Critical Thinking Unit 4

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Questions and Answers

What is the mistake that the person has committed here, with respect to critical thinking? 'For this entire semester, I've been playing and having fun every day. My studies are not doing well. However, I believe I can score an A for the exam next week.'

  • Wishful thinking (correct)
  • Moral subjectivism
  • Egocentrism
  • Self-confident thinking

What mistake has Peter committed here, with respect to critical thinking? 'Lecturer: You all should focus on this section. It's a critical section that requires a lot of thought and review. Peter: Ah, I know everything. This section is not a problem for me. I don't need to learn this.'

  • Stereotype
  • Moral subjectivism
  • Relativistic thinking
  • Group bias
  • Self-serving bias (correct)

The statements (reasons) given in support of another statement are called...

  • The conclusion
  • The premises (correct)
  • The complement
  • An argument

Statements given in support of another statement are called.

<p>Premises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The statement that premises are intended to support is called.

<p>The conclusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of reasoning from a premise or premises to a conclusion based on those premises is known as.

<p>Inference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Words that frequently accompany arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion is present is called.

<p>Premise indicators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A word that is not a premise indicator word is

<p>Therefore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Avoiding bad news about a decision by ignoring data that might be negative.' The Bias represented here is:

<p>Ostrich Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Your dad read that using cell phones can cause brain cancer. He refuses to buya cell phone because he is afraid of contracting brain cancer from using one. No matter how much you try to persuade him with other information, he will not listen. This is an example of?

<p>Confirmation Bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

.............is essentially is the polar opposite of inductive reasoning.

<p>Deductive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between critical thinking and ordinary thinking.

<p>Critical thinking involves a more active and deliberate approach to analyzing information, evaluating evidence, and forming judgments, while ordinary thinking tends to be more passive and automatic, relying on assumptions, biases, or emotional responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between argumentation and rhetoric?

<p>Argumentation focuses on the logical validity and soundness of an argument, while rhetoric emphasizes the persuasive power and effectiveness of communication, often using emotional appeals and stylistic devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Halo Effect and how does it occur?

<p>The halo effect is a cognitive bias where our overall impression of a person, object, or brand influences our evaluation of its specific attributes. For example, if we like a celebrity, we may assume they are also intelligent and trustworthy, even if there's no evidence to support that.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain Ingroup Preference Bias and provide an example.

<p>Ingroup preference bias refers to a tendency for individuals to favor members of their own group and to view them more positively than members of other groups. For example, in hiring decisions, a committee might be more likely to choose a candidate with similar interests or background.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five pillars of critical thinking?

<p>The five pillars of critical thinking are logic, argumentation, rhetoric, background knowledge, and character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you mean by structuring arguments?

<p>Structuring arguments involves organizing and presenting arguments in a clear and logical way, using premises to support a conclusion. It helps to make the argument more persuasive and understandable to the audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain 'Linking the ideas in design thinking helps in creating feasible solutions.'

<p>In design thinking, it is essential to connect different ideas and insights to create a comprehensive and innovative solution. Linking these ideas, often coming from diverse perspectives, leads to a more holistic understanding of the problem and its potential solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what "tribalism" means in the context of critical thinking.

<p>In the context of critical thinking, &quot;tribalism&quot; refers to the tendency for individuals to identify strongly with their own group and to view other groups with suspicion or hostility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the features of critical thinking.

<p>Critical thinking involves a set of skills and dispositions that enable individuals to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and make reasoned judgments. It is characterized by a willingness to question assumptions, examine evidence, and consider alternative perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can the skills required for critical thinking be acquired, or are they innate?

<p>The skills required for critical thinking can be both acquired and innate. Some individuals may have a natural inclination towards critical thinking, but these skills can also be developed and honed through education, practice, and experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between Tribalism and Politics.

<p>Tribalism can have a significant influence on politics, often leading to divisive rhetoric, polarized opinions, and a lack of constructive dialogue. It can lead to individuals aligning themselves with specific political factions, often based on shared values and interests, rather than engaging in open and rational discourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define rhetoric and its use.

<p>Rhetoric is the art of persuasive speaking or writing, aiming to influence an audience's thoughts and actions. Its use involves using language effectively to appeal to emotions, logic, and ethical values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the methods and tips for overcoming cognitive bias.

