NURS 3036 Week 3 2025 PDF

Health Promotion, Health Communication, Literacy & Social Media in Community Health Nursing Week 3 DiCasmirro_2025 https://www.lakeheadu.ca/students/wellness-recreation/student-health-and-wellness/events/thrive/thunder-bay-events DiC...

Health Promotion, Health Communication, Literacy & Social Media in Community Health Nursing Week 3 DiCasmirro_2025 https://www.lakeheadu.ca/students/wellness-recreation/student-health-and-wellness/events/thrive/thunder-bay-events DiCasmirro_2025 Topics for Today ▪ Identify & discuss the different approaches to health promotion & levels of prevention ▪ Describe key health promotion models, theories &frameworks, & explain their use in community health nursing ▪ Identify health promotion strategies & how, when, and where they would be used ▪ Describe health promotion skills that community health nurses can develop & use in their practice ▪ Discuss health literacy ▪ Review considerations for designing health communication messaging ▪ Discuss misinformation & disinformation DiCasmirro_2025 What is Health Promotion? “A strategy enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health to improve their health” (The Ottawa Charter, 1986) DiCasmirro_2025 Evolution of Health Promotion DiCasmirro_2025  Health Promotion Approaches Biomedical Approach ▪ Focuses on treatment & prevention of disease, especially on the biological & physiological risk factors associated with disease & ill health ▪ The prevention of disease includes the three levels of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary)  Health Promotion Approaches (Cont’d) Behavioural Approach ▪ First introduced in the Lalonde Report (1974) & has been further developed since ▪ Focuses on using lifestyle changes, especially behavioural risk factors, to promote health (e.g., obesity is a risk factor for hypertension) DiCasmirro_2025 Health Promotion Approaches (Cont’d) Socioenvironmental Approach ▪ Focuses on health as a resource & considers the psychosocial & environmental risk factors related to the Determinants of Health in relation to health & health promotion DiCasmirro_2025  Health Protection ▪ Health maintenance Risk Avoidance: ▪ Strategy used to avoid health problems and to remain at a low-risk level Foundational ▪ Example: pivot to online learning Concepts in Risk Reduction Health ▪ Disease prevention strategy used to reduce or alter health concerns so that the disease is detected and Promotion treated early Disease Prevention ▪ Activities taken to prevent the occurrence of disease, to detect and stop disease development, and to reduce the negative effects once a disease is established Example: blackleg tick surveillance DiCasmirro_2025  Harm reduction: Foundational ▪ Strategies aimed at reducing harm by modifying harmful or hazardous behaviours Concepts in ▪ Example: needle exchange program Health Promotion Resiliency: Cont’d ▪ Capacity of patients as individuals, families, groups, and communities to manage effectively when faced with considerable adversity or risk DiCasmirro_2025  Risk factors: ▪ Variables that create stress and challenge Foundational patients’ health status ▪ Example: poverty is a risk factor for TB Concepts in Health Protective factors: Promotion ▪ Variables such as individual characteristics, family support systems, Cont’d and environmental supports that help patients manage the stressors associated with being at risk ▪ Example: provision of outreach nursing DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 Levels of Disease Prevention on the Risk Continuum DiCasmirro_2025 Practice Activity Primary Prevention Example: Awareness campaigns of common risk factors in workplaces A need for a comprehensive heart health promotion program in the local community Secondary Prevention has been identified. As a Community Example: Offer free health Health Nurse you are tasked with screenings for blood pressure, developing strategies that address the 3 cholesterol levels, and blood sugar at levels of prevention: primary prevention, various community locations secondary prevention & tertiary prevention. Tertiary Prevention Example: Ensure that healthcare services for managing chronic conditions are easily accessible, including medication assistance programs and transportation DiCasmirro_2025 services for medical appointments Health Promotion Models, Theories & Frameworks ▪ Provide different ways of looking at health & health promotion ▪ Developed to explain health behaviours & health behaviour change ▪ Individual or community focused perspectives DiCasmirro_2025 Population Health Promotion Model DiCasmirro_2025  Health Promotion Model & Theory Activity ▪ Groups of 6ish ▪ Breakout group # is the article # you are to review (also found on D2L) ▪ Discuss (and record groups discussion) pertaining to the following questions: 1) Describe the central components of the model/theory/framework 2) Describe how the model/theory/framework was used in the article Image retrieved from: https://degreesfiction.