream. Bioavailability: The bioavailability of a drug is defined as its rate and extent of absorption. Bioequivalence: Comparable bioavailability indicates that two or more similar dosage forms reach, the general circulation at the same relative rate and relative extent. Therapeutic Equivalence: comparable clinical effectiveness and safety. Quality: It is the intrinsic characters of the product which satisfy the user's need. Quality control: Physical and chemical tests used to ensure the required specifications of a raw material or a dosage form. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 12  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Manufacture: All operations of purchase of materials and products, production, quality control, release, storage, shipment of finished products, and the related controls. Starting Material: Any substance of a defined quality used in the production of a pharmaceutical product, but excluding external packaging materials. Intermediate Product: Partly processed material that must undergo further manufacturing steps before it become a bulk product. Finished Product: A product that has undergone all stages of production, including packaging in its final container and labeling. Returned Product: Finished product sent back to the manufacturer. Production: All operations involved in the preparation of a pharmaceutical product, from receipt of materials, through processing and packaging, to completion of the finished product. Packaging: All operations including filling and labeling, that a bulk product has to undergo to a finished product. Validation: The documented act of proving that any procedure, process, equipment, material, activity, or system actually leads to expected results. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 13  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Stability: The stability of a pharmaceutical product can be defined as the ability of its formulation, in a specific container closure system, to remain within the defined physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological specifications till the end of the stated dating, under defined storage conditions. Expiration Date: The date placed on the container label of a product that through which the product is expected to remain within specifications. If the expiration date includes only a month and year, it is expected that the product will meet specifications through the last day of the month. Kinetically it is the time at which 90% of the materials remain active. Expiration Dating Period (Shelf-Life): The interval of time that drug product is expected to remain within specifications as determined from stability studies on a limited number of batches of the product. The expiration dating period is used to establish the expiration date of individual batches. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 14  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Shelf-storage Stability: The stability of the drug product at ambient room temperature (15-30° C). Storage: The term used to describe safe keeping of starting materials, packaging materials and finished products in drug stores, pharmacies, and hospitals under the specified conditions. Storage Conditions: The conditions specified for storing the product e.g. temperature, humidity, container and light. Storage Temperatures: The actual storage temperature (numerical) used during stability studies. Stability studies: Carried out under stress conditions e.g. high temperature. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 15  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) - Refrigerator: The temperature is between 2°c and 8°c. - Freezer: The temperature is less than -10°c. - Cold Place: The temperature is between 8°c and 15°c. - Warm Place: The temperature is between 30°c and 40°c. - Room Temperature: The temperature is between 15°c and 30°c. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 16  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s References 1. Aulton, Michael E., and Kevin Taylor, eds. Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013. 2. Remington, Joseph Price. Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. Vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 3. Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal A World Health Organization resource Ensuring good dispensing practices Part II: Pharmaceutical management, chapter 30. March 2012. http://www.msh.org/ 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 17  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) PT 101 Lecture No. (4) MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY By Dr. Heba Awd Ghanem Lecturer of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arish Branch 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Aim After completing this lecture, students should be able to: Identify medical terms Identify routes of administration. Compare between systemically and local acting agent Differentiate between different treatment terms 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Competencies 1.C1.1 Define pharmacy, drug, excipients and describe classification of drugs, pharmacy careers, pharmaceutical organizations, information resources and sources of drugs, the right pharmaceutical and medical terminology, different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, and study the history of pharmacy. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Contents Introduction Medical terminology items 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 4  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 1. Introduction All students in the medical field showed be aware of this medical terms especially the pharmacists 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 5  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 2. Medical terminology items Contraceptive, Oral: Orally effective drug that prevents conception. All currently available oral contraceptives are for use by females. Anti-anemic: A drug that stimulates production of erythrocytes in normal number, size and hemoglobin content. Anticholesteremic: A drug that lowers plasma cholesterol level. Antihyperlipidemic: A drug that lowers plasma cholesterol and lipid level. Anticoagulant, Systemic: A systemically acting drug that slows clotting of circulating blood. (Warfarin Sodium). Antihypertensive: A drug that lowers arterial blood pressure. Diuretic: A drug that promotes renal excretion of electrolytes and water, useful in treating generalized edema (Furosemide). 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 6  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Hematinic: A drug that promotes hemoglobin formation by supplying iron needed for incorporation (Ferrous Sulfate). Metal Complexing Agent: A drug that binds tightly, removing them from ionic solution, useful in treating poisoning with the metal (Edetate calcium Disodium Complexing agent for lead). Systemically Acting Drug: A drug administered and absorbed into systemic circulation, from which the drug diffuses into all tissues including the site of therapeutic action. Anti-anginal: A coronary vasodilator useful in preventing or treating attacks of angina pectoris (Nitroglycerine Tablets). Antitussive: A drug that suppresses coughing (Codeine Phosphate). Bronchodilator: A drug that expands bronchiolar airways, useful in treating asthma and related conditions. Expectorant: A drug that decreases respiratory tract secretion, lowering its viscosity and promoting its removal. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 7  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Mucolytic: A drug that hydrolyses mucoproteins, useful in reducing the viscosity of pulmonary mucous (Acetylcysteine). Anticonvulsant: An antiepileptic drug or a drug that arrests convulsions by inducing general anesthesia. Antidepressant: A central acting drug that selectively induces mood elevation, useful in treating mental depression. Anti- epileptic: An anticonvulsant drug that selectively suppresses epileptic seizures without inducing loss of consciousness. Hypnotic: A central nervous system depressant that with suitable dosage induces sleep. Sedative: A central nervous system depressant which, in suitable dosage, induces mild relaxation and reduces emotional tension. Antidiabetic: A drug that replaces insulin or stimulates secretion of insulin, useful in treating diabetes mellitus. Antihypoglycemic: A drug that elevates plasma glucose level, useful in treating hypoglycemia, including that induced by over dosage with anti-diabetic drugs. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 8  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Analgesic: A drug that selectively suppresses pain perception e.g. Aspirin. Antipyretic: A drug that lowers body temperature in the presence of fever. Antirheumatic: A drug that alleviates inflammatory symptoms of arthritis and related rheumatic diseases. Digestive Aid: A drug that promotes digestion, usually by supplementing a naturally occurring digestive enzyme (Pancreatin). Antacid: A drug that neutralizes excess gastric acid locally. (Aluminum Hydroxide Gel). Anti-amebic: A drug that kills or inhibits the pathogenic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, causative agent of intestinal and extra intestinal amebasis. Anti-emetic: A drug that prevents vomiting. Antibacterial: A drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic bacteria. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 9  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Emetic: A drug that induces vomiting useful in removing unabsorbed accidentally ingested poisons (Ipecas). Antiflatulent: A drug that reduces gastrointestinal gas (Simethicone). Antifungal, Systemic: A systemically active drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic fungi that causes systemic, gastrointestinal or topical infections (Griseofulvin). Antifungal, Topical: A topically active drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic fungi that causes topical infections. Antimalarial: A drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic protozoa that causes malaria. (Chloroquine Phosphate). Emollient: A topical drug, especially an oil or fat, used to soften the skin (Cold Cream). Keratolytic: A topical drug that softens the superficial keratin-containing layer of the skin and promotes its desquamation (Salicylic Acid). Sun Screening Agent: A skin protectant that absorbs light energy at the wavelengths that cause sunburn. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 10  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s References 1. Aulton, Michael E., and Kevin Taylor, eds. Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013. 2. Remington, Joseph Price. Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. Vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 3. Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal A World Health Organization resource Ensuring good dispensing practices Part II: Pharmaceutical management, chapter 30. March 2012. http://www.msh.org/ 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 11  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) PT 101 Lecture No. (5) Routes of drug administration By Dr. Heba Awd Ghanem Lecturer of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arish Branch 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Aim After completing this lecture, students should be able to: Identify routes of administration. Compare between systemically and local acting agent 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Competencies 1.C1.1 Define pharmacy, drug, excipients and describe classification of drugs, pharmacy careers, pharmaceutical organizations, information resources and sources of drugs, the right pharmaceutical and medical terminology, different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, and study the history of pharmacy. