Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 PDF

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM ANATOMY Means to ‘dissect’ or ‘cut apart and Two Major Goals when Studying separate.’ Physiology Scientific discipline that 1. Examining the...

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM ANATOMY Means to ‘dissect’ or ‘cut apart and Two Major Goals when Studying separate.’ Physiology Scientific discipline that 1. Examining the body’s responses investigates the structure of the to stimuli. body. 2. Examining the body’s Two Basic Approaches to the Study maintenance of stable internal of Anatomy conditions. Systemic The study of body by Anatomy systems. Six Structural Levels of the Human Regional The study of body by Body Anatomy areas. Chemical Involves how atoms Level interact and combine into molecule structures Two General Ways to Examine the which determine its Internal Structures function. Surface The study of external Cell Level Basic structural and Anatomy features. functional units. Anatomical Uses technologies to Most cells contain Imaging create pictures of organelles inside. internal structures. └ Carries out └ Ex. x-rays, particular ultrasound, functions inside magnetic the cell. resonance Tissue Group of similar cells imaging (MRI) Level and the materials surrounding them. PHYSIOLOGY Has 4 Primary Types: Scientific discipline that deals with 1. Epithelial (covering) the processes or functions of the 2. Connective body. (binding) 3. Muscle (movement) 4. Nervous (communication)  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM Organ Composed of two or Development Changes an Level more tissue types that organism perform one or more undergoes common functions. through time. Organ Group of organs that System together perform a Differentiation Level common function or set └ involves of functions. changes in a cell’s Organism Any living thing structure Level considered as a whole. and function The Human Organism is from an a network of organ immature systems that are to a mature mutually dependent state. upon one another. Reproduction Formation of new cells. Six Characteristics of Life Organization Interrelationships HOMEOSTASIS among individual parts and how The maintenance of a relatively these interact to constant environment within the perform a body. function. Homeostatic mechanisms: actions Metabolism Ability to use in the body that maintains energy and perform vital homeostasis. functions. ┖ Most mechanisms are Responsiveness Organism’s ability regulated by the endocrine to sense and and nervous system. adjust to changes. Variables: changes in the body Growth An increase in the whose values are not constant. size or numbers of Set point: normal range of values. cells. Stimulus: a changed variable that triggers homeostatic mechanisms. Disease: is what disrupts homeostasis.  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM Feedback Systems Two Basic Principles about Negative Occurs to reduce any Homeostatic Mechanisms Feedback deviation from the set 1. Many disease states result from point. the failure of negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain Regulates most systems homeostasis. of the body. 2. Some positive-feedback mechanisms can be detrimental Has 3 Components instead of helpful. 1. Receptor: monitors the value ETYMOLOGY 2. Control Center: determines the Makes learning fun and easy. set point. (weh?) 3. Effector: Adjusts the variable to set Study of the origin of words and the point. way in which their meanings have Positive Occurs to further changed throughout history. Feedback increase the deviation from the set point. ANATOMICAL POSITIONS Negative Feedback Refers to a person standing upright with: 1. Face directed forward 2. Upper limbs hanging to the sides 3. Palms of the hands facing forward Supine: lying face upward. Prone: lying face downward. Supine > < Prone Positive Feedback  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM DIRECTIONAL TERMS BODY PARTS AND REGION Used to describe the parts of the Anatomical terms used to refer body relative to each other. different regions or parts of the body Directional Terms Central Region (Axial): head, neck, Right Body’s right side and trunk. Left Body’s left side Limbs (Appendicular): upper limb Inferior Below and lower limb. Superior Above Central Region Anterior In front Posterior Behind Head Frontal Forehead Dorsal Towards back (Cephalic) Orbital Eye Ventral Towards belly Nasal Nose Proximal Close to Oral Mouth Distal Far from Otic Ear Lateral Away from midline Buccal Cheek Medial Towards midline Mental