Introduction To Molecular Biology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LEARNING OBJECTIVES Definition of molecular biology and its impact on life sciences Understand the characteristics of eukaryotic cells and the subdivided compartments. Identify different types of organisms that serve as models in research. Applica...

INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LEARNING OBJECTIVES Definition of molecular biology and its impact on life sciences Understand the characteristics of eukaryotic cells and the subdivided compartments. Identify different types of organisms that serve as models in research. Applications of Molecular Biology in Medicine o Definition of molecular biology Molecular biology is the field of life science that manages the structure, properties, and functions of biomolecules, that is, the essential sub-atomic segments of single cells. For understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis. Li Y, Zhao D. Basics of Molecular Biology. Molecular Imaging. 2013 Jul 19:541–601. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642- 34303-2_16. o Understand the characteristics of eukaryotic cells and the subdivided compartments. Eukaryotic cells have multiple internal cell compartments surrounded by membranes. A double membrane surrounds the nucleus itself, the nuclear envelope. False color transmission electron micrograph of a plasma cell Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013. from bone marrow.  o ORGANELLES Cytoplasm: Structure, organelle support, storage, transport, hosts metabolic processes, osmotic balance and signal transduction. Chandar, Nalini and Viselli, Susan. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Health Publication, 2019.  o NUCLEUS ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN ONE. HUMAN CELLS = 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES OUTER ENVELOPE NUCLEAR PORES = COMMUNICATION NUCLEOPLASM ~ CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS CONTAINS NUCLEOLUS, THE SITE OF RIBOSOME PRODUCTION. Chandar, Nalini and Viselli, Susan. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Health Publication, 2019.  genome of eukaryotes The genome of eukaryotes consists of 10,000– 50,000 genes, contained in a different chromosome. These 24 chromosomes consist of 22 autosomes and the two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear, unlike the circular chromosomes of bacteria. Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013.  o RIBOSOMES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CONTAIN RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA) FOUND EITHER BOUND OR FREE AT CYTOSOL LARGE SUBUNIT = 3 rRNA + 50proteins SMALL SUBUNIT = 1 rRNA + 30proteins THEY ASSEMBLE WHEN NEEDED: TRANSLATION OF PROTEIN FROM Mrna and DISASSEMBLE AFTER. Chandar, Nalini and Viselli, Susan. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Health Publication, 2019.  o ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM SURROUNDS NUCLEUS RER = HAS RIBOSOMES AND PARTICIPATES IN PROTEIN PRODUCTION SMOOTH ER = NO RIBOSOMES, GLYCOSYLATION OF PROTEINS PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS Chandar, Nalini and Viselli, Susan. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Health Publication, 2019. GOLGI COMPLEX Golgi apparatus Cis trans face face Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membrane sacs and associated vesicles that is involved in the secretion of proteins. Packaging of proteins. Glycosylation Phosphorylations Proteolysis Chandar, Nalini and Viselli, Susan. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Health Publication, 2019. MITOCHONDRIA The mitochondrion is a rod-shaped organelle, bounded by a double membrane. Each contains a circular molecule of DNA. Actively participates in energy production. These are the site of the respiratory chain that generates energy for the cell (oxidative phosphorylation). Contains DNA and RNA mtRNA. Key to cell survival, mitocondrial damage = cell death (i.e. programmed death such as viral infection or CA). Mitochondrial diseases: inability or reduced oxidize/breakdown fuel to produce energy. 1:4000 children Delayed development, por growth, lack of coordination, sight loss. Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013.  o LYSOSOMES MEMEBRANE-ENCODED ORGANELLES ACIDIC PH FORMED FROM THE GOLGI COMPLEX ENZYMES WITHIN DEGRADE MACROMOLECULES BUILDUP PRODUCTS (CHO, PROT) LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASE: WHEN HYDROLASES MALFUNCTION, RESULTING IN ACCUMULATION OF SUBSTRATES (DEFECTIVE ACID HYDROLASES) TAY-SACHS: GANGLIOSIDES ACCUMULATION IN CNS. Chandar, Nalini and Viselli, Susan. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Health Publication, 2019.  