<p>Methods for overcoming cognitive bias include being aware of common biases, actively seeking out diverse perspectives, challenging assumptions, and using evidence-based reasoning to make decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between design thinking and critical thinking.

<p>Design thinking and critical thinking are closely related, as both emphasize a structured and analytical approach to problem-solving. Design thinking builds upon critical thinking skills, incorporating them into its iterative process of empathizing, defining, ideating, prototyping, and testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of "empathize" in design thinking, and how does it relate to the Amazon case study?

<p>Empathizing involves understanding the needs, pain points, and desires of the target users for a specific product or service. In the Amazon case study, the company emphasizes customer-centricity and invests significant resources in market research, user feedback, and data analysis to gain a deep understanding of its customers' behaviors and preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of "define" in design thinking, and how does it relate to the Amazon case study?

<p>Defining involves clearly articulating the problem that needs to be solved and formulating specific objectives for improvement. In the Amazon case study, the company identifies key pain points for customers, such as complex checkout processes, delivery delays, and product discovery challenges, and sets clear objectives for improving the online shopping experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of "prototype" in design thinking, and how does it relate to the Amazon case study?

<p>Prototyping involves creating a tangible representation of the potential solution to test and gather feedback. For Amazon, this includes developing minimal viable products (MVPs) or prototypes that are tested internally and with a select group of customers, allowing for early feedback and iterations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of "test and iterate" in design thinking, and how does it relate to the Amazon case study?

<p>Testing and iterating involve continuously evaluating the prototype, gathering user feedback, and making necessary adjustments to improve the solution. Amazon utilizes A/B testing, where different variations of features and designs are presented to users to determine the most effective solutions, and they iterate based on this feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of "conclusion" in design thinking, and how does it relate to the Amazon case study?

<p>Conclusion involves reflecting on the entire design thinking process, evaluating the results, and drawing insights for future projects. The Amazon case study concludes that the company's success can be attributed to its relentless application of design thinking principles, which has led to consistent customer loyalty and continuous growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cognitive Bias

A systematic error in thinking that occurs when people are processing and interpreting information. It affects decisions and judgments.

Anchoring Bias

The tendency to over-rely on the first piece of information obtained as a baseline for comparison.

Availability Bias

Making decisions based on immediate information or examples that come to mind, rather than considering all possibilities.

Bandwagon Effect

The tendency to go along with a belief held by many others.

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Choice-Supportive Bias

Over-focusing on the benefits of a decision and minimizing its drawbacks after it's been made.

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Confirmation Bias

Paying more attention to information that reinforces previously held beliefs and ignoring contradictory evidence.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

Overemphasizing personal factors and underestimating situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

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Halo Effect

Judging others similarly across traits, Assuming someone's good or bad at one thing, they'll be the same in another.

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Ingroup Preference Bias

Dividing people into groups and attributing positive qualities to one's own group.

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Ostrich Effect

Avoiding bad news about a decision by ignoring data that might be negative.

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Recency Effect

Recent events are easier to remember and can be weighed more heavily than past or future events.

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Zero-Risk Bias

Preferring a choice with certainty of a smaller benefit, rather than an alternative with more risk but greater potential benefit.

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Inference

The act of reasoning from a premise or premises to a conclusion based on those premises.

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Statement

A sentence declaring something that can be true or false.

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Argument

A group of statements where one or more premises support another statement, the conclusion.

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Premises

Statements that directly support the conclusion in an argument.

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Conclusion

What an author or individual wants you to believe, accept or do.

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Incongruence

A discrepancy between an individual's perceived self and their ideal self.

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Tribalism

A state of being organised by tribes or advocating for tribal lifestyles; can also mean discriminatory behavior based on loyalty.

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Rhetoric

The art of effective speaking or writing.

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Argumentation

The act of presenting reasons to support one's position or point of view.

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Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is an approach to thinking where you visualize an idea and then take the steps necessary to reach a logical conclusion.

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Ordinary Thinking

Ordinary thinking is simply believing, preferring, associating, supposing, and offering opinions without reasons or criteria.

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A Well Cultivated Critical Thinker

A well-cultivated critical thinker raises key questions, gathers information, forms well-reasoned conclusions, thinks open-mindedly, and communicates effectively.

