NSTP (RA 9163) Historical and Legal Bases

HISTORICAL AND LEGAL BASES OF NSTP (RA 9163) The National Service Training Program (NSTP) in the Philippines was established through Republic Act No. 9163, enacted in 2001. This law aims to enhance civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing their ethics of servic...

HISTORICAL AND LEGAL BASES OF NSTP (RA 9163) The National Service Training Program (NSTP) in the Philippines was established through Republic Act No. 9163, enacted in 2001. This law aims to enhance civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing their ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three program components: the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS), and Literacy Training Service (LTS). HISTORICAL BASES OF NSTP (RA 9163) 1. Pre-WWII Military Training - In the 1930s, military training was already incorporated into the Philippine educational system. The National Defense Act of 1935 (Commonwealth Act No. 1) required all male students in colleges and universities to undergo military training to prepare for national defense. 2. Post-War ROTC - After WWII, the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) became a mandatory component of college education for male students under the National Defense Act. 3. CALLS FOR REFORM - Over the decades, there were growing calls to reform the mandatory ROTC due to reported abuses, including hazing, corruption, and inefficiencies. The turning point came in the late 1990s and early 2000s, particularly following the death of a university student, Mark Chua, who exposed ROTC-related corruption in his university. This led to a significant public outcry for change in the military training system. 4. Birth of NSTP - Responding to these issues, Republic Act No. 9163 was enacted in 2001. It shifted the focus from purely military training to a more diversified approach, including civic welfare and literacy programs, providing students with options other than ROTC to fulfill their national service obligations. LEGAL BASES OF NSTP (RA 9163) 1. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9163 (NSTP ACT OF 2001) - RA 9163 officially created the NSTP, mandating that all incoming first-year students, both male and female, enrolled in any baccalaureate or technical-vocational courses in public and private educational institutions, must complete one of its components for two semesters. 2. CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATES - Article II, Section 4 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that "the prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people," emphasizing national defense preparedness. - Article II, Section 13 promotes civic consciousness and service to the nation, providing the foundation for the civic welfare and literacy components of the NSTP. 3. DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND) AND COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION (CHED) - RA 9163 assigns the DND and CHED, along with the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), the roles of implementing and overseeing the NSTP in colleges, universities, and vocational institutions. Through RA 9163, the NSTP was designed to foster patriotism and civic responsibility among the youth, while offering more flexibility in how they could contribute to national development and security. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION The Philippine Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines. It establishes the framework of the government, delineates the separation of powers, and guarantees the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. The current 1987 Constitution was ratified on February 2, 1987, following the People Power Revolution that ended the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos. It reflects the aspirations of Filipinos for democracy, freedom, and justice. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND THE PHILIPPINES HAS HAD SEVERAL CONSTITUTIONS: 1. 1899 MALOLOS CONSTITUTION– The first republican constitution in Asia, adopted by the First Philippine Republic. 2. 1935 CONSTITUTION – Created during the Commonwealth period under U.S. sovereignty, it served as the framework for the transition to full independence. 3. 1973 CONSTITUTION – Established under Ferdinand Marcos’ regime, it was criticized for consolidating power in the executive, allowing Marcos to extend his rule under martial law. 4. 1986 FREEDOM CONSTITUTION – A provisional charter after the ousting of Marcos, paving the way for the drafting of the 1987 Constitution. KEY FEATURES OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION 1. PREAMBLE - The preamble sets the purpose of the Constitution, emphasizing the aspiration for justice, freedom, equality, and peace. 2. ARTICLE I: NATIONAL TERRITORY - Defines the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines, including terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, as well as its internal and external waters. 3. ARTICLE II: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES - Enshrines the principles that guide the government, including sovereignty residing in the people, the promotion of a just and humane society, and adherence to international law. 4. ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS - Protects individual freedoms and rights, such as freedom of speech, due process, privacy, and protection from unlawful searches and seizures. It guarantees civil liberties and equal protection under the law. 5. ARTICLE IV: CITIZENSHIP - Defines who are considered Filipino citizens by birth and naturalization. 6. ARTICLE V: SUFFRAGE - Establishes the right to vote, granting suffrage to Filipino citizens aged 18 and above, who have resided in the Philippines for at least one year. 7. ARTICLE VI: THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT - Establishes a bicameral legislature (Congress), consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It outlines their powers, functions, and qualifications for members. 8. ARTICLE VII: THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT - Defines the powers of the President, who serves as the head of state and government. It also includes the qualifications, election process, and term limits of the President and Vice President. 9. ARTICLE VIII: THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT - Establishes the Supreme Court as the highest judicial body. It outlines the structure of the judiciary, including lower courts, and the independence of the judiciary from the other branches of government. 10. ARTICLE IX: CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS - Establishes independent constitutional bodies, including the Civil Service Commission (CSC), Commission on Elections (COMELEC), and Commission on Audit (COA)* 11. ARTICLE X: LOCAL GOVERNMENT - Provides for the autonomy of local government units (LGUs) and the creation of regions, provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. It emphasizes decentralization and local autonomy. 12. ARTICLE XI: ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS - Defines mechanisms for ensuring that public officials remain accountable, including provisions on impeachment and the Ombudsman. 13. ARTICLE XII: NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY - Focuses on economic policies, stressing the importance of protecting Filipino ownership of natural resources and promoting industrialization and economic self-sufficiency. 14. ARTICLE XIII: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS - Mandates the state to promote social justice, improve the welfare of the marginalized, and protect human rights through the establishment of the Commission on Human Rights. 15. ARTICLE XIV: EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE, AND SPORTS - Emphasizes the importance of accessible education for all and promotes the development of science, technology, arts, and culture. 16. ARTICLE XV: THE FAMILY - Recognizes the family as the basic social institution and mandates the state to protect marriage, family life, and the rights of children. 17. ARTICLE XVI: GENERAL PROVISIONS - Contains various provisions, such as the protection of the national flag, the armed forces, and public office. 18. ARTICLE XVII: AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS - Establishes the process by which the Constitution can be amended or revised, either by Congress, a Constitutional Convention, or through a people’s initiative. 19. ARTICLE XVIII: TRANSITORY PROVISIONS - Provides for the transition from the 1973 Constitution to the 1987 Constitution and includes provisions on the terms of office for government officials during the transition period. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION The 1987 Constitution represents the Philippines' return to democratic governance after years of dictatorship. It focuses on the protection of individual rights, democratic principles, social justice, and a system of checks and balances among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This Constitution remains a symbol of the Filipino people's resilience, commitment to democracy, and aspiration for a better and just society. PREAMBLE We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. ARTICLE III BILL OF RIGHTS Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. WHAT CONSTITUTES DEPRIVATION? 1. DEPRIVATION OF LIFE - it refers not merely to the extinction of human existence. It includes the loss of any of the various physical and mental attributes (e.g. limbs, eyes, brain, power of reproduction, etc.) For instance: Extrajudicial killing: If a government official or law enforcement agency kills a person without any judicial proceedings, such as without a trial or legal judgment, this would be a deprivation of life. For example, if a suspect is killed by law enforcement without being arrested, charged, or convicted in a court of law, it would violate their right to due process and be an unlawful deprivation of life. This principle protects the right to life and requires that any act that could lead to the loss of life must be processed through the judicial system, ensuring fairness, legal proceedings, and accountability. 2. DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY - To constitute deprivation of liberty, it is not necessary that a person be detained or confined. Liberty need not be lost in its entirety. To the extent that one is unduly prevented from acting the way he wished to do, there is a diminution of liberty. For instance: Arbitrary arrest: If a person is arrested by law enforcement without a valid warrant or without being informed of the charges against them, and they are detained without access to legal counsel or a fair trial, this would be a deprivation of liberty. The person’s freedom is restricted without due process of law, violating their constitutional rights. This ensures that any restriction on a person's liberty, such as arrest, detention, or imprisonment, must follow legal procedures and safeguard the person's rights, such as being informed of charges and having the right to a fair trial. 3. DEPRIVATION OF PROPERTY - There is deprivation of property without due process of law if the owner’s private property is seized by the government for public use without just compensation or the value of an exclusive franchise is destroyed by government competition. For instance: If the government seizes a person's farmland to construct a road but does not compensate the owner or does not give the owner a chance to present objections or be heard in court, this would be a violation of Section 1 because the owner was deprived of property without due process of law. This right ensures that property rights are protected, and the state must follow legal procedures and provide fair compensation if it needs to take private property for public use (eminent domain). SECTION 2. RIGHT AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witness he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. MEANING OF SEARCH WARRANT AND WARRANT OF ARREST 1. SEARCH WARRANT - An order in writing, issued in the name of the People of the Republic of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed peace officer, commanding him to search for officer, commanding him to search certain personal property and bring it before the court. 2. WARRANT OF ARREST - A written order commanding a peace officer to take into custody a person designated in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense. SCOPE OF THE PROTECTION 1. PERSONS - The protection applies to everybody, to citizens as well as aliens in the Philippines, whether accused of crime or not. 2. HOUSES - The protection is not limited to dwelling houses but extends to the garage, warehouse, shop, office and even safety deposit vault. It does not extend, however, to the open spaces and fields to belonging to one. 3. PAPERS AND EFFECT - They include sealed letters and packages in the mail which may be opened and examined only in pursuance of a valid search warrant. REQUISITES FOR A VALID SEARCH WARRANT 1. It must be issued upon probable cause 2. The probable cause must be determined personally by the judge himself 3. Such determination of the existence of the probable cause must be made after examination by the judge of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce. 4. The warrant must particularly describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized 5. The law also prohibits the issuance of a search warrant for more than one specific offense MEANING OF PROBABLE CAUSE ❖ PROBABLE CAUSE - Facts and circumstances antecedent to the issuance of a warrant sufficient in themselves to induce a cautious man to rely upon them and act in pursuance thereof (e.g. evidences gathered or proof for the suspicion) WHEN SEARCH AND SEIZURE MAY BE MADE WITHOUT WARRANT (1) When there is consent or waiver (2) When search is incident to a lawful arrest (3) In the case of contraband or forfeited goods being transported by ship, automobile, or other vehicle, where the officer making it has reasonable cause for believing that the latter contains them, in view of the difficulty attendant to securing a search warrant. (4) Where, without a search, the possession of articles prohibited by law is disclosed to plain view or is open to eye and hand. (5) As an incident of inspection, supervision and regulation in the exercise of police power such as inspection of restaurants by health officers, of factories by labor inspectors, etc. (6) Routinary searches usually made at the border or at ports of entry in the interest of national security SECTION 3. PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATION AND CORRESPONDENCE (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribe by law. (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. Example of Privacy of Communication and Correspondence: 1. Private Conversations: If two individuals are having a private conversation in a café, their right to privacy means that no one can eavesdrop on their discussion without their consent. If someone records their conversation without permission, it would violate their privacy rights under this section. 2. Emails and Text Messages: An individual sends confidential emails or text messages discussing personal matters. Their privacy is protected, and these communications cannot be accessed by others (like employers or government agencies) without a court order or consent. 3. Court Orders: If law enforcement suspects illegal activities and seeks to monitor an individual's communications, they must obtain a lawful court order before accessing private messages or phone calls. Simply accessing these communications without a court order would be a violation of privacy. 4. Public Safety Exceptions: In a situation where a person is believed to be planning a violent act, law enforcement may obtain a court order to intercept communications to prevent harm to the public. This would be an exception to the general rule of privacy. This section safeguards individuals' rights to communicate privately and ensures that any intrusion into that privacy is justified and legally sanctioned. SECTION 4. FREEDOM OF SPEECH, EXPRESSION, AND PRESS No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress of grievances. Example of Freedom of Speech, Expression, and Press: 1. Freedom of Speech: A journalist writes a critical article about government policies, highlighting issues such as corruption and inefficiency. The government cannot censor or punish the journalist for expressing their opinion, as it is protected under freedom of speech. 2. Freedom of Expression: A group of artists creates a mural protesting against social injustice. Even if their artwork is critical of the government or other institutions, it is protected as a form of expression under the Constitution. 3. Freedom of the Press: A newspaper publishes investigative reports about a political scandal involving high-ranking officials. Even if the report exposes wrongdoing, the government cannot legally shut down the newspaper or prevent it from publishing similar stories. 4. Right to Peaceful Assembly: A group of citizens organizes a peaceful rally to protest rising fuel prices. They gather in a public place, carry banners, and chant slogans. The government cannot prohibit this assembly as long as it remains peaceful. This section ensures that people have the right to express their views, opinions, and ideas without interference or fear of retaliation from the government. SECTION 5. FREEDOM OF RELIGION No law shall be made representing an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. Example of Freedom of Religion: 1. Practicing Faith: An individual practices their religion by attending weekly worship services and participating in rituals or ceremonies specific to their faith. The government cannot prevent them from doing so or impose restrictions on their religious practices. 2. Wearing Religious Garments: A Muslim woman wears a hijab or other religious attire as part of her faith. Employers or educational institutions cannot prohibit her from wearing it, as it is part of her free exercise of religion. 3. Religious Holidays: Employees who observe religious holidays (e.g., Christmas, Eid) have the right to take time off work to celebrate these days. Employers are expected to accommodate these religious practices without penalizing employees. 4. Conscientious Objection: A person may refuse to participate in military service or other actions that conflict with their religious beliefs. The government must respect their right to conscientious objection based on their faith. 5. No Religious Tests: Individuals running for public office or seeking civil rights cannot be required to profess a specific religion or adhere to a religious test. This ensures that people of all faiths (or no faith) have equal opportunities in civil and political matters. This section protects individuals' rights to practice their religion freely and ensures that the government remains neutral regarding religious beliefs, allowing all religions to coexist without discrimination. SECTION 6. LIBERTY OF ABODE AND TRAVEL The liberty of abode and changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law. IMPORTANT TERMS: ❖ HOLD DEPARTURE ORDER - is a legal directive issued by a Philippine court or government authority that prevents an individual from leaving the country. This order is typically applied to individuals who are facing criminal charges, are under investigation, or are involved in certain legal proceedings. The primary purpose of an HDO is to ensure that the person involved remains within the jurisdiction of the Philippines while legal matters are being resolved. ❖ EXTRADITION TREATY VS. INTER-STATE RENDITION Both extradition and inter-state rendition involve the legal transfer of a person accused or convicted of a crime from one jurisdiction to another. However, they apply in different contexts and have distinct processes. Here's a comparison of the two: EXTRADITION is a formal process in which one country requests the transfer of a person accused or convicted of a crime from another country. This is governed by a bilateral or multilateral treaty between the two nations.  INTER-STATE RENDITION (also known as interstate extradition) refers to the process by which one state or territory in a federal system, such as the United States, surrenders a person to another state for prosecution or punishment. This occurs within the same country. The United States of America (USA) is a single country. However, it consists of: 1. 50 states (e.g., California, Texas, New York). 2. 1 federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital). 3. 5 major U.S. territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands). 