Oral Communication Finals PDF

ORAL COMMUNICATION - FINALS LESSON 6 - SPEECH ACTS Suggestions: "We should try a new strategy."...

ORAL COMMUNICATION - FINALS LESSON 6 - SPEECH ACTS Suggestions: "We should try a new strategy." 2. Commissives Speech Acts - is the act of saying and expressing ○ What they do: Commit the speaker to a future words and is used in everyday communication. action. These consist of the statement of the words, the ○ Examples: purpose of the statement ( asking, stating, Promises: "I’ll help you with your requesting, advising, warning or persuading) and homework." also the response to the purpose of the statement. Pledges: "I swear to protect this country." Threats: "If you don’t pay, there will Speaker performs speech acts for making an be consequences." utterance. Vows: "I will love you forever." Speaking a language means performing a speech 3. Directives acts, Such as making statements, giving ○ What they do: Attempt to get the listener to do commands, asking questions and making promises. something. ○ Examples: 1. Representatives - represent a Commands: "Close the door." situation/ circumstances like Requests: "Could you please help me?" assertions, statements, claims, Challenges: "Prove it!" hypotheses, descriptions, Invitations: "Come to my party." suggestions. It can be generally Entreaties: "Please don’t go." characterized as true or false. Dares: "I dare you to jump." 4. Declarations 2. Commissives - commit speaker to ○ What they do: Bring about a change in the world course of action by the act of speaking. - Examples: promises, pledges, threats, vows. ○ Examples: Blessings: "I bless this union." 3. Directives - are intended to get Hiring/Firing: "You’re hired/fired." Baptisms: "I baptize you in the name the addressee to carry out an of…" action Arrests: "You’re under arrest." Marrying: "I now pronounce you - Examples: commands, requests, husband and wife." challenges, invitations, entreaties, dares. 5. Expressives ○ What they do: Show the speaker’s feelings or 4. Declaration - give name to the attitudes. state of affairs like blessings, ○ Examples: hiring and firings (you’re hired, Greetings: "Hello!" Apologies: "I’m sorry." you’re fired), baptisms, arrest, Congratulations: "Well done!" marrying, Condolences: "I’m so sorry for your loss." 5. Expressives - indicate the 6. Verdictives speaker’s psychological state or ○ What they do: Make assessments, evaluations, or attitude like greetings, apologies, judgments. congratulations, condolences, ○ Examples: "You passed the test." 6. Verdictives - make assessments or "That was a great performance." judgements "The defendant is guilty." "This is the best dish I’ve tasted." Examples: ranking, assessing, deciding the winner for the contest. SPEECH ACT THEORY 1. LOCUTION (UTTERANCE) 1. Representatives ○ What they do: Represent facts or situations and The act of saying actual words to represent an can be judged as true or false. idea/act of making a meaningful utterance ○ Examples: Assertions: "It’s raining outside." Example: Speaker: it is raining outside Statements: "The Earth orbits the (That is the literal meaning. It is a locutionary act) Sun." A speaker must produce the words clearly Claims: "I’m the best candidate for in order to deliver the intended meaning of the job." the message. Hypotheses: "If we water the plant, it will grow." Descriptions: "The sky is blue." 1  ORAL COMMUNICATION - FINALS 2. ILLOCUTION (INTENTION) 7. Termination The illocutionary act refers to the performance of - Is a strategy used to end an act in saying something communication. It’s most popular Example: Speaker: It is raining outside is bidding goodbye. The speaker wishes or wants the hearer to use an umbrella if he/she goes out 1. Topic Nomination The speaker wants you not to go out because it is still raining outside Definition: Introducing or suggesting a topic for discussion. Example: 3. PERLOCUTIONARY ACTS (EFFECT) ○ "Let’s talk about our upcoming trip." Refer to speech acts that have an effect on the feelings, thoughts or actions of either the speaker 2. Topic Restriction or the listener. In other words, they seek to change or transform minds. In contrast to locutionary acts, Definition: Controlling or limiting the topics that can be perlocutionary acts are external to the discussed. performance. For example, persuading, inspiring, Example: ○ "We’re only discussing work-related issues in this encouraging, convicting, scaring, insulting or meeting." deterring. 3. Turn Taking Example: Speaker: It is raining outside Definition: Ensuring everyone gets a chance to speak in an ○ the hearer may use the umbrella when he orderly manner. or she goes out Example: ○ the hearer may stay while waiting for the ○ Speaker 1: "What’s your opinion on this?" rain to subside or stop ○ Speaker 2: "I think we should proceed with the plan." This is about how the listener reacts or changes their 4. Topic Shifting thoughts, feelings, or actions because of the utterance. Definition: Moving from one topic to another during a LESSON 7 - COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES conversation. Example: Communicative strategies - This is a strategy that ○ "That’s an interesting point. Speaking of which, learners use to overcome communication problems have you seen the latest news?" in order to convey their intended meaning. 5. Topic Control TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES Definition: Keeping the discussion focused on the main topic. 1. Topic Nomination Example: - When you nominate a topic. ○ "Let’s get back to the main agenda for today." 