Nursing Theorists and Their Theories PDF

LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO 3. Eliminate body wastes...

LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO 3. Eliminate body wastes NURSING THEORIES 4. Move and maintain desirable postures - Nursing theories are the framework through which 5. Sleep and rest nurses can deliver compassionate, effective, and 6. Select suitable clothes, dress, and undress patient-centered care. Each theorist has contributed 7. Maintain body temperature within a normal range by unique perspectives that address different aspects of adjusting clothing and modifying the environment nursing, such as human needs, interpersonal 8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect relationships, and the professional development of the integument nurses. In this presentation, we will explore their 9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring theories and their applications in nursing practice. offers 10. Communicate with offers is expressing emotions, VIRGINIA HENDERSON needs, fears, or opinion In 1921, she received her Diploma in Nursing from 11. Worship according to one’s faith the Army School of Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital, 12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of Washington D.C. accomplishment In 1929, she entered Teachers College at Columbia 13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation University for her Bachelor’s Degree in 1932 and took 14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to her Master’s Degree in 1934. normal development and health, and use the available Her “Basic Principles of Nursing,” published in 1966 health facilities. and revised in 1972, has been published in 27 languages by the International Council of Nurses. MAJOR CONCEPTS OF THE NURSING NEED THEORY She received the first Christiane Reimann prize from (NURSING METAPARADIGM) the International Nursing Council (ICN), the highest and most prestigious nursing award due to her work’s Individual international scope. Environment Health Nursing In 1988, she was honored by the Virginia Nurses Association when the Virginia Historical Nurse Leadership Award was presented to her. JOYCE TRAVELBEE Also known as “The First Lady of Nursing,” “The Was a prominent psychiatric nurse, theorist, and Nightingale of Modern Nursing,” “Modern-Day author known for her work on the human-to-human Mother of Nursing,” and “The 20th Century Florence relationship in nursing. Nightingale.” Travelbee stated, “Every human being suffers because She categorized nursing activities into fourteen (14) he is a human being, and suffering is an intrinsic components based on human needs. aspect of the human condition.” Through the phases At 98 years old, March 19, 1996, she died at a hospice of her theory, including rapport, empathy, and in Branford. sympathy, one can find ways to understand and derive meaning from suffering. 14 COMPONENTS OF VIRGINIA HENDERSON’S She proposed that the nurse-patient relationship is NURSING NEED THEORY fundamental to healing, and that understanding the patient’s perspective is important for effective care. 1. Breathe manually 2. Eat and drink adequately BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 1  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO She highlighted the significance of empathy and Education: Graduated from Vanderbilt University communication in establishing a meaningful School of Nursing in 1942, earning the prestigious connection with patients. Founder’s Medal. Later, she earned a Master’s in Her theory focuses on the role of the nurse in helping Public Health from Harvard University in 1948. patients find meaning in their suffering and in Behavioral System Model: highlights patients as a promoting their mental health. system of behaviors, focusing on holistic care to Travelbee viewed nursing as a profession that goes maintain balance and well-being. beyond physical care, emphasizing emotional support Career: and understanding in patient interactions. Initially worked as a staff nurse and then transitioned to teaching roles. MARGARET NEWMAN Served as a professor of pediatric nursing at UCLA Dr. Newman studied nursing at the University of from 1949 to 1978. Tennessee, Memphis Worked internationally as a nursing advisor in India She received her graduate degree at the University of and contributed to professional nursing standards. California in medical-surgical nursing, and received Awards her master's degree in 1964. Honored with the 1977 Lulu Hassenplug She earned her PhD at New York University in 1972, Distinguished Achievement Award, among others, where she studied with Martha RogersShe served as a reflecting her impact on nursing education and director of nursing at a clinical research center, and practice. taught nursing at Penn State University (1977- 1984) Works and Legacy and at University of Minnesota (1984-1996) Authored influential books and articles, including One Conceptual Model of Nursing (1968). In 1978 Dr. Newman began to articulate her ideas on Advocated for theoretical development to enhance the theory of health in nursing. nursing care. Newman proposed a new concept of health in a dialectical manner, that is, “DISEASE fuses with its PATRICIA BENNER opposite, absence of disease, NON-DISEASE, and brings forth a new concept of HEALTH” she Pasadena College in 1964. continues, “This synthesized view incorporates University of California at San Francisco in 1970. disease as a meaningful aspect of health.” University of California at Berkeley in 1982. Nurses may be reluctant to accept this view, especially if they are committed to problem-solving Stanford University Hospital and Medical Center. care. However, once nurses understand how this From 1970 until 1975. innovative concept of health evolved in Newman's University of California at Berkeley. From 1979 until life, they will understand the core