4. Several smaller outlying islands. ❖ PERSONS UNDER PROBATIONARY/CONDITIONAL PAROLE Persons under probationary or conditional parole are individuals who are subject to supervised release as part of their sentence or post-conviction process. Both probation and conditional parole are alternatives to incarceration, allowing individuals to serve their sentences in the community under specific conditions. 1. PROBATION DEFINITION: Probation is a court-ordered period of supervised release that allows an individual to remain in the community instead of serving time in prison, subject to certain conditions. WHO IS ELIGIBLE: First-time Offenders: Individuals who are convicted of certain crimes, especially non-violent offenses or those considered less severe, may be granted probation. Sentenced Individuals: Those sentenced to probation as part of their initial sentencing, either in lieu of or in addition to prison time. CONDITIONS: Supervision: Regular meetings with a probation officer. Compliance: Adherence to conditions such as maintaining employment, avoiding criminal activity, and staying away from certain individuals or locations. Reporting: Regularly reporting to the probation officer, attending counseling or treatment programs if required. Restrictions: May include travel restrictions, drug testing, and other specific requirements as deemed necessary by the court. PURPOSE: To provide an opportunity for rehabilitation and reintegration into society while ensuring public safety. To help the individual address underlying issues such as substance abuse or mental health problems. 2. CONDITIONAL PAROLE DEFINITION: Conditional parole is a form of supervised release granted to individuals who have served a portion of their prison sentence. It allows them to serve the remainder of their sentence in the community under certain conditions. WHO IS ELIGIBLE:  PAROLEES: Individuals who have been released from prison before completing their full sentence but under supervised conditions. Eligibility often depends on good behavior while incarcerated and other factors. CONVICTED OFFENDERS: Those who have been convicted of crimes and have met the criteria for early release under parole conditions. CONDITIONS: Supervision: Regular check-ins with a parole officer. Compliance: Adherence to conditions such as maintaining employment, not committing new crimes, and participating in rehabilitative programs. Reporting: Regular reporting to the parole officer, drug and alcohol testing, and possibly electronic monitoring. Restrictions: Parolees may be required to live in specific locations, avoid certain people or places, and comply with other court-imposed restrictions. PURPOSE: To reintegrate individuals into society while still monitoring their behavior and ensuring they comply with the terms of their release. To reduce recidivism by providing support and supervision during the transition from incarceration to freedom. ❖ PAROLE VERSUS AMNESTY (absolution or forgetfulness of an offence) versus Pardon (pity and forgiveness) Parole, amnesty, and pardon are legal concepts related to the release or relief from criminal penalties but differ in their nature, scope, and implications. Here’s a comparison of these three concepts: 1. PAROLE Definition: Parole is the supervised release of a prisoner before the completion of their full sentence. It allows the individual to serve the remainder of their sentence in the community under specific conditions. KEY POINTS: Eligibility: Granted to individuals who have served part of their sentence in prison and have met certain criteria such as good behavior. Supervision: Parolees are monitored by a parole officer and must comply with conditions set by the parole board or court. Purpose: To reintegrate individuals into society while providing supervision to ensure they do not reoffend. EXAMPLE: An inmate serving a 10-year sentence might be released on parole after serving 6 years, with conditions to adhere to during the remaining 4 years. 2. AMNESTY Definition: Amnesty is a governmental act that offers a broad and often general forgiveness for certain crimes, usually for political offenses or civil disobedience. It absolves individuals from legal consequences and is typically granted to groups of people. KEY POINTS: Scope: Typically applies to political offenses, civil disobedience, or large groups of people rather than individual cases. Legal Effect: It effectively wipes out the criminal record associated with the offenses covered by the amnesty, making it as though the crime never occurred. Purpose: To promote reconciliation, peace, or social stability, especially after political upheavals or conflicts. EXAMPLE: A government might grant amnesty to individuals involved in a political uprising as a step towards national reconciliation and stability. 3. PARDON DEFINITION: A pardon is an official act of forgiveness by a head of state or government that removes or reduces the legal consequences of a criminal conviction. It can be granted to individuals or groups and may be conditional or unconditional. KEY POINTS: Scope: Typically applies to individuals and can be granted for various reasons, including rehabilitation, demonstration of good behavior, or mitigating circumstances. Legal Effect: A pardon can remove or reduce the legal consequences of a conviction but does not erase the fact of the conviction from the record. It is a form of clemency that can restore certain rights or benefits. Purpose: To show mercy, recognize rehabilitation, or correct an injustice. EXAMPLE: A person convicted of a crime may be granted a pardon after demonstrating significant rehabilitation, which might restore their right to vote or hold public office. SECTION 7. RIGHT TO INFORMATION The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to document, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. Example: (FREEDOM OF INFORMATION LAW) Example of the Right to Information: 1. Access to Government Records: A citizen requests access to documents related to government spending on public infrastructure projects. Under this section, the government is obligated to provide these records unless there are valid legal grounds to deny access. 2. Public Hearings: A community group is concerned about a proposed development project in their area. They have the right to attend public hearings where officials discuss the project, ensuring they can gather information and voice their opinions. 3. Transparency in Legislation: When a new law is being considered, citizens have the right to access drafts, reports, and discussions surrounding the legislation. This enables informed public participation in the legislative process. 4. Judicial Proceedings: Individuals have the right to access court records and proceedings, allowing them to stay informed about legal cases that may affect them or their community. 5. Government Accountability: Journalists and citizens can request information from government agencies to investigate issues of public interest, such as corruption or mismanagement, fostering transparency and accountability. This section ensures that citizens can obtain information about government activities and decisions, promoting transparency, accountability, and informed participation in governance. SECTION 8. RIGHT TO FORM ASSOCIATIONS The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. Example of the Right to Form Associations: 1. Labor Unions: Workers in a factory have the right to organize and form a labor union to advocate for better wages, working conditions, and benefits. This union can negotiate collective bargaining agreements with their employer on behalf of the workers. 2. Professional Associations: Doctors, teachers, and other professionals can form associations to promote their interests, provide continuing education, and establish ethical standards within their professions. For example, a group of educators may form a teachers' association to address educational policies and advocate for reforms. 3. Community Organizations: Residents of a neighborhood can form a community association to address local issues, such as crime prevention, beautification projects, or community development initiatives. This allows them to collectively advocate for their needs and interests. 4. Political Organizations: Individuals can form political parties or groups to promote specific political ideologies, platforms, or candidates. This is essential for democratic participation and allows citizens to engage in the political process actively.  5. Advocacy Groups: People can come together to form advocacy groups focusing on social issues, such as environmental protection, human rights, or women's rights. These groups can work to raise awareness, lobby for legislative changes, and mobilize public support for their causes. This section protects the rights of individuals to associate freely and form groups for various lawful purposes, fostering collective action and participation in social, economic, and political spheres. SECTION 9. RIGHT TO JUST COMPENSATION Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. INHERENT POWER OF THE STATE: ❖ POLICE POWER - Is the capacity of the states to regulate behavior and enforce order within their territory for the betterment of the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of their inhabitants. LEGAL BASIS: In the Philippines, police power is exercised by both national and local government units, with constitutional provisions and statutes guiding its implementation. PURPOSE: PUBLIC HEALTH: To address and prevent health crises, such as controlling the spread of infectious diseases and regulating sanitation standards. PUBLIC SAFETY: To ensure the safety of citizens by enforcing laws related to crime prevention, traffic regulations, and emergency response. PUBLIC MORALS: To regulate conduct that affects community standards and morals, such as zoning laws, alcohol consumption, and gambling restrictions. PUBLIC WELFARE: To promote the general welfare of the community through regulations that impact economic and social conditions, such as labor laws, environmental regulations, and consumer protection. SCOPE: REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT: Police power allows the government to create laws and regulations, conduct inspections, and enforce compliance through penalties or legal action. LOCAL AND STATE JURISDICTIONS: Police power is exercised by various levels of government, including local, state, and