2. Topic Restriction - Is when the speaker controls what 6. Repair topics are to be and not to be discussed in the communication Definition: Clarifying or correcting something that was said to process. avoid misunderstandings. 3. Turn Taking Example: - Communication is made up of ○ "Wait, let me rephrase that—what I meant was…" turns, in that only one speaker can speak at a time. Turn taking 7. Termination makes sure that everyone participates and contributes to Definition: Ending a conversation or discussion. the discussion. Example: 4. Topic Shifting ○ "Thanks for your time. I’ll see you tomorrow!" - Is the transition from one topic to another. It can happen either accidentally or purposively. LESSON 8 - ELEMENTS AFFECTED IN SHIFTS 5. Topic control ON SPEECH CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLES, - is a strategy used to make sure SPEECH ACT, AND COMMUNICATIVE that the topic is still the center of STRATEGY the discussion. 6. Repair When we change any of the four: speech style, - Is used to emphasize or clarity speech context, speech act, and communicative what has been said. 2  ORAL COMMUNICATION - FINALS strategy, it affects the language a lot. It gives a - 5. Paying too much attention on how the completely different impression to the listener and other person is taking the message. changes the duration of interaction considerably. - 6. Using a very unique code or The language form is also changed with the change unconventional method for delivering of vocabulary. message. Elements affected in shifts on speech context, LESSON 9 - TYPES OF SPEECHES speech styles, speech acts, and communicative strategy Speech - is a spoken expression of ideas, opinion, etc., that is made by someone who is speaking in 1. Duration of interaction front of a group of people (Merriam Webster). - Interaction is important, in public speaking for example, it involves your audience Types of speech being more directly with both you as ACCORDING TO PURPOSE speaker and your content. An involved and 1. Informative Speech engaged audience is more likely to pay - It provides information about a attention to you and connect with your specific subject to an audience. words. However, any change in the speech The aim of an informative speech content, speech act, or speech style of the is to help your audience to speaker may shorten or lengthen the understand and to remember the connection or interaction between the information you are presenting. speaker and the audience. 2. Persuasive Speech - It aims to inform, educate and 2. Relationship of the speaker convince or motivate an audience - Nonverbal behavior allows you to adjust to do something. You are your relationship with the audience, essentially trying to sway the establishing a level of closeness and audience to adopt your own familiarity. viewpoint. - Speech communication begins with a 3. Entertainment/Entertaining Speech speaker - It is designed to captivate an - Your success as a speaker depend on your audience’s attention and regale or personal credibility, your knowledge of the amuse them while delivering a subject, your manner of speaking, your clear message. sensitivity to the audience and the occasion. ACCORDING TO DELIVERY 3. Roles and Responsibilities of the speaker 1. Manuscript Reading - It is a speech delivered with a 4. Message guide and support. - When the sender- the source of 2. Memorized communication, decides to communicate - It is a speech committed to he/she encodes the root of the feeling in memory word by word. words/gestures or any other form 3. Extemporaneous commonly understood. It may be a simple - It is a speech that is planned and prepared for. 5. Language form 4. Impromptu - The same language forms can be used to - It is a speech done with no express different meaning. A meaning can preparation at all. be expressed by many different forms. - Example: *One form, many meanings 1. Manuscript Reading 'Book' (something to read; to reserve, a list of bets, etc.) What it is: In manuscript reading, the speaker reads the entire *One meaning, many forms speech word-for-word from a written script or paper. 'll see you tomorrow. How it's done: The speaker doesn’t memorize the speech or I'm going to see you tomorrow. speak off the cuff. Instead, they stay focused on the script I'm seeing you tomorrow. throughout the presentation. When it's used: This is often used in formal situations, like 6. Delivery political speeches, news broadcasts, or lectures where the exact - 1. Voice volume is too low to be heard. wording is important. Pros: Ensures accuracy and precision. The speaker doesn't - 2. Message is too complex. forget any important details. - 3. Speaker is getting lost. Cons: It can sound less natural or engaging because the speaker - 4. Body language or nonverbal elements is focused on reading, not connecting with the audience through are contradicting or interfering with the eye contact or body language. verbal message. 3  ORAL COMMUNICATION - FINALS 2. Memorized Speech - Essential for the audience to easily understand the message What it is: In a memorized speech, the speaker has learned the through speech outline. entire speech by heart and delivers it without looking at any - 3 MAIN PARTS OF SPEECH notes or a script. OUTLINE How it's done: The speaker knows the speech word-for-word 1. Introduction and presents it from memory. 2. Body When it's used: This is often used in situations where the 3. Conclusion speaker wants to sound smooth and confident, like in competitive public speaking or theatrical performances. 