concept of the 1981. theory. From Novice to expert”. DOROTHY JOHNSON “Knowing how” without “Knowing that” Birth and Early Life: Born on August 21, 1919, in Currently, she serves as the Chief Faculty Savannah, Georgia, Johnson was the youngest of Development Officer for Educating Nurses. where seven children. Her early experiences sparked her she focuses on enhancing nursing education and interest in children, nursing, and education. supporting faculty in their development. BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 2  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO Patricia Benner's insights and theories have had a MPH: John Hopkins University, Baltimore (1952) profound impact on the nursing profession, Doctorate in Nursing: John Hopkins University, reinforcing the importance of compassionate care Baltimore (1954) and the continuous growth of nursing practice Professor at Division of Nursing, New York University and Consultant. The Theory identifies Five Levels 1. Novice ROGERS’ NURSING THEORY 2. Advanced Beginner Nursing is both science and art. 3. Component 4. Proficient Nursing long established the concern with people 5. Expert and the world they live in. Irreducible nature of individuals different from sum of the parts. IDA JEAN ORLANDO The purpose of a nurse is to promote health and Was an internationally known psychiatric health well-being for all the persons wherever they are. nurse, theorist, and researcher who developed the “Deliberative nursing process theory” Her theory allows nurses to create an effective ASSUMPTION OF THE THEORY nursing care plan that can also be easily adapted WHOLENESS when and if any complications arise with the patient. - Human beings are considered as a united whole. She proposed that “patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations and therefore nurses OPENNESS must validate their interference and analyses with - A person and his environment are continuously patients before concluding UNIDIRECTIONALITY Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship Her theory stresses the reciprocal relationship - Life process of human beings evolves irreversibly and between patient and nurse. What the nurse and unidirectional. patient say and do affects them both PATTERN AND ORGANISATION She views nursing’s professional function as finding - Pattern identifies individuals and reflects their out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for innovative wholeness. help. SENSATION AND THOUGHT MARTHA ROGERS - Humans are the only organisms able to think, imagine, have language and emotions. Born: May 12, 1914 in Dallas, Texas Died: March 13, 1994 She is known as the “Science of the Unitary Human Beings“ CONCEPTS OF ROGERS’ MODEL Diploma: Knoxville General Hospital School of Energy field Nursing (1936) Graduation in Public Health Nursing: George “The fundamental unit of the living and the non Peabody College (1937) living”. Energy signifies the dynamic nature of field; MA: Teachers college, Columbia university, New field is in continuous motion and is infinite. York (1945) Both humans and their environment are conceptualized as energy fields in the system. BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 3  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO Because both are infinite, their boundaries do not end Helicy describes the unpredictable, but continuous, in the physical world. non-linear evolution of energy fields as evidenced by Openness non repeating rhythmic cities. Human development is not static, and humans do not The human being and the environment are constantly ever return to exactly the same place where they were exchanging their energy. There are no boundaries or before. Unitary persons do not ever go backward in barriers that inhibit energy flow between fields. their environment. Pattern defined as a distinguishing characteristic of an METAPARADIGMS energy field perceived as a single wave. Pattern is an Person (Unitary human being) abstraction and gives identity to the field. Each human being has a unique identifiable pattern. - A unitary human being is an irreducible, indivisible, The nature of pattern changes continuously, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and innovatively and these changes give identity to the manifesting characteristics that are specific to the energy field. whole and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts and a unified whole having its Pan Dimensionality own distinctive characteristics which cannot be It is defined as a non linear domain without spatial or perceived by looking at, describing or, summarizing temporal attributes. the parts. It refers to an infinite domain without limits; making Environment it possible to perceive reality beyond three - The environment is an irreducible, pan dimensional dimensions. Human and environmental energy fields energy field identified by pattern and integral with are pan dimensional. the human field. The fields coexist and are integral. Manifestations emerge from this field and are PRINCIPLES OF HOMEODYNAMICS perceived. Integrality Health The principle of integrality is defined as continuous - Rogers defined health as an expression of the life mutual human field and environmental field process. process. It is the characteristics and behavior coming There is an ongoing mutual process between human from the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the beings and the environment. human and environment fields, and health and illness Resonance are part of the same continuum. The multiple events The principle of resonance is defined as the occurring during the life process show the extent to continuous change from lower to higher frequency which a person is achieving his or her maximum wave pattern in human and environmental fields. health potential. Human beings are perceived as wave patterns, and a Nursing variety of life patterns can be likened to