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/thinking-about-theory/ DiCasmirro_2025 Articles (Posted on D2L) 1) Toth. (2016). Addressing school district readiness for elementary health education using the Transtheoretical Model. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 8(4) doi: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000587 2) Giles, Connor, S., McClenahan, C., Mallett, J., Stewart-Knox, B., & Wright, M. (2007). Measuring young people’s attitudes to breastfeeding using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England), 29(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdl083 3) Haverkamp et al. (2020). Transforming nursing education through interprofessional collaborative innovation. Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 38(4), 176-182 doi: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000587 4) Green, Ashton, K., Azam, S., Dyakova, M., Clemens, T., & Bellis, M. A. (2021). Using health impact assessment (HIA) to understand the wider health and well-being implications of policy decisions: the COVID-19 “staying at home and social distancing policy” in Wales. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1456–1456. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11480-7 5) Arshad, A., Shaheen, F., Safdar, W., Tariq, M. R., Navid, M. T., Qazi, A. S., Awan, M. A., Sajid, M. W., & Garti, H. K. (2022). A PRECEDE‐PROCEED model‐based educational intervention to promote healthy eating habits in middle school girls. Food Science & Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3167 6) Kleinman, M. B., Anvari, M. S., Seitz-Brown, C. J., Bradley, V. D., Tralka, H., Felton, J. W., Belcher, A. M., Greenblatt, A. D., & Magidson, J. F. (2023). Psychosocial challenges affecting patient-defined medication for opioid use disorder treatment outcomes in a low-income, underserved population: Application of the social-ecological framework. Journal of Substance Use & Addiction Treatment, 149, N.PAG. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lakeheadu.ca/10.1016/j.josat.2023.209046 DiCasmirro_2025 Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model DiCasmirro_2025 Image retrieved from: https://michaelrucker.com/prochaska-spiral-transtheoretical-model/ Theory of Planned Behaviour Image retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Theory-of-Planned-Behavior-TPB-Ajzen-1991-More-recently-the-Theory-of-Planned_fig3_284015065 DiCasmirro_2025 Diffusion of Innovation Theory Image retrieved from: https://theboldbusinessexpert.com/2020/11/02/diffusion-of-innovation-getting-past-the-first-wave-of-innovators-and-early-adopters-to-reach-the-tipping-point/ DiCasmirro_2025 Building Healthy Public Policy Models Frameworks for understanding healthy public policy: 1. Milio’s framework for the development of healthy public policy 2. Impact assessment and health impact assessment (HIA) on policy development and implementation DiCasmirro_2025 PRECEDE–PROCEED Model DiCasmirro_2025 Social Ecological Model DiCasmirro_2025 Community Mobilization Framework Identifies three health promotion community mobilization approaches to bring about community change: 1. Social planning 2. Locality development 3. Social action DiCasmirro_2025 Health Promotion Strategies DiCasmirro_2025 Strategy 1: Strengthening Community Action Community development: ▪ Involving the community in identifying & strengthening the daily, cultural, & political aspects of life that promote & support health ▪ Community buy-in necessary Capacity building: ▪ Actively involving communities, individuals, or organizations in all phases of planned change to deal with their health issues & increase their skills, knowledge, & willingness to take action ▪ Asset mapping can be a starting point DiCasmirro_2025  Strengthening Community Action Cont’d Community mobilization: ▪ Individuals in a community working together as a group to influence healthy public policy and to bring about change regarding a health issue Empowerment: ▪ Active process where individuals, groups, & communities are able to state their health requirements & be involved in and lead strategies required to achieve improved health DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 Strategy 2: Building Healthy Public Policy Healthy public policy: ▪ Policy that has a positive effect on or promotes the health of a community Building healthy public policy: ▪ Creating environments that support health & reduce inequities in health & social policies