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Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, and self-corrective thinking.

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Five Pillars of Critical Thinking

Critical thinking requires LOGIC, ARGUMENTATION, RHETORIC, BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE, and ATTITUDES AND VALUES.

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Critical Thinking in College and Career

Critical Thinking is vital for success in college and professional life, as it helps in analyzing complex subjects and situations.

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The Five-Step Process of Critical Thinking

Identify the problem, gather information, evaluate evidence, consider solutions, and choose and implement the best one.

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Study Notes

Critical Thinking Unit 4

  • The unit covers fundamental concepts of critical thinking, the difference between critical and ordinary thinking, characteristics of critical thinkers, critical thinking skills (linking ideas), structuring arguments, recognizing incongruence, five pillars of critical thinking, argumentation versus rhetoric, cognitive bias, tribalism, and politics, and case studies on applying critical thinking in different scenarios.
  • Prerequisites for the unit include fundamental concepts of design thinking, an understanding of good and bad design, and familiarity with human values.
  • Lecture 1 objectives include fundamental concepts of critical thinking, a five-step process of critical thinking skills, and defining a well-cultivated critical thinker.
  • Critical thinking as an approach involves visualizing an idea and following steps to reach a conclusion, including research, investigation, evaluation, conjecture, and implementation. Utilizing the five-step process can reduce worry and anxiety in problem-solving. The steps outlined include Identifying the Problem, Gathering Information, Evaluating the Evidence, Considering Solutions, and Choosing and Implementing a solution.
  • Critical thinking is vital for success in college and professional life, enabling objective analysis and evaluation of complex subjects and situations.
  • The five crucial pillars of critical thinking are logic, argumentation, rhetoric, background knowledge (subject matter, debate history, and human judgment psychology), and attitudes/values.
  • A well-cultivated critical thinker raises essential questions, gathers and assesses relevant information, and reaches well-reasoned conclusions and solutions.
  • The critical thinker also considers alternative perspectives, evaluates assumptions, and understands practical consequences.
  • Effective communication and problem-solving abilities are essential components of this type of thinking, and the commitment to overcoming egocentrism and sociocentrism is also stressed.
  • Differences between critical and ordinary thinking are outlined in a table format highlighting how critical thinking involves assuming, evaluating, formulating principles, and hypothesizing from different types of ordinary thought, which relies on believing, preferring, associating concepts, and supposing.
  • Characteristics of critical thinkers include observation, curiosity, objectivity, introspection, analytical thinking, identifying biases, determining relevance, inference, compassion, humility, willingness to challenge the status quo, open-mindedness, awareness of common thinking errors, creative thinking, being effective communicators, and active listeners.
  • There are 12 cognitive biases listed, including anchoring bias, availability bias, bandwagon effect, choice-supportive bias, confirmation bias, fundamental attribution error, halo effect, ingroup preference bias, the "jerk" factor, ostrich effect, recency effect, and zero-risk bias.
  • A cognitive bias is a systematic error in thinking that occurs when people process information and impacts decisions and judgments.
  • These mental shortcuts save energy but may lead to errors. Some biases are related to memory, while others relate to attention issues. Examples are given for each cognitive bias
  • Tribalism is the state of being organized by or advocating for tribes or tribal lifestyles, and it can include discriminatory behavior or attitudes.
  • A case study of a high school senior caught cheating illustrates the implications of a teacher ignoring policy, which can create ethical dilemmas and have broader consequences.
  • A different case study illustrates issues that can be encountered on a college campus, concerning ethical behavior and decision-making under pressure.
  • A recap of case study types for the course covers one-to-two-sentence case study, as well as the more elaborate case study and video/news story case study.
  • Various sample quiz questions on critical thinking concepts and principles are included, covering topics such as: wishful thinking, egocentrism, self-confidence, moral subjectivism, group bias, stereotypes, self-serving bias, and relativistic thinking.
  • A weekly assignment list is provided detailing topics like recognizing incongruence, critical thinking pillars, argumentation/rhetoric comparison, cognitive bias examples, tribalism/politics explanations, and case study analysis.
  • Video links related to critical thinking are present, covering fundamental concepts, characteristics, and other relevant content.
  • Topics on the syllabus and related reading resources are included, including links.

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