federal authorities, depending on the scope and impact of the regulations. LIMITATIONS AND PROTECTIONS: CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS: Police power is subject to constitutional limits and protections. For instance, regulations must not violate fundamental rights or freedoms guaranteed by the constitution. DUE PROCESS: Government actions under police power must adhere to principles of due process, ensuring fairness and legal procedures in enforcement actions. REASONABLENESS: Regulations must be reasonable and not overly broad, ensuring they effectively address legitimate public interests without unnecessarily infringing on individual rights. EXAMPLES OF POLICE POWER IN ACTION: PUBLIC HEALTH REGULATIONS: Mandating vaccinations, regulating food safety standards, and controlling quarantine measures during an outbreak. TRAFFIC LAWS: Establishing speed limits, driving under the influence regulations, and vehicle registration requirements. ZONING AND LAND USE: Enforcing land use regulations, zoning laws, and building codes to control development and maintain community standards. CONSUMER PROTECTION: Regulating product safety, advertising practices, and financial transactions to protect consumers from fraud and harm. POLICE POWER allows the government to regulate various aspects of society to ensure public welfare and order. It is a crucial aspect of governance that impacts health, safety, morals, and general welfare. While it is broad in scope, it is also subject to constitutional and legal limitations to protect individual rights and ensure fair and reasonable regulations. ❖ POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN - Is the power or authority of the government to seize any private property as long as it will be for public use and the owner be given the just compensation. LEGAL BASIS: In the Philippines, Article III, Section 9 of the 1987 Constitution provides that private property cannot be taken for public use without just compensation. TYPES OF USES: PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE: Roads, bridges, schools, hospitals. UTILITIES: Water supply systems, electricity grids, telecommunications. PUBLIC PROJECTS: Parks, recreational facilities, public housing. LEGAL PROTECTIONS AND CHALLENGES: FAIR COMPENSATION: Property owners have the right to receive compensation that reflects the fair market value of the property taken. LEGAL RECOURSE: Property owners can challenge the taking or the compensation amount through legal proceedings. PUBLIC USE: Challenges can also be made regarding whether the use for which the property is taken truly serves a public purpose. EXAMPLES OF EMINENT DOMAIN IN ACTION URBAN DEVELOPMENT: A city government taking private land to build a new public park or redevelopment project. INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS: A state government acquiring land to expand a highway or build a new bridge. UTILITY EXPANSION: A utility company using eminent domain to install new power lines or pipelines across private property. Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, ensuring that necessary public projects and infrastructure can be developed. While it is a powerful tool for advancing public welfare, it also comes with the requirement to provide fair compensation to property owners and the potential for legal challenges if the process or compensation is contested.  ❖ Power of Taxation - Is the authority of the government to impose a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a tax payer (an individual or other legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures. LEGAL BASIS: In the Philippines, the power of taxation is provided for under the 1987 Constitution, which outlines the authority and limitations of taxation. SCOPE: DIRECT TAXES: Taxes levied directly on individuals or entities, such as income tax, corporate tax, and property tax. INDIRECT TAXES: Taxes imposed on goods and services, such as sales tax, value- added tax (VAT), and excise duties. CUSTOMS DUTIES: Taxes on imported and exported goods. PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION: EQUITY: Taxes should be fair and based on the taxpayer's ability to pay. This includes principles of horizontal equity (taxpayers with similar income should pay similar taxes) and vertical equity (taxpayers with different incomes should pay taxes proportional to their ability to pay). CERTAINTY: Tax laws and obligations should be clear and certain, allowing taxpayers to understand their responsibilities and obligations. CONVENIENCE: The tax system should be convenient for both taxpayers and the government, ensuring ease of payment and collection. ECONOMY: The cost of collecting taxes should not exceed the revenue generated. The tax system should be efficient in terms of administration and compliance. TAXATION AUTHORITY: Central Government: The national government typically has the authority to levy taxes such as income tax, corporate tax, and customs duties. State/Provincial Government: State or provincial governments may have the authority to levy taxes such as sales tax, property tax, and certain local taxes. Local Government: Municipalities and local governments may impose taxes for local services, including property taxes and local business taxes. EXAMPLES OF TAXES: Income Tax: Tax on an individual’s or entity’s earnings, including wages, salaries, and profits. Corporate Tax: Tax on the profits of corporations and businesses. Sales Tax: Tax on the sale of goods and services. Property Tax: Tax on the value of real estate property. Value-Added Tax (VAT): Tax added at each stage of production or distribution of goods and services. Excise Duty: Tax on specific goods such as tobacco, alcohol, and fuel. The power of taxation is a critical function of government that enables it to collect revenue for public expenditure and services. It is exercised through various forms of taxes and is governed by constitutional and legal principles to ensure fairness, efficiency, and effectiveness. This power is distinct from eminent domain and police power, each of which serves different functions in government. SECTION 10. No law impairing the obligations of contracts shall be passed. Program: ❖ BREACH OF CONTRACT - An offence that can be filed for not following the provisions of a contract SECTION 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. Program: ❖ PUBLIC ATTORNEY’S OFFICE (PAO) SECTION 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right and to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. PROGRAM: ❖ MIRANDA RIGHTS- which is based on the Miranda doctrine requires that: (a) any person under custodial investigation has the right to remain silent; (b) anything he says can and will be used against him in a court of law; (c) he has the right to talk to an attorney before being questioned and to have his counsel present when being questioned; and (d) if he cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided before any questioning if he so desires. (2) No torture, force, violent, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. (3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. (4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families. SECTION 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required. ❖ MEANING OF BAIL- The security required by a court and given for the provisional or temporary release of a person who is in the custody of the law conditioned upon his appearance before any court as required under the conditions specified. SECTION 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. (2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved. And shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear unjustifiable. SECTION 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it. ❖ WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS - (medieval Latin meaning literally “that you have the body”) rights intended for the protection of a person accused any crime, like the right of presumption of innocence, the right to a speedy, impartial and public trial and the right against cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment. It is a demands that a prisoner be taken before the court, and the custodian present proof of authority, allowing the court to determine whether the custodian has a lawful authority to detain a prisoner. If the custodian is acting beyond his or her authority, then the prisoner must be released. Any prisoner, or another person acting on his or her behalf, may petition the court, or a judge, for a writ of habeas corpus. ❖ WRIT OF HABEAS DATA - is a writ and constitutional remedy available in certain nations. The literal translation from Latin of habeas data is “[we command] you have the data”. The remedy varies from country to country, but in general, it is designed to protect, by means of an individual complaint presented to a constitutional court, the data, image privacy, honour, information, self- determination and freedom of information of a person. Habeas data can be sought by any citizen against any manual or automated data register to find out what information is held about his or her person. That person can request the rectification, actualization or even the destruction of the personal data held. ❖ WRIT OF AMPARO - In the same way that habeas corpus guarantees physical freedom, and the “habeas data” protects the right of maintaining the integrity of one’s personal information, the amparo protects other basic rights. It may therefore be invoked by any person who believes that any of his rights, implicitly or explicitly protected by the constitution, another law (or by applicable international treaties), is being violated. ❖ WRIT OF MANDAMUS - (“We command”) is a judicial remedy in the form of an order from a superior court, to any government subordinate court, corporation, or public authority, to do (or forbear from doing) some specific act which that body is obliged under law to do (or refrain from doing), and which is in nature of public duty, and in certain cases one of a statutory duty. It cannot be issued to compel an authority to do something against statutory provision. ❖ WRIT OF KALIKASAN - Is a legal remedy under Philippine law that provides protection of one’s Constitutional right to a healthy environment, as outlined in Section 16, Article II of the Philippine Constitution, which says the “state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful  ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.” “Kalikasan” is a Filipino word for “nature”. SECTION 16. RIGHT TO A SPEEDY DISPOSITION OF CASES All persons shall have the right to have a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi- judicial, or administrative bodies. Example of Section 16: Right to a Speedy Disposition of Cases 1. Criminal Trials: If a person is charged with a crime, they have the right to a prompt trial. For instance, if someone is detained for theft, the court must ensure that their trial occurs within a reasonable timeframe to prevent prolonged detention without resolution. 