wave Two dimensional; independent science of nursing: patterns. These include things such as sleep-wake 1. An organized body of knowledge which is specific to rhythms, hormone levels and fluctuating emotional nursing is arrived at by scientific research and logical states. analysis. Helicy 2. Art of nursing practice: BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 4  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO The creative use of science for the betterment of the Orem's theory defined NURSING as "The act of human. assisting others in the provision and management of The creative use of its knowledge is the art of its self-care to maintain or improve human functioning practice. at home level of effectiveness." It focused on each individual's ability to perform self-care, defined as "the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being." Theory of Self-Care: Theory of Self Care Deficit: Theory of Nursing System: SELF CARE (gagawin mo) - practices of activities that individuals initiates and DOROTHEA OREM perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, One of the foremost nursing theorist health, and well-being Born in 1914 at Baltimore, Maryland SELF CARE AGENCY (kaya mo ba???) 1939 - BSN, Catholic University of America - Ability to perform self-care activity. Conditioned by 1945 - MSN, Catholic University of America age developmental state, life experience, sociocultural During her professional career, she worked as a staff orientation nurse, private duty nurse, nurse educator, and nurse THERAPEUTIC SELF CARE DEMAND consultant - "totality of self care actions to be performed for some Received honorary Doctor of Science degree in 1976 duration in order to meet self care requisites. Published first formal articulation of her ideas in AGENCY = DEMAND SELF CARE REQUISITES Nursing: Concepts of Practice in 1971, second in - Action directed towards provision of self care 1980, and in 1995 FRAMEWORK SELF CARE THEORY There are instances wherein patients are ENCOURAGED TO BRING OUT THE BEST IN THEM" despite being ill for a period of time. This is very particular in rehabilitation settings in which PATIENTS ARE ENTITLED TO BE MORE INDEPENDENT after being cared for by physicians and nurses." It is considered a GRAND NURSING THEORY which means the theory covers a brief scope with general concepts that can be applied to all instances of nursing. BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 5  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO TYPES OF SELF CARE REQUISITES Theory of Self Care Deficit - Specific when nursing is needed because the person 1. UNIVERSAL SELF CARE REQUISITES cannot carry out self-care activities. - Common to all, needs that all people have Nursing is required when an adult (or in the case of a Water, air, food dependent, the parent) is incapable or limited in the provision of care associated with elimination process providing of continuous effective self-care. Balance between activity and rest, between solitude and interaction prevention of hazards to human life well being and Orem identifies 5 methods of helping: promotion of human functioning 1. Acting for and doing for others 2. Guiding others 3. Support another 2. DEVELOPMENTAL SELF CARE REQUISITES 4. Providing an environment promoting personal (Age group) development in relation to meet future demands - Needs associated with developmental 5. Teaching another processes/derived from a condition... Or associated with an event Theory of Nursing System Ex. - Describes how the patient’s self care needs will be Adjusting to a new job for adults met by the nurse, the patient, or both. Adjusting to body changes during puberty. 3 CLASSIFICATION OF NURSING SYSTEM TO MEET 3. HEALTH DEVIATION SELF CARE REQUISITES THE SELF CARE REQUISITE OF THE PATIENT (May sakit na) - Required in conditions of illness, injury, or disease. 1. Wholly Compensatory These include: if patient is still DEPENDENT Seeking and securing appropriate medical assistance. Nurses will accomplish ALL the patient’s therapeutic Being aware of and paying attention to the effects self-care and results of pathologic conditions. Example: care of a newborn, care of client recovering Effective carrying out medically prescribed measures. from surgery (post- anesthesia care unit) Learning to live with the effects of pathologic conditions. 2. Partly Compensatory Patient can meet SOME needs 4. NURSING AGENCY Both the nurse and the patient engage in meeting - is a complex property or attribute of people educated self-care needs. and trained as nurses that enables them to act, to Example: Nurse can assist postoperative client to know, and to help others meet their therapeutic ambulate, Nurse can bring a meal tray for client who self-care demands by exercising or developing their can feed himself own self-care agency. Meaning our goal is to teach the patient to be INDEPENDENT. 3. Supportive - Educative System Patient CAN MEET self-care requisite, but needs assistance with decision making or knowledge BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 6  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO Example: Nurse guides a mother how to breastfeed ACCORDING TO IMOGENE KING her baby Theory is an abstraction that implies prediction based on research. Theory without research and APPLICATION OF OREM’S THEORY research without some theoretical basis will not build It emphasizes the need to understand the importance scientific knowledge for a discipline. if self-care promotion of health Some people consider “success” after being hired in a Focus on the patient’s capacity to perform self-care great and well known institution. But when someone activities decides to pursue a career in nursing, one should set It also becomes clear that nurses today should not his or her mind that he or she should be an move away from education and supportive measures - instrument in helping patients get