o PEROXISOMES SMALLER THAN LYSOSOMES CONTAIN HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES BREAKDOWN OF FATTY ACIDS AND PURINES HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IS DETOXIFIED AT PEROXISOMES LIVER SYNTHESIS OF BILE ACID AND CHOLESTEROL MYELIN SYNTHESIS X LINKED ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY, MYELIN DEGRADATION, FAILURE IN FA METABOLISM ZELLWEGER SYNDROME: PEROXISOMAL ENZYMES TRANSPORT FAILURE TO LIVER KIDNEY CNS, TOXIC BUILDUP Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013. Chandar, Nalini and Viselli, Susan. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Health Publication, 2019.  models in research. Biologists concentrate their attention on certain living organisms, either because they are convenient to study or are of practical importance, and they are termed “model organisms.” Model organisms are useful to the discovery of basic principles of biology. They help researchers gain knowledge that advances medicine. Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013. models in research. Most early experiments providing the basis for modern-day molecular biology were performed using bacteria such as E. coli. Some advantages of using bacteria to study cell function are: 1. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. Furthermore, a bacterial culture consists of many identical cells due to lack of sexual recombination during cell division. 2. Bacteria are haploid, having only a single copy of most genes. Analyzing genes present in a single copy is far easier than trying to analyze two different alleles of the same gene simultaneously. Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013.  models in research. Yeast is widely used in molecular biology; it is the eukaryote about which the most is known and the first whose genome was sequenced. Yeasts are members of the fungus kingdom and are slightly more related to animals than plants. A variety of yeasts are found in nature, but the one normally used in the laboratory is brewer’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The natural life cycle of yeast alternates between a diploid phase and a haploid phase. Thus, it is possible to grow haploid cultures of yeast, which, like bacteria, have only a single copy of each gene, making research interpretations easy. Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013.  models in research. Danio rerio (previously Brachydanio rerio), the zebrafish, is increasingly being used as a model for studying genetic effects in vertebrate development. Zebrafish are native to the slow freshwater streams Zebrafish have become a favorite model organism for studying the molecular genetics of embryonic development In addition, can regenerate the heart, nervous tissues, retina, hearing tissues, and fins, which can offer a glimpse into genes that control the growth of these tissues in humans. Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013.  models in research. After the injury, the heart-activated factors, such as epicardial IGF, can activate the Ras/MAPK pathway. These activated epicardial cells drive cardiomyocyte regeneration. Beffagna G. Zebrafish as a Smart Model to Understand Regeneration After Heart Injury: How Fish Could Help Humans. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019 Aug 6;6:107. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00107. PMID: 31448289; PMCID: PMC6691037. Models in research. The ability to color zebrafish has now advanced. Recent work by Lichtman and Smith (2008) allows each individual cell to be labeled a different fluorescent color. The cells of the brain have been treated with over 90 different fluorescent colors, Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013. o molecular biology impact on life sciences Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques have led the way into this new era by allowing rapid detection of microorganisms that were previously difficult or impossible to detect by traditional microbiological methods. Provide public health information such as strain characterization by genotyping. Genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance is appealing due to the avoidance of problems such as variable phenotypic resistance expression. Speers DJ. Clinical applications of molecular biology for infectious diseases. Clin Biochem Rev. 2006 Feb;27(1):39-51. PMID: 16886046; PMCID: PMC1390794. o molecular biology impact on life sciences Molecular biology has facilitated understanding of the cause of many diseases, such as cancers and other neoplasia. Because has been revealed that malignant cell proliferation disorders arise in many cases when there is an abnormality of a gene that codes for a protein or micro-RNA, which plays a role in cell division. Examples are BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that, when mutated, their protein products lose function as DNA repair enzymes. Iheanyi Okpala. Applications of molecular biology in medicine. Nig Del Med J 2017; 2(1): 38-42  THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE TODAY! Chandar, Nalini and Viselli, Susan. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Health Publication, 2019. Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology, Second Edition. David Clark. Elsevier 2013.