2. Civil Cases: In a civil dispute, such as a property claim, both parties have the right to have their case heard and resolved quickly. Delays in scheduling hearings or making rulings could violate this right, allowing parties to seek remedies for unnecessary postponements. 3. Administrative Proceedings: If a teacher faces administrative charges for misconduct, the case must be processed efficiently. The educational institution must conduct the investigation and hearings promptly to ensure the teacher’s rights are upheld and the case is resolved swiftly. 4. Appeals Process: Individuals appealing a decision made by a lower court or an administrative body also have the right to have their appeal heard without undue delay. For example, a business owner appealing a tax assessment should receive a timely resolution to avoid prolonged uncertainty. 5. Remedies for Delays: If an individual believes their case is not being handled expeditiously, they can file a motion to compel action or seek a writ of mandamus to compel the court or agency to resolve the matter promptly. This section ensures that individuals are not subjected to unnecessary delays in legal proceedings, promoting efficiency in the justice system and safeguarding their rights to timely resolutions of their cases. SECTION 17. RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Example of Section 17: Right Against Self-Incrimination 1. Right to Remain Silent: If a person is accused of a crime, they have the right to remain silent during police interrogations. For example, if a suspect is being questioned about a robbery, they cannot be forced to answer questions that may incriminate them. 2. Legal Representation: During a trial, a defendant cannot be forced to testify against themselves. They can choose to have an attorney present to ensure their rights are protected. If a defendant decides not to take the stand, the court cannot draw negative inferences from their silence. 3. Inadmissibility of Coerced Confessions: If law enforcement pressures or coerces a suspect into confessing to a crime, that confession cannot be used as evidence in court. For instance, if a suspect is threatened or tortured into admitting guilt, that statement is inadmissible because it violates their right against self-incrimination. 4. Testifying in Court: If a witness is called to testify in court and their testimony may implicate them in a crime, they have the right to invoke their Fifth Amendment rights (in jurisdictions where this applies) or similar protections to avoid self-incrimination. They can refuse to answer questions that may incriminate them.  5. Protecting Against Forced Statements: In cases where individuals are subpoenaed to testify in matters that could lead to self-incrimination, they can invoke their right not to testify or provide information that may harm their legal interests. This section protects individuals from being forced to provide testimony or evidence that could be used against them in criminal proceedings, upholding the principle of fair trial and justice. SECTION 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspiration. (2) No involuntary servitude in any from shall exist except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall be duly convicted. Examples of Section 18: (1) No Detention for Political Beliefs: 1. Political Activism: An individual participates in protests advocating for political reform. If the government detains them solely because of their participation in these activities or their political beliefs, it would violate this section of the Constitution. 2. Opposition Leaders: A leader of an opposition party who is critical of the government should not be arrested or detained solely for expressing their political views. If they are detained without any other legal justification, it would be considered unlawful. 3. Freedom of Speech: A journalist writing articles critical of the government should not face detention solely based on their writings or political views. Detaining them for their opinion would violate their rights under this section. (2) No Involuntary Servitude: 1. Forced Labor: An individual cannot be forced to work without pay or under coercive conditions, except if they have been duly convicted of a crime. For example, if a person is detained for their political beliefs and then forced to perform labor for the government, this would violate their rights. 2. Punishment for Crime: If a person is convicted of theft and sentenced to community service, this is lawful as it is a punishment for a crime. However, any form of labor that is involuntary and not part of a legal penalty would be considered involuntary servitude. 3. Child Labor: If children are forced to work in hazardous conditions without consent, it would violate their rights under this section. Only those who are legally convicted can be subjected to involuntary servitude as part of their sentence. This section protects individuals from being detained for their political beliefs and ensures that no one can be subjected to forced labor except as a lawful consequence of a criminal conviction. SECTION 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua. (2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law. Examples of Section 19: (1) Prohibition of Excessive Fines and Cruel Punishments:  1. Excessive Fines: If a court imposes a fine that is disproportionately high compared to the offense committed, such as charging a person $100,000 for a minor traffic violation, it would violate this section. Fines should be proportional to the crime. 2. Cruel Punishments: Inflicting torture or severe physical harm on a convict as a form of punishment (such as whipping or other forms of corporal punishment) is considered cruel and inhuman and would be prohibited under this section. 3. Death Penalty: If Congress passes a law allowing the death penalty for certain heinous crimes, it must be based on compelling reasons. For instance, if a person is convicted of a particularly brutal murder, the law may allow for the death penalty, but previously imposed death penalties must be commuted to reclusion perpetua (life imprisonment) if this law is enacted. (2) Treatment of Prisoners and Detainees: 1. Prohibition of Degrading Treatment: If prisoners are subjected to psychological abuse, such as threats or isolation as a form of punishment, it would be a violation of their rights. Prisoners must be treated with dignity and respect. 2. Substandard Penal Facilities: If a prison lacks basic sanitation, adequate food, or healthcare, and conditions are deemed inhumane or subhuman, this would be addressed by law to ensure that prisoners are held in humane conditions. 3. Legal Accountability: If a report surfaces about the torture or mistreatment of detainees in police custody, the law mandates that these issues be investigated and those responsible held accountable. This section aims to protect individuals from excessive punitive measures, ensure humane treatment of prisoners, and uphold the principle of human dignity within the justice system. SECTION 20. PROHIBITION AGAINST IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. Example of Section 20: Prohibition Against Imprisonment for Debt 1. Imprisonment for Debt: If an individual fails to pay a loan or credit card debt, they cannot be arrested or imprisoned solely for that failure to pay. For example, a person who cannot repay a personal loan cannot be jailed simply because they are in debt. 2. Poll Tax: If a voter does not pay the poll tax required to exercise their right to vote, they cannot be imprisoned for this non-payment. This means that failure to pay the tax should not lead to criminal charges or imprisonment. 3. Civil Cases vs. Criminal Cases: While a creditor may pursue legal remedies in civil court to recover debts (like wage garnishment or property liens), they cannot seek imprisonment as a form of punishment. This separation ensures that individuals are not penalized with imprisonment for financial obligations. 4. Consumer Protection: A debtor facing collection efforts from creditors cannot be threatened with imprisonment for failing to settle a debt, as this practice would violate their rights under this section. 5. Legal Framework: If a law were to allow imprisonment for debt, such a law would be unconstitutional under this provision. Courts would have the authority to declare any such law void. This section underscores the principle that individuals should not face imprisonment for failing to fulfill financial obligations, promoting fairness and protecting citizens from unjust punishment related to debts. SECTION 21. Protection Against Double Jeopardy No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act. ❖ DOUBLE JEOPARDY- is a procedural defense that prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same (similar) charges and on the same facts, following a valid acquittal or conviction. Example of Section 21: Protection Against Double Jeopardy 1. Prosecution After Acquittal: If a person is tried for theft and acquitted by the court (found not guilty), they cannot be charged again for the same theft incident. Even if new evidence emerges later, the acquittal bars another trial for the same offense. 2. Prosecution After Conviction: If a person is convicted of a crime, such as assault, and has served their sentence, they cannot be prosecuted again for the same offense in the future. Their conviction closes the case, preventing them from being punished twice for the same act. 3. Law vs. Ordinance: If a person is charged with violating both a national law and a local ordinance for the same act (e.g., noise pollution), their conviction or acquittal under one (either the national law or the local ordinance) will prevent them from being prosecuted again under the other. Once the case is decided, further prosecution for the same act is prohibited. 