3. Duration Pros: The speaker is not distracted by reading, so it can feel - About how long or short a speech more natural and engaging. is. Cons: If the speaker forgets part of the speech, it can be hard to 4. Word choice recover, and it might seem too rehearsed or rigid. - Is about using the right words in order to convey the messages 3. Extemporaneous Speech exactly the way you mean it. It is also known as diction. What it is: In an extemporaneous speech, the speaker has 5. Grammatical Correctness prepared and organized their thoughts but speaks with only - Is the foundation of an effective brief notes or an outline. It’s not read word-for-word and allows speech. The use of correct some spontaneity. grammar is essential in any form How it's done: The speaker may take a few moments to of communication. prepare (e.g., with an outline or key points), but they deliver the 1. Observe parallelism speech in a conversational style, often using notes for reference. 2. Observe correct When it's used: This is common in settings like classroom presentations, business meetings, or debates where the speaker subject-verb agreement needs to be well-prepared but can adapt to the audience's 3. Observe pronoun reactions. reference agreement Pros: The speech can be more engaging and flexible because 4. Use correct and the speaker isn’t tied to a script and can adjust on the fly. consistent verb tense Cons: It requires strong preparation and thinking on your feet 5. Use correct punctuation to ensure the speech flows smoothly. 1. Audience Profile 4. Impromptu Speech What is it? What it is: An impromptu speech is given without any prior The audience profile is a way of understanding the people who notice or preparation. The speaker must respond to a topic or will be listening to your speech. It includes factors like their question immediately. age, interests, values, education, and what they already know How it's done: The speaker has little to no time to plan their about the topic. words and must rely on their ability to think quickly, organize Why is it important? thoughts on the spot, and speak without any notes. By knowing your audience, you can tailor your speech to When it's used: This happens in spontaneous connect with them. For example, if you’re speaking to a group situations, such as during surprise speaking of experts, you can use more technical language. If your audience is general, you should keep things simple and engagements, meetings, or public speaking contests relatable. where the speaker is given a topic or question right before speaking. 2. Logical Organization Pros: It tests the speaker's ability to think and speak under pressure. It can show quick thinking and What is it? creativity. Logical organization means arranging your ideas in a clear, Cons: It can be challenging to sound organized or structured way so the audience can easily follow your message. polished without preparation, and the speaker might Without it, your speech can feel disorganized and confusing. stumble or go off-topic. Why is it important? An organized speech helps people understand and retain what you're saying. Think of your speech like a map—without a clear LESSON 10 - PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH route, people get lost. WRITING 3. Main Parts of a Speech Outline Principles of Speech Writing A well-organized speech generally has three main parts: 1. Audience Profile - Points out the characteristics of Introduction the audience to whom the speaker The introduction grabs the audience’s attention and sets the will deliver the speech to. stage for what’s to come. It introduces your topic and gives 2. Logical Organization them a reason to care about it. 4  ORAL COMMUNICATION - FINALS Body What is it? The body is where you present your main points. It’s the Pronoun reference agreement means using pronouns (like "he," longest part of your speech and should be logically structured "she," "it," "they") correctly, so it’s clear what they refer to. with clear arguments or information. Why is it important? Conclusion Clear pronoun references avoid confusion. For instance, in the The conclusion wraps up your speech, summarizing the key sentence "Mary told Alice that she would go home," it’s unclear points and leaving the audience with something to think about. who “she” refers to—Mary or Alice. A better sentence would It’s your final chance to make an impact. be "Mary told Alice that Mary would go home." 4. Duration 10. Consistent Verb Tense What is it? What is it? Duration refers to how long your speech should be. Using consistent verb tenses means sticking to one time frame Why is it important? (past, present, future) throughout your speech. A speech that’s too long can lose the audience’s attention, Why is it important? while one that’s too short might leave them feeling unsatisfied. Inconsistent verb tenses can confuse the audience about when The key is to choose a duration that fits your content and your events are happening. For example, switching between past and audience’s expectations. present tense without reason can make your message unclear. 