Example: Public transit systems encourage walking and reduce air pollution, helping everyone breathe easier DiCasmirro_2025 Strategy 3: Creating Supportive Environments ▪ Individual actions are shaped by social & environmental conditions ▪ Requires attention to the social determinants of health because they: ▪ Have a direct impact on the health of individuals and populations ▪ Are the best predictors of individual and population health ▪ Structure lifestyle choices ▪ Interact with each other to produce health Example: Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative DiCasmirro_2025 Strategy 4: Developing Personal Skills ▪ Health education is a strategy for the development of personal health skills, for example: ▪ Stress management ▪ Healthy eating ▪ Physical activity ▪ Improved literacy ▪ Examples: Workshops, demonstrations, social media campaign, health fairs DiCasmirro_2025  Strategy 5: Reorienting Health Services ▪ Reforming health services & health sector so they include a health promotion focus ▪ Change requires movement beyond the focus on cure & clinical services ▪ Health care reform needs to consider the links to various areas Example: Mental health services into the community DiCasmirro_2025 CHNs Role in Health Promotion? ▪ CHNs promote health in environmental, political & social contexts ▪ CHNs use the community health nursing process to ▪ Assess ▪ Plan ▪ Intervene (Act) ▪ Evaluate DiCasmirro_2025 Activities Facilitating Health Promotion Strategies ▪ Working with focus groups (groups of 6-12 stakeholders) ▪ Preparing funding applications ▪ Program planning & implementation ▪ Developing health promotion capacity DiCasmirro_2025 Practice Scenario You have been asked to brainstorm health promotion strategies to improve physical activity & nutrition within elementary schools. a. Using the 5 health promotion strategies identified in the Ottawa Charter, provide an example for each of how you would address each category. b. Identify potential intersectoral partners who could be involved in this health promotion strategy DiCasmirro_2025 You have been asked to develop a health promotion strategy to improve physical activity and nutrition within elementary schools. 1. Discuss health promotion strategies identified in the Ottawa Charter and provide an example. a) Strengthen community action -> b) Build Healthy Public Policy -> c) Create supportive environments-> d) Develop personal skills -> e) Reorientate health services -> 2. Identify potential intersectoral partners who could be involved: DiCasmirro_2025  Health Communication & Social Marketing ▪ Health Communication is the process of promoting health by disseminating messages through mass media, interpersonal channels & events ▪ Social marketing uses marketing principles and techniques to INFLUENCE a target audience to voluntarily accept, reject, modify, or abandon a behaviour for the benefit of individuals, groups, or society as a whole (Kotler et al, 2002) DiCasmirro_2025 What are the messages in these heath communication materials? DiCasmirro_2025  Products (benefits) Price (physical activity was Key Elements inexpensive, easy to do) (4 Ps) of Social Place (convenient access home, Marketing workplace) Promotion (most appropriate media form – TV, social media campaigns) DiCasmirro_2025 Social Media in Health Communication ▪ Social media is rapidly evolving & offers a way for health information to be communicated to the broader population in a timely manner ▪ It expands organizations reach, fosters engagement, & increase access to credible, science-based health messages ▪ Leverages networks & makes information sharing easier DiCasmirro_2025 Mutual Aid DiCasmirro_2025 Advocacy ▪ Action taken to influence decision makers in communities and governments to support a policy or cause ▪ Enhances the power of individuals & communities by having them participate in identifying their priorities & developing solutions ▪ Advocacy often involves promoting the health of groups made vulnerable, such as people living in poverty ▪ Interventions such as speaking, writing, acting in favour of a particular issue or cause DiCasmirro_2025 BREAK DiCasmirro_2025 Health Literacy & Determinants of Health ▪ Health literacy is the ability to ▪ Low literacy & low health access, comprehend, evaluate & literacy contribute to low communicate information as a income, decreased community way to promote health in a engagement & related to poorer variety of settings across the health lifespan ▪ Other factors impacting literacy? ▪ Low literacy is a barrier to ▪ Often not incorporated into accessing health services, health promotion practice understanding health information & seeking health care DiCasmirro_2025 Health and the City DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025  ▪Low literacy has direct & indirect impact on health ▪Families are at risk due to difficulty reading medication prescriptions, baby formula, health & safety materials ▪People with lower levels of literacy tend to live & work in less healthy environments Retrieved from: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/h/2018/health-literacy.pdf?sc_lang=en DiCasmirro_2025  Over 82% of participants had below adequate health literacy levels DiCasmirro_2025  DiCasmirro_2025 Retrieved from: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/h/2018/health-literacy.pdf?sc_lang=en DiCasmirro_2025  Practices that contribute to the critical health literacy of older adults as well as their communities: 1) collaborative learning 2) social support DiCasmirro_2025 Considerations for Designing Health Communication What do the bold words have in ▪ Use action words common? ▪ Use plain language & avoid jargon Fasten your seat belt ▪ Be concrete Eat more fruit ▪ Stay positive Pull over to use your cell phone ▪ Keep it short & simple Get a mammogram Talk to your doctor DiCasmirro_2025  Importance of Plain Language ▪ Ensures the health information provided is easy to read, easy to understand & easy to act on ▪ Consider mindset of your audience ▪ Benefits the 49% of Canadian adults with low literacy skills. If your audience is “the public” plain language writing will help you get your message to this segment of the population ▪ Aim to create health information at a Grade 7 to 9 level ▪ Your document is in plain language when your target audience understands it DiCasmirro_2025  Readability Degree to which written material can be read & understood by people for whom it was written ▪ Factors Related to Material Readability: ▪ reading level ▪ style ▪ layout, organization & accessibility ▪ visual impact/appeal ▪ Factors Related to Individual Readability: ▪ background knowledge ▪ reading ability ▪ motivation, interest & “need to know” DiCasmirro_2025 Examples of Various Reading Levels ▪ College level: With the onset of nausea, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal disturbances, contact your physician immediately. ▪ Grade 8 level: If you start having nausea, loose bowel movements, or other stomach or bowel problems, call your doctor immediately. ▪ Grade 4 level: If you start having an upset stomach, loose bowel movements, or other problems, call your doctor right away. DiCasmirro_2025  ▪ Using a health equity lens when framing information Health Equity about health disparities Guiding ▪ Using person-first language & avoiding unintentional Principles for blaming Inclusive ▪ Using preferred terms for select population groups while recognizing that there isn’t always agreement on these Communication terms DiCasmirro_2025 What is the impact of evolving technology on health information? DiCasmirro_2025  Infodemic Management: Addressing Health Misinformation ▪ Circulation of health misinformation & disinformation has exploded with the digitalized information ecosystem, affecting the ability of health systems to promote public health ▪ Public health workers need knowledge & skills to manage harm from health misinformation. Content for following slides are from the World Health Organization’s Infodemic Management: Addressing Health Misinformation online course (https://openwho.org/courses/im-health-misinformation) DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 Fact-Checking Check for Go Upstream Previous Work to the Source Read Circle Back Laterally Caulfield, M.A. (2017). Web Literacy for Student Fact-checkers. Retrieved from https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/ DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025 DiCasmirro_2025  Interactive Games https://inoculation.science/inoculation-games/ https://app.crankyuncle.info DiCasmirro_2025  What’s the link to my nursing practice? “Nursing informatics competencies are essential for nurses in all roles to function in complex, contemporary health-care environments …. there is a need to have nurses with a specialization in informatics to support decision-making relevant to the profession’s use of information and technology in digitally connected health environments” (p.2) https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Nursing_informatics_joint_position_statement.pdf DiCasmirro_2025  Overarching Competency ▪ “Uses information and communication technologies to support information synthesis in accordance with professional and regulatory standards in the delivery of patient/client care” (p. 4). DiCasmirro_2025  PHN Virtual Simulation – Health Promotion Game 2 DiCasmirro_2025 Next Week ▪ Population Health Program Planning & Evaluation ▪ Chapter 10 DiCasmirro_2025