Nursing Care of Medical & Surgical Conditions PDF

Nursing Care of Selected Medical and Surgical Conditions. Introduction Nursing care for medical and surgical conditions requires a comprehensive understanding of disease processes, patient-centered care, and evidence-based practices. This lecture highlights nursing care strategies for selected condi...

Nursing Care of Selected Medical and Surgical Conditions. Introduction Nursing care for medical and surgical conditions requires a comprehensive understanding of disease processes, patient-centered care, and evidence-based practices. This lecture highlights nursing care strategies for selected conditions, emphasizing assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of care Medical Conditions and Nursing Care 1. Diabetes Mellitus -Pathophysiology: Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance. -Nursing Care: - Monitor blood glucose levels and administer prescribed insulin or oral hypoglycemics. - Educate patients about dietary management, exercise, and foot care. - Observe for complications (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia). 2. Hypertension - Pathophysiology: Elevated blood pressure leading to increased cardiovascular risks. - Nursing Care: - Regular BP monitoring and administration of antihypertensive medications. - Lifestyle education on low-sodium diets, weight loss, and stress management. - Assess for complications like stroke, kidney damage, or heart failure. 3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) -Pathophysiology: Progressive lung disease causing airflow obstruction. - Nursing Care: - Encourage smoking cessation and breathing exercises. - Administer bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy as prescribed.  - Monitor for signs of respiratory distress or infections. Surgical Conditions and Nursing Care 1. Appendicitis Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the appendix, often requiring surgical removal. -Nursing Care: - Preoperative care: Keep the patient NPO (nothing by mouth), provide IV fluids, and monitor for signs of perforation. - Postoperative care: Pain management, wound care, and monitoring for infection. 2. Cholecystitis - Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often treated with cholecystectomy. -Nursing Care: - Preoperative care: Pain relief, low-fat diet, and fluid management. - Postoperative care: Monitor for bile leaks, infection, and promote early ambulation. 3. Fractures - Pathophysiology: Break in bone continuity, often requiring immobilization or surgical fixation. - Nursing Care: - Assess neurovascular status (circulation, movement, sensation). - Provide pain management and assist with immobilization (e.g., casts, traction). - Monitor for complications like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or infection. General Principles of Nursing Care for Medical and Surgical Conditions 1. Comprehensive Assessment: - Conduct thorough history-taking and physical examinations. - Monitor vital signs, laboratory results, and imaging findings. 2. Patient-Centered Care:  - Engage patients in care decisions and provide emotional support. - Tailor interventions to individual needs and cultural preferences. 3. Multidisciplinary Collaboration: - Work with healthcare teams (physicians, dietitians, physical therapists) to ensure holistic care. 4. Health Education: - Educate patients on disease management, medication adherence, and lifestyle modifications. 5. Infection Prevention: - Adhere to aseptic techniques and monitor for signs of infection. Case Studies and Practical Application - Discuss real-life scenarios, such as managing post-surgical patients or those with chronic diseases, to connect theory with practice. Conclusion Nursing care for medical and surgical conditions requires a proactive, evidence-based, and compassionate approach. By addressing the physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs of patients, nurses play a critical role in improving health outcomes and quality of life. References - Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2021). *Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. - Ignatavicius, D., Workman, M., & Rebar, C. (2020). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care*. - World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on chronic and acute care management.