healthy. HEALTH TEACHINGS. Nursing is a process of action, reaction and interaction by which nurse and client share information about their perception in nursing IMOGENE MARTINA KING situations and a process of human interactions She was one of the pioneers and most sought nursing between nurse and client. Whereby each perceives theorists for her THEORY OF GOAL the other and the situation and through ATTAINMENT. communication, they set goals explore means and Born: January 30, 1923 in West Point, Iowa agree on means to achieve goals Died: December 24, 2007 Master of science in nursing from St. Louis THEORY OF GOAL ATTAINMENT University in 1957 Doctorate from Teachers’ College, Columbia First introduced in the 1960’s University. A middle-range theory based on her conceptual Theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal system (1960’s) relationship in which a person grows and develops to Focuses on the attainment of certain life goals attain certain life goals. The basic concept of the theory is that the nurse and 1945 patient communicate information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals. - Earned her Nursing diploma from St. John’s Hospital It describes an interpersonal relationship that allows School of Nursing a person to grow and develop in order to attain 1948 certain life goals. The factors that affect the - Earned Bachelor of Nursing and by 1957, had earned attainment of goals are roles, stress, space, and time. a Master’s degree in Nursing 1961 3 INTERACTING SYSTEM - Earned Doctoral Degree in Nursing from Teachers’ 1. Personal System College, Columbia University 2. Interpersonal System 3. Social System BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 7  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO If role expectations and role performance as perceived by nurse and client are congruent, transactions will occur. If role conflict is experienced by a nurse or client or both, stress in nurse-client interaction will occur. If nurses with social knowledge and skill communicate and appropriate information to clients, mutual goal setting and goal attainment will occur. If goal attainment is achieved there is decreased stress and anxiety in nursing situations. BETTY NEUMAN Born: September 11, 1924 in Marietta, Ohio IMOGENE KING’S INFLUENCE ON Died: May 28, 2022 near Seattle, Washington THE 4 GLOBAL CONCEPTS OF NURSING Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) from UCLA in - Imogene King spent the majority of her career in 1966 academic settings. She defined the four global Nursing Theorist, earned a Ph.D. in clinical concepts of nursing exclusively to why they are psychology from Pacific Western University in 1985 important to her nursing model/goal attainment. Betty Neuman’s nursing theory views each patient as a complex system that interacts with their environment. She is known as the Neuman Systems Model (NSM) BETTY NEUMAN’S NURSING THEORY Neuman developed another model which aimed more broadly at the teaching and practice of nursing. Originally presented in an article entitled "A Model for Teaching Total Person Approach to Patient Problems" (Nursing Research, 21 May-June 1972) Betty Neuman’s system model (Betty Neuman’s PROPOSITIONS OF KING’S THEORY Theory) aims to attain optimal client system wellness If perceptual interaction is present in nurse-client in nursing. It focuses on the patient system’s response interactions, transactions will occur. to actual or potential environmental stressors. The If the nurse and client make a transaction, the goal unique duplication of nursing assessment will be attained. information is prevented. Despite its weaknesses, the If goals are attained, satisfaction will occur in nurses model is widely used by different disciplines. and patients. The Betty Neuman nursing theory highlights how If transactions are made in nurse-client interactions, different stressors, physiological, psychological, growth and development will be enhanced. sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual, can impact a person’s health. It is generally subjective BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 8  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO and can be interpreted as the circumstances of helps nurses consider all dimensions of a patient’s life conceivably threatening and out of their control. when planning and delivering care. A nursing theory developed by Betty Neuman is 2. Stressors based on the person’s relationship to stress, response, Intrapersonal stressors include internal factors such and reconstitution factors that are progressive in as thoughts, emotions, and physiological responses nature. that can impact a person’s health and stability. It focuses on the patient system’s response to actual Interpersonal stressors come from interactions or potential environmental stressors and maintains between people. These include conflicts, pressure to the client system’s stability through primary, balance multiple roles (such as being a parent and secondary, and tertiary nursing prevention having a full- time job), and social expectations. interventions to reduce stressors. Extra-personal stressors include outside factors that are beyond one’s control, such as natural disasters, economic downfalls, or workplace safety issues. NEUMAN’S SYSTEM MODEL The Neuman Systems Model views the client as an 3. Lines of Defense open system that responds to stressors in the Normal line of defense: This represents the client’s environment. The client variables are physiological, usual state of health or what they consider their psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and stability. spiritual. Flexible line of defense: This outer layer adapts to Nursing interventions occur through three new stressors and acts as a buffer to protect the prevention modalities. normal line of defense, trying to keep the system balanced. 