4. Dismissal on Merits: If a case is dismissed after the trial starts, based on the merits of the case (not due to technicalities), it counts as jeopardy. The individual cannot be charged again for the same offense. 5. Exception to Double Jeopardy: If a case is dismissed before the trial even begins or if the dismissal is based on a procedural error, this may not count as double jeopardy, and the case could be reopened. This section protects individuals from being subjected to multiple trials or punishments for the same offense, ensuring fairness and finality in the justice system. SECTION 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. ❖ BILL OF ATTAINDER- is an act of a legislature declaring a person or a group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without trial. ❖ EX POST FACTO LAW- is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed or relationship that exited, before enactment of the law. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED 1. The right to adequate legal assistance 2. The right, when under investigation for the commission of an offense, to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have counsel 3. The right against the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or any other means which vitiates the free will 4. The right against being held in secret, incommunicado, or similar forms of solitary detention 5. The right to bail against excessive bail 6. The right to due process of law 7. The right to presumption of innocence 8. The right to be held himself and counsel 9. The right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusation against him 10. The right to have speedy, impartial and public trial (Section 16) 11. The right to meet the witnesses face to face 12. The right to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf 13. The right against self-incrimination (Section 17) 14. The right against detention by reasons of political beliefs and aspirations (Section 18) 15. The right against excessive fines (Section 19) 16. The right against cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment (Section 19) 17. The right against infliction of the death penalty except for heinous crimes (Section 19) 18. The right against double jeopardy (Section 21) DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FILIPINO CITIZEN As outlined in the 1987 Philippine Constitution and related laws, Filipino citizens have several duties and responsibilities that ensure the well-being of the country and its people. These obligations reflect the idea that while the state guarantees certain rights, citizens must actively contribute to the nation's progress and stability. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FILIPINO CITIZEN 1. OBEY THE LAW - Every Filipino is expected to respect and follow the laws of the land, including local ordinances and national statutes. This duty ensures peace and order in society and promotes justice. 2. DEFEND THE COUNTRY - Article II, Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution states that the "prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people." As part of this, citizens are required to defend the country, especially in times of war or national emergency, and to contribute to national defense. This includes undergoing training or serving in the military if needed. 3. RESPECT THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS - Citizens must respect the rights and freedoms of others, including their fellow citizens' civil liberties and private property. This duty is essential for maintaining harmony in society. 4. PAY TAXES - Contributing to the country’s development by paying taxes is a fundamental responsibility of every Filipino citizen. Taxes fund essential services such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and public safety. 5. VOTE - Participation in elections is both a right and a responsibility. Filipino citizens have the duty to vote and actively participate in democratic processes to elect responsible leaders and hold public officials accountable. 6. CONTRIBUTE TO THE COMMON GOOD - Citizens are expected to promote the common good by participating in community activities, volunteering for social causes, and supporting initiatives that benefit society as a whole. This includes helping the underprivileged and contributing to environmental sustainability. 7. PRACTICE SOLIDARITY - Filipinos are encouraged to show solidarity with fellow citizens by upholding the values of unity, cooperation, and mutual aid, especially in times of crisis. 8. BE INFORMED AND STAY EDUCATED - Citizens should stay informed about national issues and engage in continuous learning. This involves being knowledgeable about the Constitution, laws, and government policies, as well as keeping abreast of current events and civic concerns. 9. PARTICIPATE IN CIVIC AFFAIRS - Active involvement in civic life is crucial to a functioning democracy. Citizens should take part in public discussions, join community organizations, and participate in initiatives that address national or local issues. 10. PROMOTE SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS - Filipinos have the duty to promote and defend social justice, as well as the human rights of others. This responsibility helps create a fair and equitable society where everyone's rights are protected. 11. HELP MAINTAIN PEACE AND ORDER - Citizens must contribute to maintaining peace and order by respecting laws, reporting crimes, and avoiding actions that may cause harm or disruption in the community. 12. PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT - The Constitution recognizes the importance of safeguarding the environment for future generations. Citizens are responsible for protecting natural resources, reducing pollution, and promoting sustainable practices to preserve the country’s ecological balance. 13. STRENGTHEN THE FAMILY - As the basic unit of society, the family plays a crucial role in nation-building. Filipino citizens have the duty to strengthen family ties, promote family welfare, and support each family member's growth and well-being. By fulfilling these duties and responsibilities, Filipino citizens contribute to building a just, peaceful, and progressive nation while ensuring that democracy thrives in the Philippines. UNITED NATIONS PRINCIPLES ON HUMAN RIGHTS The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded on October 24, 1945, after World War II, to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. It was established to prevent future conflicts and encourage international collaboration on various global issues such as human rights, development, humanitarian aid, and international law. Today, the UN includes 193 member states and operates as the central forum for addressing issues that transcend national borders. KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE UNITED NATIONS The main purposes of the UN, as outlined in its Charter, are: 1. MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY - The UN seeks to prevent conflicts through diplomacy, mediation, peacekeeping missions, and, when necessary, collective security actions. 2. PROMOTE FRIENDLY RELATIONS AMONG NATIONS - The UN encourages cooperation and understanding between nations, based on equal rights and the self-determination of peoples. 3. UPHOLD HUMAN RIGHTS - The UN works to promote and protect human rights for all individuals through international law and various treaties and conventions. 4. FACILITATE INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT - The organization coordinates efforts to improve global living standards, promote sustainable development, address climate change, eradicate poverty, and tackle health crises. 5. PROVIDE A PLATFORM FOR DIALOGUE - The UN offers a forum where member states can discuss and negotiate solutions to international problems in a peaceful manner. MAIN ORGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS The UN is composed of six main organs, each with distinct functions: 1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY - The General Assembly is the main deliberative body, where all 193 member states are represented. It discusses and makes recommendations on international issues covered by the UN Charter, including peace, security, development, and human rights. 2. SECURITY COUNCIL - The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It can authorize peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions, and approve military action. The Council has 15 members, with five permanent members (the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, and France) who have veto power. 3. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ)  - Located in The Hague, Netherlands, the ICJ settles legal disputes between states and provides advisory opinions on international legal issues. It is the principal judicial organ of the UN. 4. SECRETARIAT - The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the UN, under the leadership of the Secretary- General. It handles administration, policy implementation, and peacekeeping operations. The current Secretary-General (as of 2024) is António Guterres. 5. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC) - ECOSOC promotes international economic and social cooperation and development. It coordinates the work of specialized agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). 6. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL - Originally established to oversee the administration of trust territories and guide them toward self-government, the Trusteeship Council has suspended its operations since most territories have gained independence. SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND PROGRAMS The UN oversees a range of specialized agencies and programs that address specific global issues: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) – Addresses international public health concerns and coordinates responses to health crises. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) – Promotes education, science, and cultural development. UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND (UNICEF) – Provides humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide. WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME (WFP) – Fights global hunger by providing food aid and promoting food security. UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) – Protects refugees and assists in their resettlement and return. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) AND WORLD BANK – Provide financial support and advice to promote global economic stability and development. PEACEKEEPING AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION The UN is known for its peacekeeping missions, where troops from member nations are deployed to conflict areas to help maintain peace and security. These operations aim to prevent the resurgence of hostilities and assist in political transitions and rebuilding efforts. The UN also supports peace through **mediation and negotiation**, working with governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other international actors to resolve disputes and promote reconciliation. PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS The UN plays a leading role in the protection and promotion of human rights. Its Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted in 1948, sets out the fundamental rights and freedoms that all individuals are entitled to. The Human Rights Council monitors human rights violations and makes recommendations for corrective actions. Various UN treaties and conventions, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, further elaborate on specific human rights standards. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) In 2015, the UN adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a set of 17 goals to be achieved by 2030. These goals aim to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, and peace. KEY GOALS INCLUDE: - Eradicating poverty and hunger - Achieving gender equality - Ensuring access to quality education and healthcare - Promoting economic growth and decent work - Combating climate change and conserving natural resources 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations in 2015, form part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. These goals aim to address pressing global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental sustainability. The SDGs are designed to promote peace, prosperity, and environmental protection for all countries, rich or poor. HERE IS A LIST OF THE 17 SDGS: 1. NO POVERTY - Goal: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. - Focus: Eradicate extreme poverty, ensure access to social protections, and increase economic opportunities for all. 2. ZERO HUNGER - Goal: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. - Focus: Ensure that everyone has access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food all year round. 3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING - Goal: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. - Focus: Achieve universal health coverage, improve maternal and child health, and combat diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. 4. QUALITY EDUCATION - Goal: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. - Focus: Provide free, equitable, and quality primary and secondary education for all children, and improve access to vocational and higher education. 5. GENDER EQUALITY - Goal: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. - Focus: Eliminate discrimination, violence, and harmful practices against women and girls and ensure equal opportunities in leadership and decision-making. 6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION - Goal: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. - Focus: Provide access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene, and reduce pollution of water sources. 7. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY - Goal: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. - Focus: Increase the share of renewable energy and improve energy efficiency worldwide. 8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH - Goal: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. - Focus: Reduce unemployment, especially for youth, and ensure safe and fair working conditions. 9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE - Goal: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation. - Focus: Develop quality, reliable, and sustainable infrastructure and support research and innovation, especially in developing countries. 10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES - Goal: Reduce inequality within and among countries. - Focus: Promote economic inclusion, reduce income inequality, and ensure equal opportunities regardless of age, gender, disability, or economic status. 11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES - Goal: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. - Focus: Improve access to affordable housing and public services, and reduce the environmental impact of cities, particularly air quality and waste management. 12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION - Goal: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. - Focus: Promote resource efficiency, reduce waste, and encourage sustainable practices in industries and households. 13. CLIMATE ACTION - Goal Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. - Focus: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, strengthen resilience to climate-related hazards, and integrate climate measures into national policies. 14. LIFE BELOW WATER - Goal: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. - Focus: Reduce marine pollution, protect marine ecosystems, and regulate fishing to prevent overfishing. 15. LIFE ON LAND - Goal: Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, manage forests sustainably, combat desertification, and halt biodiversity loss.  - Focus: Protect natural habitats, reverse deforestation, and prevent the extinction of endangered species. 16. PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS - Goal: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions. - Focus: Reduce violence, ensure equal access to justice, and build transparent, accountable institutions. 17. PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS - Goal: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. - Focus: Enhance global partnerships for development through financial resources, technology, and capacity-building to achieve the SDGs. These 17 SDG provide a comprehensive and universal framework for addressing the world's most significant challenges, and they emphasize the need for collaboration between governments, the private sector, and civil society. The ultimate goal is to create a sustainable and equitable future for all by 2030. CHALLENGES AND CRITICISMS While the UN has made significant strides in promoting peace, development, and human rights, it also faces challenges: - Inefficiency and Bureaucracy: The UN has been criticized for slow decision-making processes and bureaucratic inefficiencies. - Veto Power in the Security Council: The veto power held by the five permanent members of the Security Council can sometimes prevent decisive action, particularly when their interests are involved. - Funding Issues: The UN relies on contributions from member states, and financial shortfalls can limit its ability to respond to global crises effectively. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS The UN remains the central platform for international diplomacy and cooperation. It plays a critical role in shaping global policies, addressing humanitarian crises, and fostering a more peaceful and equitable world. By bringing together nations to solve common problems, the UN continues to strive toward its founding mission of maintaining peace, promoting human rights, and improving living standards globally. MEMBER STATES IN THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) As of 2024, there are 193 member states in the United Nations (UN). Below is the list of UN member countries, grouped by region: AFRICA (54 MEMBER STATES) 1. Algeria 6. Burundi 11. Comoros 2. Angola 7. Cabo Verde 12. Democratic Republic of 3. Benin 8. Cameroon the Congo 4. Botswana 9. Central African Republic 13. Republic of the Congo 5. Burkina Faso 10. Chad 14. Djibouti 15. Egypt 29. Libya 43. Seychelles 16. Equatorial Guinea 30. Madagascar 44. Sierra Leone 17. Eritrea 31. Malawi 45. Somalia 18. Eswatini 32. Mali 46. South Africa 19. Ethiopia 33. Mauritania 47. South Sudan 20. Gabon 34. Mauritius 48. Sudan 21. The Gambia 35. Morocco 49. Tanzania 22. Ghana 36. Mozambique 50. Togo 23. Guinea 37. Namibia 51. Tunisia 24. Guinea-Bissau 38. Niger 52. Uganda 25. Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 39. Nigeria 53. Zambia 26. Kenya 40. Rwanda 54. Zimbabwe 27. Lesotho 41. São Tomé and Príncipe 28. Liberia 42. Senegal ASIA-PACIFIC (53 MEMBER STATES) 1. Afghanistan 28. Myanmar 2. Bahrain 29. Nauru 3. Bangladesh 30. Nepal 4. Bhutan 31. New Zealand 5. Brunei 32. Oman 6. Cambodia 33. Pakistan 7. China 34. Palau 8. Cyprus 35. Papua New Guinea 9. Democratic People's Republic of Korea 36. Philippines (North Korea) 37. Qatar 10. Fiji 38. Republic of Korea (South Korea) 11. India 39. Samoa 12. Indonesia 40. Saudi Arabia 13. Iran 41. Singapore 14. Iraq 42. Solomon Islands 15. Israel 43. Sri Lanka 16. Japan 44. Syria 17. Jordan 45. Tajikistan 18. Kazakhstan 46. Thailand 19. Kuwait 47. Timor-Leste 20. Kyrgyzstan 48. Tonga 21. Lao People’s Democratic Republic 49. Turkmenistan 22. Lebanon 50. Tuvalu 23. Malaysia 51. United Arab Emirates 24. Maldives 52. Uzbekistan 25. Marshall Islands 53. Vanuatu 26. Micronesia (Federated States of) 54. Vietnam 27. Mongolia EUROPE (44 MEMBER STATES) 1. Albania 6. Belarus 11. Cyprus 2. Andorra 7. Belgium 12. Czech Republic 3. Armenia 8. Bosnia and Herzegovina 13. Denmark 4. Austria 9. Bulgaria 14. Estonia 5. Azerbaijan 10. Croatia 15. Finland 16. France 27. Luxembourg 38. Russia 17. Georgia 28. Malta 39. San Marino 18. Germany 29. Moldova 40. Serbia 19. Greece 30. Monaco 41. Slovakia 20. Hungary 31. Montenegro 42. Slovenia 21. Iceland 32. Netherlands 43. Spain 22. Ireland 33. North Macedonia 44. Sweden 23. Italy 34. Norway 45. Switzerland 24. Latvia 35. Poland 46. Ukraine 25. Liechtenstein 36. Portugal 47. United Kingdom 26. Lithuania 37. Romania AMERICAS (35 MEMBER STATES) 1. Antigua and Barbuda 13. Dominica 25. Panama 2. Argentina 14. Dominican Republic 26. Paraguay 3. Bahamas 15. Ecuador 27. Peru 4. Barbados 16. El Salvador 28. Saint Kitts and Nevis 5. Belize 17. Grenada 29. Saint Lucia 6. Bolivia 18. Guatemala 30. Saint Vincent and the 7. Brazil 