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Contents Mechanism of Therapeutic Action Routes of administration for systemic effects Route of administration for local effects 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 4  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Mechanism of Therapeutic Action 1- Local Action 2- Systemic Action [I] Routes of administration for systemic effects 1- Oral route  The most commonly used route of administration.  It is convenient for self administration.  effective for most drugs. Disadvantages:  Rapid inactivation of some drugs by gastric or intestinal secretions or by passage via the hepatic portal circulation through the liver.  Unsuitable for patients under surgery and for those who are unconscious or vomiting and for those with malabsorption states. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 5  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 2- Buccal route Useful for self-administered drugs and may be used to overcome some problems of the oral route. Blood flow through the Buccal mucosa is high and drug is absorbed into the systemic rather than the hepatic portal circulation, thus avoiding immediate inactivation by the liver. This route may also be used in the unconscious patient. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 6  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 3- Rectal route Absorption mainly into the systemic circulation although some entry into the hepatic portal circulation may occur. Absorption from the rectal mucosa is less predictable than from the small intestine following oral administration. The rectal route is useful to the systemic administration of drugs known to cause gastrointestinal irritation or to a patient who is unconscious or vomiting. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 7  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 4- Inhalation route The high blood flow through the lungs and the large surface area of the alveolar membrane provide a route for rapid absorption of drugs into the general circulation. Anesthetic gases, volatile liquids and drugs that can be dispersed in an aerosol form may be administered by inhalation in order to produce a systemic effect. The nasal mucosa may also be used as route of systemic administration. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 8  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) 5- Transdermal route Drugs applied to skin surface may be absorbed slowly into the systemic circulation. This route is useful for drugs with a short duration of action after oral administration; particularly those rapidly metabolized by the liver. 6- Parenteral routes Drugs may be administered directly into the circulation by the intravenous route. Distribution of the drug throughout the circulatory system is rapid and this route bypasses many biological membranes which may delay absorption into circulation. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 9  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) [II] Route of administration for local effects 1- Oral route Dosage forms of antimicrobial compounds and antacids may be designed to exert a local effect within the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. 2- Topical route Application of a dosage form to the epithelium covering one of the body surfaces may be used to exert a local effect at the site of application. Examples include preparations applied to the skin, eye and the nasal, rectal, vaginal or urethral mucosa. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 10  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s References 1. Aulton, Michael E., and Kevin Taylor, eds. Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013. 2. Remington, Joseph Price. Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. Vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 3. Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal A World Health Organization resource Ensuring good dispensing practices Part II: Pharmaceutical management, chapter 30. March 2012. http://www.msh.org/ 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 11  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) PT 101 Lecture No. (6) Types of dosage forms By Dr. Heba Awd Ghanem Lecturer of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arish Branch 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Aim After completing this lecture, students should be able to: Identify routes of administration. Compare between different routes of administration 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Competencies 1.C1.1 Define pharmacy, drug, excipients and describe classification of drugs, pharmacy careers, pharmaceutical organizations, information resources and sources of drugs, the right pharmaceutical and medical terminology, different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, and study the history of pharmacy. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Contents Solid dosage forms Semi-solid dosage forms Molded Solid dosage forms 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 4  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Types of dosage forms 1.Solid dosage forms 2.Semisolid dosage forms 3.Molded solid dosage forms 4.Liquid dosage forms 5.Sterile dosage forms 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 5  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 1- Solid dosage forms (a) Tablets (b) Capsules (c) Powders (a) Tablets  Solid dosage forms containing drug substance with or without suitable diluents and prepared either by compression or molding methods.  