1. Primary prevention Line of resistance: These deeper layers represent the - occurs before the stressor invades the system. internal factors that help the patient defend against a 2. Secondary prevention stressor. - occurs after the system has reacted to an invading stressor. 4. Preventive Interventions 3. Tertiary prevention Primary prevention: Taking proactive measures to - occurs after secondary prevention as reconstitution is avoid stress before it affects the system. being established. Secondary prevention: Catching problems early, after stressors have affected the patient but before THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF serious health issues develop. It also involves BETTY NEUMAN’S NURSING THEORY treatment to reduce the impact of stressors and minimize damage. 1. Open Systems Tertiary prevention: Restoring and stabilizing the - Betty Neuman’s nursing theory views each patient as patient’s system after a stress response to prevent a complex system that interacts with their serious complications. environment. These systems include five components: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual. This BETTY NEUMAN’S NURSING CARE PLAN BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 9  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO - Neuman’s care plan emphasizes a holistic approach to care, considering physical, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual factors. Assessment: Assess the patient’s system as a whole, MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE ADAPTATION MODEL including the five variables. Additionally, identify Person existing stressors and check the patient’s lines of - Human systems have thinking and feeling capacities, defense. rooted in consciousness and meaning, by which they Diagnosis: Determine any potential or actual adjust effectively to changes in the environment and, problems in the patient’s system. These could be in turn, affect the environment. related to stressors or imbalances in any of the five variables. Environment Planning: Set clear goals to address the identified - The conditions, circumstances and influences problems, using Neuman’s preventive strategies. surrounding and affecting the development and Implementation: Put your plans into action. This behavior of persons or groups, with particular might include education, stress management, consideration of the mutuality of person and health therapeutic communication, and medical treatments. resources that includes focal, contextual and residual Evaluation: Reassess how well the interventions stimuli. worked and if the patient’s system is getting back to a Health stable state. Adjust the plan if needed. - Health is not freedom from the inevitability of death, disease, unhappiness, and stress, but the ability to SISTER CALLISTA ROY cope with them in a competent way. Born: October 19, 1939 Nursing An American nun, nursing theorist, professor and - The goal of nursing is the promotion of adaptation author. for individuals and groups in each of the four known for her groundbreaking work in creating the adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality Adaptation Model of Nursing. of life, and dying with dignity. Bachelor of Arts Major in Nursing from Mount Saint Mary’s College in Los Angeles in 1963 ASSUMPTIONS After earning her nursing degrees, Roy began her sociology education, receiving both a master’s degree Scientific Assumptions in sociology in 1973 and a doctorate in sociology in - Systems of matter and energy progress to higher 1977 from California. levels of complex self-organization. She developed the model’s basic concepts while she Philosophical Assumptions was a graduate student at the University of California from 1964 to 1966. - Persons have mutual relationships with the world and From 1987 to the present, Roy began the newly God. created resident nurse theorist position at Boston College School of Nursing, where she teaches LEVELS OF ADAPTATION doctoral, master’s, and undergraduate students. Integrated Process BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 10  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO - The various modes and subsystems meet the needs of the environment. STRENGTHS & WEAKNESS OF THE Compensatory Process ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL - The cognator and regulator are challenged by the STRENGTH environment’s needs but are working to meet the - The Adaptation Model of Callista Roy suggests the needs. influence of multiple causes in a situation, which is a Compromised Process strength when dealing with multi-faceted human - The modes and subsystems are not adequately beings. meeting the environmental challenge WEAKNESS - Painstaking application of the model requires a ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL OF NURSING significant input of time and effort. Physiological Mode HILDEGARD PEPLAU - Involves the body's physical and biochemical interaction with the environment Self-concept Mode: MOTHER OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING Focuses on the psychological and spiritual aspects of Born on Sept. 1, 1909 in Reading, Pennsylvania and the individual died on March 17, 1999 at her home in Sherman Oaks, California. Role Function Mode Peplau was well-known for her Theory of - Pertains to the various social roles the individual Interpersonal Relations, which helped to occupies revolutionize nurses' scholarly work. Her Interdependence Mode achievements are valued by nurses worldwide and - Involves interactions with others, giving and became known to many as the "Mother of Psychiatric receiving love, respect, and value Nursing" and the "Nurse of the Century." Hildegard Peplau, a nursing theorist, "Believed that the nurse patient relationship is central to nursing practice" PEPLAU’S INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS THEORY - Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory emphasized the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice. It emphasized the give-and-take of nurse-client relationships that was seen by many as revolutionary. - Peplau went on to form an interpersonal model emphasizing the need for a partnership between nurse and client as opposed to the client passively BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 11  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO receiving treatment and the nurse passively acting out doctor's orders. 