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Lecture 7 Cardiovascular system 1st stage MSc. Ph. Lubna Zuhair The cardiovascular system (CVS) is made up of the heart and blood vessels, which transport blood. The blood vessels include all the arteries (carrying blood away from the heart), veins...

Lecture 7 Cardiovascular system 1st stage MSc. Ph. Lubna Zuhair The cardiovascular system (CVS) is made up of the heart and blood vessels, which transport blood. The blood vessels include all the arteries (carrying blood away from the heart), veins (carrying blood toward the heart), and capillaries (vessels between the arteries and veins). The average heart rate is 75 beats per minute. Function of CVS: 1- Pump blood and delivered it to body systems. 2- Supply cells with oxygen and other nutrients important for survival. 3- Returns carbon dioxide and transport cellular waste to appropriate organs for removal. 4- Helps regulate body temperature. Structures 1- Heart - pump 2- Vessels - container 3- Blood - liquid Heart Anatomy 1- Location: Mediastinum: Is the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity between the lungs 2- Pericardium: The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and filled with pericardial fluid which separates the heart from other mediastinal structures. 3- Epicardium: The thin outermost layer of the heart wall 4- Myocardium: The thick middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle 5- Endocardium: The thin internal membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves Heart Chambers and Pulse Conduction System: The four chambers of the heart are as follows: 1- Right atrium: upper right chamber that receives blood from all body. 2-Right ventricle: lower right chamber that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs. 3- Left atrium: upper left chamber that receives oxygen-rich blood as it returns from the lungs. 4- Left ventricle: lower left chamber that pumps blood out the aorta to all parts of the body. Pulse Conduction System: 1- Sinoatrial (SA) node: (the pacemaker of the heart) conducting and distribute the impulse across the atria as it travels toward the ventricles. 2- Atrioventricular (AV) node: continues to generate impulses toward the atrioventricular bundle. 3- Perkinje fibers: The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart. They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles. Blood Vessels: The types of blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. 1- Arteries: carry blood away from heart, usually oxygenated blood, arteri/o. 2- Arterioles: are small arteries that lead into the capillaries. 3- Capillaries: only one cell thick and allow for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. 4- Venules: small veins. 5- Veins: carry blood to the heart, usually deoxygenated blood. Circulations: 1- Systemic Circulation: All parts of body except lungs. 2- Pulmonary Circulation: Pulmonary arterial system. 3- Coronary Artery System: Blood Supply to Heart. Terms and definitions: Aorta: It is the largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body. Cardiac output: The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute. Heart rate: The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (bpm). Inferior vena cava: The large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower part of the body. Mitral valve: The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the bicuspid valve. Pulse: The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract. Septum: A wall dividing two cavities, such as two chambers of the heart. Sinus rhythm: Normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node. Sphygmomanometer: An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure (root sphygm/o means “pulse”); blood pressure apparatus. Tricuspid valve: The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Pulse Sensation Sites: The pulse can be felt anywhere an artery runs close to the surface of the skin. Use two fingers to apply slight pressure to the site and you should be able to feel the pulse. Blood Pressure: Measure the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels. Systolic, highest pressure result of ventricular contraction. Diastolic, lowest pressure when ventricles relaxed. The normal blood pressure is equal or less than 120 over 80 mmHg. Word Root and Combining Vowel for Cardiovascular Terms This is a list of word roots with their combining vowel. Notice that several word roots have the same definition. Word root definition Word root definition angi(o) Vessel myocardi(o) Myocardium vas(o), vascul(o) Vessel mediastin(o) Mediastium aort(o) Aorta pericardi(o) Pericardium arter(o), arteri(o) Artery path (o) Disease arteriol(o) Arteriole radi(o) radiant energy or x-ray atri (o) Atrium sept(o) septum, partition cardi(o) Heart sin(o) Sinus coron(o) Crown thorac (o) Chest endocardi(o) Endocardium tom(o) to cut echo(o) Sound ultra(o) Excessive son(o) Sound ven(o) Vein electr(o) Electricity venul(o) Venule fluor(o) emitting of reflecting light valv(o), valvl(o) Valve my(o) Muscle ventricul(o) Ventricle Cardiovascular Specialties TERM DEFINITION Cardiology Cardi refers to the heart -ology refers to the study of Cardiology: is the study of the disorders of the heart Cardiologist Cardi refers to the heart. -ologist refers to one who studies. Cardiologist: specializes in disorders of the heart. Cardiac surgeon He can perform major procedures on the heart and the vessels. Electrophysiologist Electr(o) refers to electricity. physi(o) means related to physiology. -ologist refers to one who studies. Physiology: is the study of the science and processes of the human body. Electrophysiology: deals with the relationship between electrical phenomena and biological function. electrophysiologist: is a person who works with the body’s electrical and biological functions. Electrophysiologist Studies the heart electrical impulses. cardiologist Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System TERM DEFINITION Doppler echo is the reflection of an ultrasound wave off a structure which is echocardiography sent