Tablets for oral administration are usually swallowed with water but it may be recommended that they be chewed before swallowing or dissolved in water before taking.  Oral tablets are designed to release the medicament within the gastrointestinal tract for absorption into the systemic circulation. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 6  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Tablet compression machine Tablet mold (Large-scale production) (Small-scale production) 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 7  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Tablets remain the most commonly used solid dosage form because of the advantages afforded to the manufacturer as: Simplicity and economy of preparation Stability Convenience in packaging, Shipping and Dispensing And the advantages afforded to the patient as: Accuracy of dosage Portability Blindness of taste Ease of administration 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 8  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) (b) Capsules  Solid dosage forms generally for oral use where the drug is placed in either hard or soft gelatin shell. Some drugs formulated as capsules are intended to be inhaled. Advantages of capsules: Tasteless Easy filled Easily administered There are two main types of capsule: (1)Hard gelatin capsules are generally used for solid medicaments. They consist of a cylindrical body and cap which fit together after filling. Most of the capsules prescribed are manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry. (2)Soft gelatin capsules are one-piece capsules and are formed, filled and sealed in one manufacturing operation. The contents of soft capsules are usually solutions or dispersions of drugs in non-aqueous liquids. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 9  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Hard gelatin capsules Soft gelatin capsules 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 10  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) (c) Powders There are two kinds of powder intended for internal use: Bulk powders usually contain non-potent medicaments such as antacids since the patient measures a dose by volume using a 5 ml medicine spoon. The powder is then usually dispersed in water or, in the case of effervescent powders, dissolved before taking. Divided powders are packaged individually. Each dose is separately wrapped in paper or sealed into a sachet. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 11  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 2- Semi-solid dosage forms (a) Creams (b) Ointments (c) Pastes (d) Gels (b) Creams  These are semi-solid emulsions for external use.  There are two kinds, aqueous and oily creams, in which the emulsions are oil-in- water and water-in-oil, respectively.  Aqueous creams are non-greasy.  Creams may be used to exert emollient or moisturizing effects on the skin or to deliver drugs for percutaneous absorption.  Creams intended for application to large open wounds should be sterile. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 12  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) (b) Ointments  Ointments are semi-solid, greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum or nasal mucosa.  The base is usually anhydrous and immiscible with skin secretions.  Ointments may be used as emollients or to apply suspended or dissolved medicaments to the skin.  Ointments intended for application to large open wounds should be sterile. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 13  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) (c) Paste Pastes are semi-solid preparations for external application that differ from similar ointments and gels in that they contain a high proportion of finely powdered medicaments. Pastes intended for application to large open wounds should be sterile. (d) Gels They are two component semi-solid systems rich in liquid. They are transparent and many patients prefer gels because it is non- greasy compared to ointments. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 14  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 3- Molded Solid dosage forms (a) Suppositories (b) Pessaries (a) Suppositories  Suppositories are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the rectum where they melt, dissolve or disperse and exert a local or often, a systemic effect. This route of administration is suitable for the patients suffering from vomiting. (b) Pessaries (vaginal suppositories)  Pessaries are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the vagina where they melt or dissolve.  Commonly used for local actions in the treatment of vaginal infections. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 15  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 16  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s References 1. Aulton, Michael E., and Kevin Taylor, eds. Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013. 2. Remington, Joseph Price. Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. Vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 3. Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal A World Health Organization resource Ensuring good dispensing practices Part II: Pharmaceutical management, chapter 30. March 2012. http://www.msh.org/ 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 17  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) PT 101 Lecture No. (6) Types of dosage forms By Dr. Heba Awd Ghanem Lecturer of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arish Branch 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Aim After completing this lecture, students should be able to: Identify routes of administration. Compare between different routes of administration 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Competencies 1.C1.1 Define pharmacy, drug, excipients and describe classification of drugs, pharmacy careers, pharmaceutical organizations, information resources and sources of drugs, the right pharmaceutical and medical terminology, different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, and study the history of pharmacy. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s Contents Solid dosage forms Semi-solid dosage forms Molded Solid dosage forms 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 4  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Types of dosage forms 1.Solid dosage forms 2.Semisolid dosage forms 3.Molded solid dosage forms 4.Liquid dosage forms 5.Sterile dosage forms 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 5  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 1- Solid dosage forms (a) Tablets (b) Capsules (c) Powders (a) Tablets  Solid dosage forms containing drug substance with or without suitable diluents and prepared either by compression or molding methods.  Tablets for oral administration are usually swallowed with water but it may be recommended that they be chewed before swallowing or dissolved in water before taking.  Oral tablets are designed to release the medicament within the gastrointestinal tract for absorption into the systemic circulation. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 6  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Tablet compression machine Tablet mold (Large-scale production) (Small-scale production) 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 7  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Tablets remain the most commonly used solid dosage form because of the advantages afforded to the manufacturer as: Simplicity and economy of preparation Stability Convenience in packaging, Shipping and Dispensing And the advantages afforded to the patient as: Accuracy of dosage Portability Blindness of taste Ease of administration 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 8  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) (b) Capsules  Solid dosage forms generally for oral use where the drug is placed in either hard or soft gelatin shell. Some drugs formulated as capsules are intended to be inhaled. Advantages of capsules: Tasteless Easy filled Easily administered There are two main types of capsule: (1)Hard gelatin capsules are generally used for solid medicaments. They consist of a cylindrical body and cap which fit together after filling. Most of the capsules prescribed are manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry. (2)Soft gelatin capsules are one-piece capsules and are formed, filled and sealed in one manufacturing operation. The contents of soft capsules are usually solutions or dispersions of drugs in non-aqueous liquids. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 9  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) Hard gelatin capsules Soft gelatin capsules 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 10  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) (c) Powders There are two kinds of powder intended for internal use: Bulk powders usually contain non-potent medicaments such as antacids since the patient measures a dose by volume using a 5 ml medicine spoon. The powder is then usually dispersed in water or, in the case of effervescent powders, dissolved before taking. Divided powders are packaged individually. Each dose is separately wrapped in paper or sealed into a sachet. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 11  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 2- Semi-solid dosage forms (a) Creams (b) Ointments (c) Pastes (d) Gels (b) Creams  These are semi-solid emulsions for external use.  There are two kinds, aqueous and oily creams, in which the emulsions are oil-in- water and water-in-oil, respectively.  Aqueous creams are non-greasy.  Creams may be used to exert emollient or moisturizing effects on the skin or to deliver drugs for percutaneous absorption.  Creams intended for application to large open wounds should be sterile. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 12  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) (b) Ointments  Ointments are semi-solid, greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum or nasal mucosa.  The base is usually anhydrous and immiscible with skin secretions.  Ointments may be used as emollients or to apply suspended or dissolved medicaments to the skin.  Ointments intended for application to large open wounds should be sterile. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 13  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) (c) Paste Pastes are semi-solid preparations for external application that differ from similar ointments and gels in that they contain a high proportion of finely powdered medicaments. Pastes intended for application to large open wounds should be sterile. (d) Gels They are two component semi-solid systems rich in liquid. They are transparent and many patients prefer gels because it is non- greasy compared to ointments. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 14  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 3- Molded Solid dosage forms (a) Suppositories (b) Pessaries (a) Suppositories  Suppositories are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the rectum where they melt, dissolve or disperse and exert a local or often, a systemic effect. This route of administration is suitable for the patients suffering from vomiting. (b) Pessaries (vaginal suppositories)  Pessaries are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the vagina where they melt or dissolve.  Commonly used for local actions in the treatment of vaginal infections. 