3. EXPLOITATION PHASE 4 COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY - In the exploitation phase, the client makes full use of the services offered PERSON Use of professional assistance for problem-solving - Which is a developing organism that tries to reduce alternatives anxiety caused by needs. The individual feels like an integral part of the HEALTH helping environment - Which is a word symbol that implies a forward The principles of interview techniques must be used movement of personality to explore to understand and adequately deal with the underlying problem. ENVIRONMENT Nurse must be aware of the various phases of - Which consists of existing forces outside of the communication person and put in the context of culture NURSING 4. RESOLUTION PHASE - Which is a significant therapeutic interpersonal - In the resolution phase, the client no longer needs process that functions cooperatively with another professional services and gives up dependent human process that makes health possible for behavior. The relationship ends. individuals in communities. In the resolution phase, the client no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent 4 PHASES OF THE THERAPEUTIC behavior. The relationship ends. NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP The patient’s need have already been met by the collaborative effect of patient and nurse 1. ORIENTATION PHASE Now they need to terminate their therapeutic - The nurse's orientation phase involves treatment, relationship and dissolve the links between them providing explanations answering questions Sometimes may be difficult for both as psychological Problem defining phase dependence persists Client seeks assistance, conveys needs, asks questions shares preconceptions and expectations of past experiences 4 LEVELS OF ANXIETY Nurse responds, explains roles to the client identifies 1. MILD ANXIETY problems, and uses available resources and services - is a positive state of heightened awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to learn new 2. IDENTIFICATION PHASE behaviors and solve problems. The person can take in - The identification phase bekins when the client all available stimuli (perceptual field). works interdependently with the nurse, expresses 2. MODERATE ANXIETY feelings, and begins to feel stronger - involves a decreased perceptual field (focus on the Selection of appropriate professional assistance immediate task only); the person can learn a new Patient begins to have a feeling of belonging and a behavior or solve problems only with assistance. capability helplessness and hopelessness Another person can redirect the person to the task. BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 12  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO 3. SEVERE ANXIETY SISTER CAROLINA AGRAVANTE - involves feelings of dread and terror. The person In 1964 she earned her BS nursing degree on St. Paul cannot be redirected to a task; he or she focuses only University on scattered details and has physiologic symptoms of Theorist Date of Birth Sr. Carolina Agravante January tachycardia, diaphoresis, and chest pain. 15, 1959 4. PANIC ANXIETY - can involve loss of rational thought, delusions, TRANSFORMATIVE LEADERSHIP MODEL hallucinations, and complete physical immobility and muteness. The person may bolt and run aimlessly, Title of the theory came from her name often exposing himself or herself to injury. This theory examines nursing leadership styles that can adapt to evolving societal values. ROZZANO LOCSIN ADVANCE NURSE PRACTITIONERS’ COMPOSURE Born in March 25, 1954 Manila Philippines BEHAVIOR AND PATIENT’S WELLNESS OUTCOME He is a Filipino-American registered nurse and a nursing professor Objective He is known for his Middle-range theory - To identify the effects of the “COMPOSURE” "Technological competency as caring in nursing" behavior of the advanced nurse practitioner on the wellness outcome of the selected cardiac patience Significance of the study TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETENCY AS CARING IN - Nursing as a healthcare profession would prove its NURSING worth of being at PAR in quality performances with - This theory tackles the correlation between hands-on other healthcare professionals. patient care and technology. It also emphasizes the importance of why we need "high-tech" instruments that are part of patient care. In this way it would also provide opportunities for the nurses to know the patient as a whole person. 4 METAPARADIGMS NURSING PERSON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH LETTY G. KUAN Letty G. Kuan, also known as Sister/Dr. Letty G. THE PROCESS OF NURSING Kuan is known for publishing one of Filipino (local) Knowing theories and models of nursing interventions Designing (Philippine Setting) entitled “Graceful Aging Theory: Verifying knowledge Retirement and Role Discontinuity Model” Participation in appreciation BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 13  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO Prayer IMPORTANCE CONCEPTS Relaxation-Breathing Meditation Physiological Age Role Change of Life METAPARADIGM Retiree Person Role Discontinuity Environment Coping Approaches Health Nursing 4 DETERMINANTS OF POSITIVE PERCEPTIONS IN RETIREMENT AND POSITIVE REACTION CARMENCITA ABAQUIN DISCONTINUES: THEORY OF NURSING PRACTICE AND CAREER 1. Health Status - Laurente's recent study, building