Oral Communication Reviewer PDF

✿ Speech Acts are the speaker's utterances which convey meaning and make listeners do specific things (Austin, 1962) ✿ 3 Types of Speeches (According to J. L. Austin, 1962) Locutionary Speech Act - occurs when the speaker performs an utterance (locution), which has a mea...

✿ Speech Acts are the speaker's utterances which convey meaning and make listeners do specific things (Austin, 1962) ✿ 3 Types of Speeches (According to J. L. Austin, 1962) Locutionary Speech Act - occurs when the speaker performs an utterance (locution), which has a meaning in the traditional sense. - what we say (utterance) Illocutionary Speech Act - is the performance of the act of saying something with a specific intention. - what we mean when we say it (intention) Perlocutionary Speech Act - it happens when what the speaker says has an effect on the listener. - what we accomplish by saying it (response) ✿ Performatives A performative utterance said by the right person under the right circumstances results in a change in the world. Note that certain conditions have to be met when making a performative utterance. Statements which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it. Verbs that execute the speech act that they intend to effect are called performative. EX. “I now pronounce you as husband and wife” ✿ Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act 1. Assertive - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some examples of assertive acts are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding. EX. “No one makes better pancakes than I do” 2. Directive - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee act. Some examples of directive acts are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. EX. “Please close the door.”  3. Commissive - a type of illocutionary act that commits the speaker to do something in the future. Examples of commissive acts are promising, planning, vowing, and betting. EX. “From now on, I will participate in our group activity.” 4. Declaration - a type of illocutionary act that brings a change in external situations. Declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs to which they refer. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating. EX. “You are fired!” 5. Expressive - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of expressive acts are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring. EX. “I am so sorry for not helping out in our group projects and letting you do all the work.” ✿ Communicative Strategies These are plans, ways or means of sharing information that are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose. ✿ Types of Communicative Strategies 1. Nomination - speaker employs nomination to collaboratively and productively open or establish a topic. EX. “Today we will talk about….” & “Hey, have you heard?” 2. Restriction - it refers to any limitation one may have as a speaker, constraining the response or reaction within a set or categories. EX. “Just answer with a YES or a NO” & “That arrest move was a disaster waiting to happen. Do you agree?” 3. Turn-taking - it recognize when and how to speak when it is one’s turn. EX. “Without further ado, let's now listen to…” 4. Topic Control - this means when a topic is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. EX. “This might not be the best venue for such a discussion” 5. Topic Shifting - this involves moving from one topic to another. It is where one part of a conversation ends and another part begins. EX. “Our next agenda is …”  6. Repair - it refers to overcoming communication breakdowns to send more comprehensible messages. EX. “That came out wrong… let me rephrase that…” Repair Communicative Strategies includes: a. Requesting clarification b. Repeating c. Recasting 7. Termination - this refers to the conversation of participants close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation. EX. “Best regards to your parents. See you around!” ✿ Speech Speeches are more formal than talking or usual conversations. They are delivered to leave a remarkable message. There are 2 main types of speech — According to the purpose & According to delivery ✿Types of Speeches According to Purpose a. Informative or Expository Speech Perform to educate on new or relevant pieces of information on a particular topic. EX. Lecture of a teacher & Doctor talking to a group about ways to avoid heart disease. ✿ Kinds of Informative Speech Description Speech — provides a vivid picture of a person, place, or object through sensory details such as sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste. EX. describing the tallest building in the world & the symptoms of ulcer, Explanation Speech — explain or define a concept, term, or an abstract topic. EX. explaining the effect of global warming. Demonstration Speech — presents information about how to do something or how something is done. EX. how to make soap Reportorial Speech — similar to report or newscast. This serves to describe or explain an event or an issue that is interesting, significant, or unusual. EX. the outcome of the national elections.  b. Persuasive Speech Given solely to convince the audience to agree with the speaker's opinion on a particular topic. EX. speech of a lawyer, a teenager convincing her parents about something. ✿ Kinds of Persuasive Speech Convincing Speech — speaker attempts to convince the audience to adopt his or her way of thinking or to change the way they think about things. Actuation Speech — designed to urge the audience to take a particular action. The speaker seeks to persuade the audience to start doing the action now. c. Entertainment Speech Aims to share laughter and enjoyment with the audience through humorous lines. EX. speech of a comedian Entertainment speeches do not need to be funny at all times and all throughout. It gets the attention of audience by speaking interesting topics that creates an enjoyable experience. Public Speaking Art of oral communication to convey their message and information to the audience that is more than on. Known as oratory which is an activity of speaking of a selected subject to a group of people. It is an organized, face-to-face, prepared, intended attempt to enlighten, captivate, or influence a group of people through the use of speech, and gestures with the help of audio and visual. According to Delivery a. Manuscript Speech Word-for-word iteration of a written message using visual aids EX. news anchor with a teleprompter Advantage — Guided speech Disadvantage — Lacks audience rapport or connection b. Memorized Speech Rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory EX. actor's dialogue, stage play performance Advantage — Exact repetition of the written words from memory, Maintained eye-contact, Free to move around the stage. Disadvantage — Speakers might end up speaking in a monotone pattern. c. Extemporaneous Speech Is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversation manner using brief notes EX. a campaign speech before a voting public, class reporting. Advantage — Helps you look confident Disadvantage — Inadequate time preparation to plan, organize, and prepare d. Impromptu Speech Is the presentation of a short message without preparation and is for people knowledgeable about the subject. EX. a doctor's response to a patient’s question ✿ Impromptu Speech Strategies Past, Present, Future (PPF) Point, Reason, Example, Point (PREP) Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher Answer, Reason, Example, Message (AREM) Story, Message, Gain (SMG) Bridging - This entails building a connection between what you do know and what you do not know. Reframing - This means rephrasing or redefining the topic into something that you want to talk about. This usually occurs if you think the topic is inappropriate or it's not meant for you. Playing devil's advocate - This refers to you standing on the opposite side. - xoxo, tofi ✿