5. Word Choice (Diction) 11. Correct Punctuation What is it? What is it? Word choice, or diction, refers to selecting the right words to Correct punctuation means using commas, periods, question express your thoughts clearly and precisely. marks, etc., in the right places. Why is it important? Why is it important? Using the wrong words can confuse your audience, while the Punctuation helps the audience understand the meaning of your right words make your message clearer and more impactful. For sentences. For example, “Let’s eat, Grandma” is very different example, choosing simple, everyday language can make from “Let’s eat Grandma.” The punctuation makes a big complex ideas easier to understand, while technical jargon difference! might be appropriate for an expert audience. LESSON 11 - PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH 6. Grammatical Correctness DELIVERY What is it? Grammatical correctness means using proper grammar—like Principle of Effective Speech Delivery correct sentence structure, punctuation, and word agreement—when writing your speech. 1. Articulation Why is it important? - Utterance of speech sounds. Grammar is the foundation of clear communication. Errors in - Physical ability to produce speech grammar can distract your audience and make you seem less sounds which make up words to credible. A well-written speech shows that you took the time to statements. prepare. - The act or process of speaking or expressing in words. 7. Observing Parallelism 2. Modulation - Change in inflection of voice to What is it? convey different meanings. Parallelism is about making your ideas consistent and balanced. It’s when you use similar grammatical structures for - The use of tone, pitch, stress, and related ideas. volume are some factors that Why is it important? should be considered in It helps make your speech more rhythmic and easier to follow. modulation. For example, instead of saying “I enjoy reading, to write, and 3. Stage Presence swimming,” you should say “I enjoy reading, writing, and - The ability to command attention swimming.” from the audience. - According to Norman Goldfarb, 8. Correct Subject-Verb Agreement authenticity, engagement, and animation are factors to consider What is it? in stage presence. Subject-verb agreement means making sure the subject and 4. Facial Expression verb in your sentences match in number (singular or plural). For - Considered a non-verbal way in example, you wouldn’t say "They runs," but rather "They run." communication. Why is it important? - It is different in emotion. Consistency in subject-verb agreement helps your speech sound more natural and professional. 5. Gestures and Movements - A specific bodily movement that reinforces a verbal message or 9. Pronoun Reference Agreement 5  ORAL COMMUNICATION - FINALS conveys a particular thought or Stage Presence = Owning the space and keeping people’s emotion. attention. 6. Rapport Facial Expression = Using your face to show emotion. - Ability to relate to others And Gesture and Movements = Using your body to reinforce what you're saying. create a certain level of trust and Rapport = Building a connection with your audience. understanding. 1. Articulation Articulation is how clearly and precisely you pronounce your words when speaking. It’s about making sure your audience can understand every word you're saying. If you're articulating well, your speech will be clear and easy to follow. If not, people might struggle to understand you. For example, when giving a speech, you want to pronounce your consonants sharply (like the "t" in "hat") and avoid mumbling. 2. Modulation Modulation refers to how you change the pitch, tone, and volume of your voice. It keeps your speech interesting and helps convey emotion. If you only speak in a flat, monotone voice, it can be hard for people to stay engaged. Modulation is about varying how loud or soft, high or low, fast or slow you speak. For example, you might raise your voice when you're excited, or lower it for emphasis or seriousness. 3. Stage Presence Stage presence is the ability to captivate and hold the attention of your audience when you're on stage or speaking in front of others. It's about how you command the space and how people feel drawn to you. Someone with good stage presence usually seems confident, calm, and in control, and they make people feel like they’re in a place where something important is happening. Think of actors, speakers, or performers who have a magnetic quality—they seem to "own" the stage. 4. Facial Expression Facial expressions are the movements of your face that convey emotions. These include things like smiling, frowning, raising your eyebrows, or showing surprise. Your facial expressions can help your audience understand your emotions and the mood you want to set. For example, if you're talking about something happy, you might smile or look excited. If you're discussing something serious, your face might look more thoughtful or serious. 5. Gesture and Movements Gestures and movements are the physical actions you make with your hands, arms, and body while speaking. Gestures help reinforce what you're saying and can make your communication more dynamic and engaging. For example, using your hands to show size or direction helps people understand what you're describing. However, too many gestures or too much movement can be distracting, so it's important to find a balance. 6. Rapport Rapport is the connection or relationship you build with your audience or the people you're speaking with. It’s about making them feel comfortable, understood, and engaged. Good rapport means your audience feels like they can relate to you, trust you, and want to listen. You can build rapport through things like eye contact, smiling, mirroring someone's body language, or showing empathy in what you're saying. In summary: Articulation = Speaking clearly. Modulation = Changing your voice to keep things interesting. 6