Chin Superficial Toward/ on surface Occipital Base of Deep Away from surface skull Cephalocaudal Head to toe Cranial skull Ipsilateral Same side of body Contralateral Opp. side of body Neck Cervical Nuchal (back of neck) Trunk Thoracic Pectoral Chest (Thorax) Sternal Breastbone Mammary Breast Scapular Shoulder blade Vertebral Spinal column Lumbar Loin  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM Abdomen Abdominal Abdomen Limbs Umbilical Navel Pelvis Pelvic Pelvis Upper Clavicular Collarbone Inguinal Groin Limb Axillary Armpit Pubic Genital Brachial Arm Sacral Between Antecubital Front of hips elbow Gluteal Buttocks Antebrachial Forearm Perineal Perineum Carpal Wrist Palmar Palm Digital Fingers Acromial Point of shoulder Olecranon Point of elbow Dorsum Back of hand Lower Coxal Hip Limb Femoral Thigh Patellar Kneecap Crural Leg Talus Ankle Dorsum Top of foot Digital Toes Popliteal Hollow of behind knees Sural Calf Plantar Sole Calcaneal Heel  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM a a. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN PLANES Used by professionals as reference It divides, or sections, the body, points for locating underlying making it possible to “look inside” organs. and observe the body’s structures. Quadrant: divided into four by two Sagittal: left and right. imaginary lines ┖ Parasagittal: uneven cut. Regions: divided into nine by two Median: same as sagittal but horizontal and vertical lines este should be midline. ‘tic tac toe’ grid. Transverse: superior and inferior.  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM Frontal: anterior and posterior. Iliac = Inguinal REGION ORGANS Hypogastic = Pubic Right Liver QUADRANT ORGANS Hypochon- Gallbladder driac Small Intestine Right-Upper Liver Right Kidney Stomach Gallbladder Epigastric Stomach Duodenum Liver Right Kidney Pancreas Pancreas Duodenum Transverse Adrenal Colon Glands Left-Upper Liver Spleen Left Adrenal Left Spleen Gland Hypochon- Colon Stomach driac Left Kidney Left kidney Pancreas Pancreas Right Gallbladder Spleen Lumbar Liver Transverse Right Colon Colon Small Intestine Umbilical Small Intestine Duodenum Right-Lower Large Intestine Cecum Left Lumbar Descending Appendix Colon Right Ureter Left Kidney Right Right Iliac Appendix Reproductive Cecum Organ Hypogastric Urinary Left-Lower Small Intestine Bladder Large Intestine Reproductive Left Ureter Organs Left Rectum Reproductive Left Iliac Descending Organs Colon Sigmoid Colon Sigmoid Colon HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM SECTIONS BODY CAVITIES How organs are often sectioned to Provides protection to the internal reveal their internal structure. organs by enclosing them from the outside. SECTIONS Viscera: internal organs. Longitudinal Cut along the Two types of internal cavities: Section length of an 1. Dorsal Body Cavity organ. 2. Ventral Body Cavity Transverse Section Cut completely Dorsal Body Cavity through an organ. Cranial Houses the brain Cavity Oblique Section Cut w/ an angle or Vertebral Houses the spinal cord diagonally Cavity across the long axis. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Pleural Lung and Cavity Cavities ribs. Medial Heart, Medias- blood tinum vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus. Abdomi- Abdominal Stomach, nepelvic Cavity intestine, Cavity liver, and spleen. Pelvic Pelvis, Cavity urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, and reproductiv e organs.  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM Body Cavities (Lateral and Anterior View) THORACIC CAVITY MEMBRANES Are named for the specific organ they are in contact with. Terms: ┖ Space between two membranes: - cavity ┖ Parietal serous membrane: parietal – ┖ Visceral serous membrane: visceral – ┖ Fluid filled with: - fluid Thoracic Cavity Membranes Heart Lungs Other Internal Organs Pericardial Pleural Peritoneal Cavity Cavity Cavity Parietal Parietal Parietal Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum Visceral Visceral Visceral Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum Pericardial Pleural Peritoneal Fluid Fluid Fluid SEROUS MEMBRANES Retroperitoneal: The area in the back of the abdomen behind the Membranes that lines the walls of peritoneum. body cavities and surface of Inflammations of the serous internal organs. membranes: Are double layered: 1. Pericarditis - pericardium 1. Parietal: lines the cavities. 2. Pleurisy - pleura 2. Visceral: covers the internal 3. Peritonitis – peritoneum organs.  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM Ada A A A A A A A A Da Others Da Hart Da Lungs