back to the transducer. cardi(o) refers to the heart. -graphy means the process of recording. Doppler echocardiography: used to evaluate blood flow patterns and directions in the heart and records them. Doppler Ultra means beyond, farther. ultrasonography Ultrasound is high-frequency sound waves. Doppler ultrasonography: uses ultrasound imaging to look at the structures and blood flow of the beating heart. Echocardiography Echo is the reflection of an ultrasound wave off a structure back to (ECG) the transducer. Cardi(o) means heart. -graphy refers to the process of recording. ECG: is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure used to record the movement and structure of the heart. Procedures of the Cardiovascular System TERM DEFINITION Cardiac Cardiac refers to the heart. catheterization catheterization is the introduction of a catheter into a body cavity. Cardiac catheterization: is the introduction of the catheter through an incision into a large vein and guided through circulation into the heart. Tomography Tomo- refers to the preparation of a section. -graphy refers to the process of recording. tomography: is a sectional imaging to produce a film with a detailed cross-section of tissue and organs. Cardiopulmonary Cardi(o) refers to the heart resuscitation pulmonary refers to the lungs or the respiratory system. (CPR) Resuscitate is a process to sustain the cardiac and respiratory functions. CPR: is an emergency procedure that involves external cardiac massage and artificial respirations to revive and sustain the cardiac and respiratory function. Coronary artery coronary pertains to encircling structures. bypass graft artery is one of the large blood vessels carrying blood away from the (CABG) heart. bypass is one of several surgical procedures used to shunt blood or fluids from its natural course. graft is a tissue or an organ taken from one site or person and connected to a different site or inserted into another person. CABG: is an open heart surgery in which a vein is taken from a different part of the body and grafted into a section of a coronary artery to bypass a blockage. Thoracotomy Thorac(o) refers to chest. -otomy refers to cutting into Thoracotomy: is a surgical opening into the thoracic cavity. Thoracentesis Thora refers to chest. -centesis refers to puncture Thoracentesis: is the perforation of the chest wall or pleural space with a needle to aspirate fluid. Cardiac Involve transfer of heart muscle from one person (donor) to another transplantation (recipient). CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS TERM DEFINITION Angiopathy Angi(o) refers to a vessel. -pathy refers to a disease. Angiopathy: is a disease of the blood vessels. Angina pectoris Angi- refers to a vessel. Angina is a choking feeling in the throat due to there is no enough oxygen to the myocardium of the heart from the blood vessels. pector- refers to breast. Pectoral refers to the chest or thorax. Angina pectoris: is thoracic pain caused by spasms in coronary arteries due to there is no enough oxygen delivered to myocardium of the heart. Atherosclerosis Ather(o) refers to an artery. -sclerosis refers to hardening. Atherosclerosis: means the build-up of fatty plaque or cholesterol in the lining of the arteries. Arteriosclerosis Arteri(o) refers to an artery. -sclerosis means hardening. Arteriosclerosis: means hardening of the arteries due to calcification, thickening and loss of elasticity. Arrhythmia A- refers to without. Rhythmia refers to the rhythm. Arrhythmia: means an irregular heart rhythm. Bradycardia Brady refers to slow. Cardia refers to the heart. Bradycardia: means a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute. Cardiac arrest Cardiac refers to the heart. Arrest means to inhibit, restrain or stop. Cardiac arrest: is a sudden stoppage of cardiac circulation and cardiac output. Cardiogenic Cardi(o) refers to the heart. shock -genic refers to causing, forming or producing. Cardiogenic refers to originating in the heart. Shock is a condition characterized by inadequate blood flow to the body. Cardiogenic shock: is a condition resulting from inadequate blood flow to the body organs due to cardiac dysfunction. Cardiomyopathy Cardi(o) refers to the heart. My(o) refers to the muscle. -pathy refers to the disease. Cardiomyopathy: is a disease of the myocardium causing enlargement of the heart muscle. Congestive heart Congestive refers to congestion which is an abnormal accumulation of failure (CHF) fluid. CHF: is a condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid (peripheral edema) due to impairment of cardiac output in which the heart become unable to meet the needs of the body. Endocarditis Endo- refers to inward or within. Card refers to the heart. -itis refers to inflammation. Endocarditis: is the inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves. Hemostasis Hemo- refers to blood or blood vessels. -stasis refers to prevent or stop. Hemostasis: is the prevention or stop bleeding by the coagulation process or by chemical or mechanical means. Hypertension Hyper- refers to excessive, above and beyond. (HT) Tension refers to stretch or pressure. HT: is a common condition characterized by an elevated blood pressure when there is an abnormally high amount of pressure on the arteries. Hypotension Hypo- refers to under, below or beneath Hypotension: is a condition characterized by a low blood pressure or when there is inadequate amount of pressure in the arteries for normal perfusion. Myocardial My(o) refers to muscle. Infarction (MI) Cardial refers to the heart. An infarct is a localized area of necrosis. MI: is necrosis of part of the cardiac muscle caused by an obstruction of the coronary artery that affects the heart ability to pump. Pericarditis Peri- means around. Card refers to the heart. -itis refers to inflammation. The pericardium is the sac that surrounds the heart. Pericarditis: is the inflammation of the pericardium. Tachycardia Tachy- means fast. Cardia refers to the heart. Tachycardia: is a condition in which the heart beats at a rate faster than 100 beats per minute.