upon her 1987 2. Income research ("Categorization of Nursing Activities as 3. Work Status Observed in Medical-Surgical Ward Units in selected 4. Family Constellation Government and Private Hospitals in Metro Manila"), highlights the crucial role of family support in patient care METAPARADIGM Person CONCEPTS OF THE THEORY Environment Health What is “Anxiety”? Nursing What is Presence? What is Concern? CARMENCITA ABAQUIN What is Stimulation? PREPARE ME THEORY What is a predisposing Factor? - provides a framework for non-pharmacologic, non-surgical approach of care to advanced cases of LYDIA HALL cancer patients. The focus is not on cure but on assisting the patient to explore her humanity and Diploma in Nursing from York Hospital School of internal serenity as one is faced with the challenge of Nursing life and death. Nurses must be seen not as mere Bachelor of Science in Public Health Nursing from caregivers but facilitators of peaceful acceptance of Teachers College, Columbia University condition. The following are some techniques Master of Arts in Teaching of Natural Life Sciences according to PREPARE ME theory that nurses can from Columbia University use in their care. NOTABLE CONTRIBUTION IMPORTANCE CONCEPTS Developed the “Care, Cure, Core” Theory of Nursing, Presence also known as the Three Cs Model: Reminisce Therapy 1. Care: Nurturing and addressing basic needs. BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 14  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO 2. Cure: Medical and technical interventions. Watson’s theory focuses on human connection and 3. Core: Focusing on the patient’s inner self and the healing process through caring: autonomy. 1. Ten Carative Factors/Processes: Her theory highlights holistic, patient-centered care Promote a supportive and caring environment. and is widely applied in chronic illness and Emphasize the importance of spiritual, emotional, rehabilitation. and physical health. Hall’s work shaped modern nursing by emphasizing Foster transpersonal caring relationships, focusing on both science and human connection. the nurse-patient connection at a deep, holistic level. 2. Core Principles: Caring is central to nursing practice and essential for FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH healing. Born : March 13, 1919| Died: Feb, 24 2017 Nurses should address patients’ mind, body, and Profession: Nurse, researcher, and theorist spirit. Healing occurs when patients feel valued and NOTABLE CONTRIBUTION respected. Developed the “21 Nursing Problems” theory, emphasizing patient-centered care and nursing as a APPLICATION OF THE THEORY problem-solving process. 1. Caring Moments: Abdellah’s theory focuses on addressing patient needs Example: Sitting with a patient to listen to their through a systematic approach: concerns, showing empathy and presence. 1. Identified 21 problems classified into three 2. Holistic Healing: categories: Example: Incorporating relaxation techniques like Physical needs (e.g., maintaining hygiene, nutrition, meditation or spiritual rituals to ease a patient’s and oxygen supply). stress. Emotional needs (e.g., providing comfort and safety). 3. Promoting Patient Dignity: Social needs (e.g., fostering interpersonal Example: Respecting a terminally ill patient’s wishes relationships). for end-of-life care. 2. Advocated for nursing as both a science (based on research and knowledge) and an art (compassion and empathy). MADELEINE LEININGER Born: July 13, 1925 | Died: August 10, 2012 Nurse theorist, anthropologist, and founder of JEAN WATSON Transcultural Nursing Born at June 10, 1940 Notable Contribution: Developed the "Culture Care Nurse theorist, educator, and founder of the Watson Theory", which emphasizes the importance of Caring Science Institute cultural understanding in nursing care. NOTABLE CONTRIBUTION Developed the “Theory of Human Caring”, emphasizing the importance of caring relationships and holistic care in nursing practice. BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 15  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO THE SUNRISE ENABLER TO DISCOVER Example: Modifying a diet plan to include culturally TRUE CARE SURPRISE MODEL preferred foods. 3. Cultural Repatterning: Helping patients adapt unhealthy practices to healthier ones while respecting their culture. Example: Encouraging a patient to use healthier cooking methods without altering traditional recipes. ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE Born: July 28, 1938, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Nurse theorist, educator, and author Developed the human Becoming Theory, emphasizing individual experiences and personal meanings in health. THE HUMAN BECOMING THEORY - Parse's theory focuses on understanding health from the patient's perspective, highlighting personal meaning and quality of life 1. Three Core Themes: Meaning: Individuals create personal realities through lived experiences. Rhythmicity: Life consists of rhythmic patterns in relationships and interactions. Transcendence: Individuals continuously evolve beyond their current situations. 2. Principles: Structuring Meaning: Individuals shape their realities CULTURE CARE THEORY through personal interpretations. Co-creating Rhythms: People and their environments - Leininger's theory focuses on providing culturally engage in dynamic, rhythmic interactions. sensitive and competent care by understanding the Transcending with Possibilities: Individuals values, beliefs, and practices of diverse patients. continually transform and evolve. Three Modes of Care: Application in Nursing Practice 1. Cultural Preservation: Supporting and respecting a Patient-Centered Care: Focuses on understanding patient's cultural practices, patients' unique experiences and perspectives. Example: Allowing a Muslim patient time for prayer. Holistic Approach: Considers biological, 2. Cultural Accommodation: Adjusting nursing psychological, sociological, and spiritual factors. practices to meet cultural needs. BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 16  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO Enhancing Quality of Life: Aims to improve ABRAHAM MASLOW patients' well-being as they define it. A jewish immigrant Studied psychology and earned a phD from the KATIE ERIKSSON University of Wisconsin Born: November 18, 1943 Died: August 30, 2019 Taugh at Brooklyn College and influenced by Profession: Finland-Swedish nurse theorist and European intellect like Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, professor and Karen Hornev Developed the Theory of Caritative Caring, emphasizing love and charity in nursing. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY OF CARITATIVE CARING Eriksson's theory focuses on the ethical and holistic aspects of nursing, highlighting the importance of caring as a fundamental component of healthcare. 1. Key Concepts: Caritas: Represents love and charity, serving as the foundation of caring. Dignity: Upholding the inherent worth of each individual. Suffering: Recognizing and alleviating patient TYPES OF NEEDS ON MASLOW’S HIERARCHY suffering as central to care. Deprivation leads to the development of physiological, security, social, and esteem needs, 2. Core Principles: which must be met to avoid negative outcomes. Caring Communion: Establishing a deep, genuine Maslow’s highest level, growth needs, are driven by connection between nurse and patient. the desire to reach one’s full potential, unlike Invitation: Respecting the patient's autonomy and deficiency needs. inviting them to participate in their care. Suffering: Addressing not just physical ailments but HARRY STACK - SULLIVAN also emotional and existential suffering. The “Father of Interpersonal Psychiatry”. He developed the “Interpersonal Theory of Nursing” Application in Nursing Practice which explains how interpersonal relationships shape Holistic Care: Nurses attend to the physical, personalities and life events contribute to emotional, and spiritual needs of patients. psychopathology. Ethical Practice: Emphasizes moral responsibility and respect for human dignity. SELF-SYSTEM Patient Engagement: Encourages active patient participation in their healing process. structured collection of emotions, thoughts, and behaviors that develops through interaction with others. It is a protective mechanism against anxiety, BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 17  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO the “self-system” forms based on experiences of addressing a patient's overall well-being rather than approval or rejection in relationships. isolated symptoms. Systems are not static; they adapt to changes to DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES: maintain balance (homeostasis). For example, the CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENCE body’s immune response adjusts to fight infections. KURT LEWIN German-born America social psychologist. Known for his field theory of behavior LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY 3 STAGES OF CHANGE An Austrian Biologist. 1. Preparing fot change by identifying the need for it, Known as one of the founders of General Systems creating awarenes, and overcoming resistanc. Theory. 2. Transitioning to the new state through implementing strategies, training, and adapting behaviors. SYSTEM 3. Stabilizing the change by reinforcing new practices to ensure they become part of the routine. General System Theory (GST) - is a framework for understanding complex systems and how their parts interact. Bertalanffy proposed that everything like organisms, societies, and machines can be viewed as systems. Systems Work as a Whole - A system isn’t just a collection of parts; the parts work together in a specific way to maintain functionality. For example, the human body is a system where organs (subsystems) interact to sustain ERIK HOMBURGER ERIKSON life. Born: June 15, 1902, Died: May 12, 1994 Open System Fields Developmental Psychology - interact with their surroundings, exchanging energy, Influences Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud matter, or information. For instance, humans take in oxygen, food, and experiences from the environment. Closed System ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES - do not interact with the - environment (e.g., a sealed container). A change in one part of a system affects the entire system. For example, if a patient’s mental health declines, it can impact their physical health. Instead of focusing on individual parts, GST encourages understanding how parts interact as a whole. This approach is crucial in nursing for BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 18  LESSON 5: NURSING THEORISTS & THEIR THEORIES BSN 1103 1ST SEMESTER |2024 - 2025 | PROF. FELICE GUADA ESCANO LAWRENCE KOHLBERG American psychologist Known for his “Theory of Moral Development” He is best known for proposing that individuals progress through a series of stages of moral reasoning. 3 LEVELS & 6 CHANGES LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL STAGE 1 Obedience and Punishment - Actions are judged by consequences (avoiding punishment). STAGE 2 Individualism and Exchange - Right actions serve personal needs or reciprocal benefits ("What's in it for me?"). LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL STAGE 3 Interpersonal Relationships - Emphasis on social approval and being "good" in relationships. STAGE 4 Maintaining Social Order - Focus on law, order, and duty to maintain societal rules. LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL STAGE 5 Social Contract - Laws and rules are flexible, emphasizing individual rights and the greater good. STAGE 6 Universal Ethical Principles - Morality is guided by self-chosen ethical principles like justice and equality BSN 1103: TFN LESSON 5 19