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 15  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 16  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture’s References 1. Aulton, Michael E., and Kevin Taylor, eds. Aulton's pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013. 2. Remington, Joseph Price. Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. Vol. 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 3. Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal A World Health Organization resource Ensuring good dispensing practices Part II: Pharmaceutical management, chapter 30. March 2012. http://www.msh.org/ 22 October 2024 www.su.edu.eg 17  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Pharmacy Orientation PT 101 Lecture No. 7 Dr/ Doaa Helal Associate prof. of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy ,Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arish Branch 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Course Objectives After completing this course, students should be able to: Describe the mission of pharmacy, role of pharmacist in society, the responsibility of pharmacist and the skills required to become a pharmacist. Compare between various pharmacy careers and educational requirements. Identify pharmaceutical dosage forms and routes of administration. Read the prescription and determine the medication errors. Perform accurate pharmaceutical calculations. Learn about prescription and its contents. Know the ancient Arabic pharmacists and their achievements in the fields of pharmacy. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm D Program 4- Liquid dosage forms (2023/2024) (a) Solutions (b) Suspensions (c) Emulsions (a) Solutions  A solution is a homogenous mixture that is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in another liquid and represents a group of preparations in which the molecules of the solute (the dissolved substance) are dispersed among those of the solvent. The common dosage forms of solutions are: (1) Syrups: - They are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, usually sucrose. - Flavored syrups are a convenient form for masking disagreeable tastes. (2) Elixirs: - These are sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and usually accommodate less amount of water. The main ingredients of elixirs are ethanol and water. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm D Program (2023/2024) 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 4 (3) Tinctures: Pharm D Program - They are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions containing herbal extracts. (2023/2024) (4) Gargles: - They are aqueous solutions used in the prevention or treatment of throat infections. - Usually they are prepared in a concentrated solution with directions for the patient to dilute with warm water before use. (5) Mouthwashes: - These are similar to gargles but are used for oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth. (6) Nasal solutions: - Aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays. - They are used to produce a local effect such as to reduce nasal congestion or to produce a systemic effect in many diseases. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 5  Pharm D Program (b) Suspensions (2023/2024)  A suspension is a two-phase system consisting of a finely divided solid dispersion in a liquid. Insoluble drug could be formulated as suspensions for oral use, topical use and for parenteral use. Suspensions have many advantages such as: - For patients who have difficulty in swallowing solid dosage forms. - Suitable dosage form when the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble. - Mask unpleasant taste. - For drugs that are unstable in an aqueous medium. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 6  Pharm D Program (c) Emulsions (2023/2024)  An emulsion is a two phase system prepared by combining two immiscible liquids; one of them is dispersed uniformly throughout the other.  The liquid that is dispersed into small droplets is called the dispersed or internal or discontinuous phase.  The other liquid is called dispersion medium or external or continuous phase.  The system in which the oil is the dispersed phase and an aqueous phase solution is the continuous phase is known as an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.  On the other hand, when water on an aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or an oleaginous material is the continuous phase, the system is known as water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 7 Advantages : Pharm D Program (2023/2024) - Increase the stability of many drugs which are unstable in aqueous solutions. - The appearance of oleaginous materials intended for topical application is usually improved when formulated in an emulsion form. - Prolonged drug action. Disadvantages: - Oils are liable for rancidity. - Poor physical stability because the globules of the dispersed liquid tend to coalesce to form large globules until all the dispersed globules have coalesced, to overcome this problem an emulsifying agent is added. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 8  5- Sterile dosage forms Pharm D Program (2023/2024) (a) Parenteral preparations (injectable preparations)  These are sterile dosage forms containing one or more medicaments and designed for parenteral administration.  Injections are sterile solutions, suspensions or emulsions and are usually classified into: aqueous or non- aqueous.  Powders for injections are sterile solid substances to be dissolved or suspended by adding a prescribed volume of the appropriate sterile fluid. The solution or suspension is usually prepared immediately prior to use to avoid deterioration of the product on storage.  Intravenous infusions are sterile aqueous solutions or emulsions, free from pyrogen and usually made isotonic with blood. They do not contain added antimicrobial preservatives or buffering agents and are designed for intravenous administration in volumes usually greater than 10-15 ml. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 9  Pharm D Program When compared to other dosage forms, injections possess a number of advantages such as: (2023/2024) - Immediate physiological action in case of emergency can be provided by the intravenous injection of an aqueous solution. - Drugs can be administered parentrally when they can not be given orally because of the unconscious or uncooperative state of the patient or because of lack of absorption in the intestinal tract. (b) Ophthalmic preparations - Ophthalmic preparations are sterile, isotonic, buffered products essentially free from foreign particles, suitably compounded and packaged for instillation into the eye. Ophthalmic preparations include solutions, suspensions and ointments. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 10  Pharm D Program THE PRESCRIPTION (2023/2024) The prescription is an order for medication issued by a physician, dentist or other properly licensed medical practitioner. Other prescribers who have limited scopes of practice can also be licensed to prescribe medications. For example a veterinarian may prescribe only for animals. Prescriptions provide a specific medication and dosage to be administered to a particular patient at a specified time. The Pharmacist's Responsibilities 1. Provide the pharmaceutical care that meets the medication needs of the patient. 2. Provide the patient with the necessary information and guidance to assure the patient's compliance in taking the medication properly. 3. Advise the prescriber of drug sensitivities the patient may have, previous adverse drug reactions (ADRs), or other medications that the patient may be taken that may alter the effectiveness or safety of the newly or previously prescribed medications. 4. Establish and maintain the trust of the prescriber and the patient. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 11  Pharm D Program (2023/2024)  To meet these responsibilities it is essential that the pharmacist maintains a high level of practice and knows the medication history of his patients and develops professional working relationship with other health professionals.  The prescription order is a part of the professional relationship among the prescriber, the pharmacist and the patient.  An important part of this relationship includes maintaining confidentiality. The medication being taken by a patient and the nature of his illness is a private matter that must be respected. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 12  Pharm D Program Classification of Medications (2023/2024) There are two broad classifications of medications: 1- Prescription drugs: Those that can be obtained only by prescription. Medications that may be dispensed legally only on prescription. 2- Nonprescription drugs or over-the-counter (OTC) drugs: Those that may be purchased without a prescription. 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 13  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) References For any questions feel free Kevin M.G. Taylor, Michael E. Aulton editors. Aulton's Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture to contact me by mail [email protected] of Medicines. 6th Edition - May 14, 2021 Loyd V. Allen , Jr. Timothy B. McPherson. Ansel's pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;. 12th Edition November 15, 2021 Dr EMAN EL WAHSH 23 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 14  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Lecture No. (8) Prescription Dr/ Doaa Helal Associate prof. of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy ,Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arish Branch 30 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 1  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) Course Objectives After completing this course, students should be able to: Describe the mission of pharmacy, role of pharmacist in society, the responsibility of pharmacist and the skills required to become a pharmacist. Compare between various pharmacy careers and educational requirements. Identify pharmaceutical dosage forms and routes of administration. Read the prescription and determine the medication errors. Perform accurate pharmaceutical calculations. Learn about prescription and its contents. Know the ancient Arabic pharmacists and their achievements in the fields of pharmacy. 30 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg 2  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) THE PRESCRIPTION Prescription: is an order for a medicine(s) written by physician, dentist, veterinarian or other licensed health science practitioner legally entitled prescriber. The pharmacist's responsibilities: The prescription is a part of the professional relationship among the prescriber, the pharmacist, and the patient. 1- provide quality pharmaceutical care that meets the medication needs of the patient. 2- be precise in the manual aspects of filling the prescription order. 3- provide the patient with the necessary information and guidance to assure the patient's compliance in taking the medication properly. 4- to advise the prescriber of drug sensitivities the patient may have, previous adverse drug reactions (ADRs), or other medications that the patient may be taking that may alter the effectiveness 30 November 2024 or safety of the newly prescribed medications. www.su.edu.eg 3  Pharm PharmDDProgram Program (2024/2025) (2023/2024) THE PRESCRIPTION To meet these responsibilities it is essential that: 1- the pharmacist maintains a high level of practice competence , 2- keeps appropriate records on the medication history of his patients , 3- maintains the trust of the prescriber and the patient. 30 November 2024 www.su.edu.eg