Oral Communication Strategies PDF

ORAL COMM (KEYWORDS) **Quarter 1 -- Module 8: Employs Various Communication Strategies in Different Situations** - **Communicative Strategy** - any method which a learner uses to overcome his/her inadequacies when speaking a second language. **Types of Communicative Strategy** 1. **Nomina...

ORAL COMM (KEYWORDS) **Quarter 1 -- Module 8: Employs Various Communication Strategies in Different Situations** - **Communicative Strategy** - any method which a learner uses to overcome his/her inadequacies when speaking a second language. **Types of Communicative Strategy** 1. **Nomination** \- involves the presentation of a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is relevant. [- to clearly establish a topic. ] \- involves the opening of the topic with the people you are talking to. When beginning a topic in a conversation, especially if it does not arise from a previous topic, you may start off with news inquiries and news announcements as they promise extended talk. Most importantly, keep the conversational environment open for opinions until the prior topic shuts down easily and initiates a smooth end. \- This could efficiently signal the beginning of a new topic in the conversation. 2. **Restriction** - [the limitation you may have to observe as a speaker]. - typically given specific instructions that you must follow. These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say. 3. **Turn-taking** - wherein one member in the communicative process recognizes when and how to speak because it is one's turn. If it is your turn to speak, then you speak, otherwise you're not allowed. - to give all communicators the chance to speak. - [the process by which communicators decide who takes the conversational floor] 4. **Topic Control** - [refers to how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations] - keeping of the interaction going by asking questions and eliciting a response. - This means that when a topic is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. 5. **Topic Shifting** - involves [moving from one topic to another]. - In other words, it is where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins. - You may also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift like "By the way," "In addition to what you said." Which reminds me of," and the like. 6. **Repair** - [refers to how the speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation. ] - This is to overcome the communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages. - When there is a problem in understanding the conversation, speakers will always try to address and correct it. Although this is the case, always seek to initiate the repair. 7. **Termination** - refers to the use of verbal and nonverbal signals to end the conversation. **Module 9: Lesson 9.1 (Language Form, Duration of Interaction and Relationship of the Speaker towards the Audience)** - **Communication** as a process involves many factors that contribute to the achievement of the goal of understanding between and among the members. Among these factors are the speech context, speech act, speech style and communicative strategy. - **Speech Context** - is the setting in which communication situation takes place. - **Speech style** - is the form of language that the speaker utilized which is characterized by level of formality (Martin Joos,1976). - **Speech Act** - an utterance considered as an action, particularly regarding its intention, purpose, or effect. - **Communicative Strategy** - are plans, ways or means of sharing information which are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose. **Module 9: Lesson 9.2 (Roles and Responsibilities of a Speaker, Message, and Delivery)** - **Roles and Responsibilities** - refers to the task that a speaker or every communication participant must do or fulfill so that the purpose of communication will be achieved. - **Message** - the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions **Module 10: Lesson 10.1 (Rigors of Crafting One's Speech: Principles of Speech Writing)** - **Audience analysis** entails looking into the profile of your target audience. This is done so you can tailor-fit your speech content and delivery to your audience. The profile includes the following information. a. **demography** (age range, male-female ratio, educational background and affiliations or degree program taken, nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designations) b. **situation** (time, venue, occasion, and size) c. **psychology** (values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies, and needs) - **Logical or Topical Pattern** - As the name implies, you\'ll be organizing the information in a logical manner according to topic. - can also be used in a speech that discusses several sub-topics under the banner of a primary topic -- just attack them all in a logical sequence. - **Chronological or Time-Sequence** \- Pattern When information in a speech follows a chronological sequence, then the information should likewise be organized chronologically. \- typically used in any speech addressing a subject from an historical perspective. - **Spatial or Geographical Pattern** - If you wish to evoke an image of something that has various parts, and those parts are distinguished by geography - for speeches about a country or city, or even a building or organization, provided that the organization occupies a specific geographical location, such as a hospital or university. - **Causal or Cause-and-Effect** **Pattern** -- - to look at the subject in terms of cause and effect. - **Problem-Solution Pattern** - is similar to the cause-and effect pattern but is typically used when the speaker is trying to persuade the audience to take a particular viewpoint. - the speaker introduces a problem, and then outlines how this problem can be solved. - **outline** - is a hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas. - A good outline helps you see that all the ideas are in line with your main idea or message. - The elements of an outline include introduction, body, and conclusion. - The **body of the speech** provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain the main idea of your speech. One major consideration in developing the body of your speech is the focus or central idea. The body of your speech should only have one central idea. The following are some strategies to highlight your main idea. Present real-life or practical examples Show statistics Present comparisons Share ideas from the experts or practitioners - The **introduction** is the foundation of your speech. Here, your primary goal is to get the attention of your audience and present the subject or main idea of your speech. Your first few words should do so. The following are some strategies. Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to you subject. Use practical examples and explain their connection to your subject. Start with a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it means. Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to your subject. Tell a personal story to illustrate your point. - The **conclusion** restates the main idea of your speech. Furthermore, it provides a summary, emphasizes the message, and calls for action. While the primary goal of the introduction is to get the attention of your audience, the conclusion aims to leave the audience with a memorable statement. The following are some strategies. Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your message. Use positive examples, encouraging words, or memorable lines from songs or stories familiar to your audience. Ask a question or series of questions that can make your audience reflect or ponder. - **Editing/Revising** your written speech involves correcting errors in mechanics, such as grammar, punctuation, capitalization, unity, coherence, and others. Andrew Dlugan (2013), an award-winning public speaker, lists six power principles for speech editing. - **Edit for focus**. *"So, what's the point? What's the message of the speech?"* Ensure that everything you have written, from introduction to conclusion, is related to your central message. - **Edit for clarity**. *"I don't understand the message because the examples or supporting details were confusing."* Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging them in logical order (e.g., main idea first then supporting details, or supporting details first then main idea). - **Edit for concision**. *"The speech was all over the place; the speaker kept talking endlessly as if no one was listening to him/her."* Keep your speech short, simple, and clear by eliminating unrelated stories and sentences and by using simple words. - **Edit for continuity**. *"The speech was too difficult to follow; I was lost in the middle."* Keep the flow of your presentation smooth by adding transition words and phrases. - **Edit for variety**. *"I didn't enjoy the speech because it was boring."* Add spice to your speech by shifting tone and style from formal to conversational and vice-versa, moving around the stage, or adding humor. - **Edit for impact and beauty**. *"There's nothing really special about the speech."* Make your speech memorable by using these strategies: surprise the audience, use vivid descriptive images, write well-crafted and memorable lines, and use figures of speech. - **Rehearsing** - gives you an opportunity to identify what works and what does not work for you and for your target audience. - The best thing to remember at this stage is: "Constant practice makes perfect." 1\. **Audience Analysis**- a stage in speech writing in which the speaker determines the profile of his/her target audience. 2. **Informative Speech** - provides the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea presented by the speaker. 3\. **Entertainment Speech** - provides the audience with amusement. 4\. **Persuasive Speech** - provides the audience with well-argued ideas that can influence their own beliefs and decisions. 5\. **Topic** -- the focal point of your speech. 6\. **Writing Patterns** -structures that will help you organize the ideas related to your topic. 7. **Audience**: One or more people within hearing range of some message; for example, a group of people listening to a performance or speech; the crowd attending a stage performance. 8\. **Audience-Centered**: Tailored to an audience. When preparing a message, the speaker analyzes the audience in order to adapt the content and language usage to the level of the listeners. **Module 10: Lesson 10.2 (Rigors of Crafting One's Speech: Speech Delivery)** **Principles of Speech Delivery** No matter how clearly and thoughtfully written a speech is, the success of a speech equally depends on its delivery. **Effective speech delivery requires learning, practice, and extra effort**. There are several factors to consider in delivering a speech effectively. In this lesson, we will focus on the following principles of speech delivery: articulation; modulation; stage presence; facial expressions, gestures, or movements; and rapport with the audience. **Articulation** The shaping of speech sounds (consonants and vowels) by the tongue, lips, palate, jaw, and teeth, called the **articulators**, is what is referred to as articulation. It includes both the utterance of words or pronunciation, and the clarity of speech sounds or enunciation. To improve articulation, you can practice by reading the individual speech sounds or the syllables of words while exaggerating or prolonging each sound or syllable. Open your mouth fully and relax your tongue as you say each sound or syllable of a word. **Modulation** Modulating the voice or varying it in terms of pitch, power, and pace makes a speech more pleasing to the ear and allows a speaker to convey the right emotions. **Pitch** refers to the highness or lowness of a voice. A speaker should vary the pitch to reinforce the message. A high pitch is usually used to express lighter emotions like excitement and delight, while a low pitch is suitable for serious emotions like sadness and sorrow. Using the same pitch can be quite boring and monotonous for the audience. **Power** is the vocal energy or intensity exerted by a speaker. The speaker should create power or intensity in his or her voice to emphasize points without being loud. **Pace**, also called rate, is the speed of a speaker's utterance. Complex or important ideas are usually said slowly (but not too slow that the audience loses concentration or becomes impatient), while light or exciting matters are often said rapidly (but not too fast that words become slurred or unintelligible). A speaker should use a flexible rate that will convey the message clearly and will give the audience time to hear and understand it. 1\. **articulation** - the shaping of speech sounds (consonants and vowels) by the tongue, lips, palate, jaw, and teeth, called the articulators 2. **stage presence** - ability to command the attention of the audience -- 3\. **gestures** - purposeful movements of the head, arms, hands, and other parts of the body. 4\. **extemporaneous speech** -- a type of speech according to delivery which involves speaking with limited preparation 5\. **impromptu speech** -- a type of speech according to delivery which involves speaking without advanced preparation 6\. **manuscript speech** -- a type of speech according to delivery which involves reading from a prepared script 7\. **memorized speech** -- a type of speech according to delivery which involves committing the speech to memory and delivering it without notes 8\. **modulation** -- an inflection of the tone or pitch of the voice