19. Guyana Grenadines 8. Canada 20. Haiti 31. Suriname 9. Chile 21. Honduras 32. Trinidad and Tobago 10. Colombia 22. Jamaica 33. United States 11. Costa Rica 23. Mexico 34. Uruguay 12. Cuba 24. Nicaragua 35. Venezuela MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (13 MEMBER STATES) 1. Algeria 10. Libya 2. Bahrain 11. Morocco 3. Egypt 12. Oman 4. Iran 13. Qatar 5. Iraq 14. Saudi Arabia 6. Israel 15. Syria 7. Jordan 16. Tunisia 8. Kuwait 17. United Arab Emirates 9. Lebanon 18. Yemen OCEANIA (14 MEMBER STATES) 1. Australia 8. Palau 2. Fiji 9. Papua New Guinea 3. Kiribati 10. Samoa 4. Marshall Islands 11. Solomon Islands 5. Micronesia 12. Tonga 6. Nauru 13. Tuvalu 7. New Zealand 14. Vanuatu NON-MEMBER OBSERVER STATES - Holy See (Vatican City) - Palestine  The UN includes almost every sovereign nation in the world, serving as a platform for diplomacy, international collaboration, and addressing global issues like peace, security, human rights, and development. UNITED NATIONS PRINCIPLES ON HUMAN RIGHTS The United Nations Principles on Human Rights are primarily enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. These principles lay the foundation for international human rights law and emphasize the inherent dignity and equal rights of all human beings. The UN has since expanded its human rights framework through various conventions, treaties, and declarations. KEY PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACCORDING TO THE UNITED NATIONS 1. UNIVERSALITY AND INALIENABILITY - Human rights are universal, meaning they apply to every person, everywhere, without exception. They are also inalienable, meaning they cannot be taken away or forfeited, except in specific situations prescribed by law (e.g., restrictions on freedom of movement during lawful detention). 2. EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION - All individuals are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection under it, regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, political opinion, nationality, social origin, property, birth, or other status. Discrimination is explicitly prohibited in all its forms. 3. INDIVISIBILITY AND INTERDEPENDENCE - Human rights are indivisible and interdependent, meaning civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights are interconnected. Denial of one right often impairs the enjoyment of others. For example, without the right to education, economic rights can be severely limited. 4. RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY, AND SECURITY - Every individual has the inherent right to life, liberty, and personal security. This principle prohibits arbitrary arrests, detention, or exile, and protects against torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. 5. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND OPINION - The right to freedom of opinion and expression includes the freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media, regardless of frontiers. 6. RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL - Every person is entitled to fair and public hearings by an impartial tribunal in the determination of their rights, responsibilities, and criminal charges against them. This includes the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty. 7. RIGHT TO WORK AND SOCIAL SECURITY - Every individual has the right to work, to freely choose employment, and to just and favorable conditions of work, including equal pay for equal work. Additionally, everyone has the right to **social security in cases of unemployment, illness, disability, or old age. 8. RIGHT TO EDUCATION  - The right to education is guaranteed for all, with primary education being free and compulsory. Higher education must be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. Education should promote the full development of the human personality and respect for human rights. 9. RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNMENT - Every person has the right to take part in the government of their country, either directly or through freely chosen representatives. This includes the right to vote in periodic and genuine elections, which should be by universal and equal suffrage. 10. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION - The right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion is protected. This includes the freedom to change one’s religion or belief, and to manifest one’s religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance, either alone or in community with others. 11. RIGHT TO ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING - Every individual has the right to an adequate standard of living, which includes access to food, clothing, housing, healthcare, and necessary social services. This principle is essential for the promotion of dignity and the fulfillment of other human rights. 12. RIGHT TO PRIVACY - Everyone has the right to privacy, including protection from arbitrary interference with one’s family, home, or correspondence. This right ensures respect for personal autonomy and security in both private and public life. 13. PROHIBITION OF SLAVERY AND SERVITUDE - Slavery and servitude in all forms are prohibited, and no one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labor. 14. PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS - The UN also emphasizes the protection of vulnerable groups, including children, women, refugees, persons with disabilities, and indigenous peoples. Specific treaties, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, elaborate on the rights and protections for these groups. 15. RIGHT TO ASYLUM - Individuals have the right to seek asylum in other countries to escape persecution, particularly in cases of political oppression, war, or violation of their fundamental rights. KEY UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) – The foundational document outlining basic human rights. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) – Enforces civil and political rights. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (1966) – Focuses on economic, social, and cultural rights. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979) – Promotes women’s rights. Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) – Protects children’s rights. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006)  – Safeguards the rights of people with disabilities. PRINCIPLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY The UN emphasizes that states are responsible for upholding human rights within their jurisdiction. When violations occur, there must be mechanisms for accountability, redress, and justice for victims. International bodies like the UN Human Rights Council and the International Criminal Court (ICC) are designed to address severe human rights violations globally. These principles establish the moral and legal standards that underpin the protection of human dignity, promoting peace, freedom, and equality across all nations. FLAG HERALDIC CODE OF THE PHILIPPPINES (8491, s. 1998) The Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, officially known as Republic Act No. 8491, was signed into law on February 12, 1998. This law prescribes the rules and regulations for the proper display, use, and respect for the Philippine national symbols, including the Philippine flag, the national anthem, and other heraldic items. It aims to instill respect and reverence for these symbols as representations of the country’s sovereignty, history, and national pride. KEY PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8491 1. THE PHILIPPINE FLAG - Design and Specifications: The law outlines the official design and proportions of the Philippine flag, which consists of: - A white equilateral triangle symbolizing liberty. - A blue field representing peace, truth, and justice. - A red field signifying patriotism and valor. - Inside the triangle is a golden sun with eight rays, symbolizing the first eight provinces that fought for independence (Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas). - There are three five-pointed stars, one at each vertex of the triangle, representing Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. DISPLAY OF THE FLAG: - The flag should be displayed horizontally, with the blue field on top in times of peace and the red field on top in times of war. - It must be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning, following specific protocols for national figures and important officials. PROHIBITED ACTS: - It is forbidden to use the flag as a drapping for objects, as a costume or uniform, or for advertisements. - It is illegal to add any marks or designs to the flag or to display it underneath other flags. - The flag should never touch the ground, be used as a curtain, or be part of any caricature or satirical play. 2. NATIONAL ANTHEM ("LUPANG HINIRANG") - Official Music and Lyrics: The Philippine national anthem, "Lupang Hinirang," must be played and sung in accordance with its original musical arrangement and lyrics in Filipino. SINGING PROTOCOL: - It should be sung during flag-raising and flag-lowering ceremonies. - Individuals must stand at attention, face the flag, and place their right hand over their chest as a sign of respect. - If no flag is displayed during the anthem, people should face the source of the music. PROHIBITED ACTS: - The anthem should not be played or sung for mere recreation or entertainment purposes. - Alterations to the music or lyrics are not allowed, nor should the anthem be performed in a jazzed-up or pop version. 3. THE GREAT SEAL AND OTHER HERALDIC ITEMS - National Coat of Arms: The law prescribes the specifications of the Philippine Coat of Arms, which should only be used for official government purposes and displayed in places of importance like government offices, courts, and embassies. - Motto: The national motto is "Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa" (God- loving, People-loving, Nature-loving, and Nation-loving). - Heraldic Items: The law also governs the use and display of other heraldic items like the national mott, seal, and colors, ensuring that they are used properly and respected in official capacities. 4. DAYS OF OBSERVANCE - National Flag Day: May 28 to June 12 is designated as “National Flag Days”, during which the Philippine flag should be displayed in all government offices, buildings, and official institutions. 5. PENALTIES - Violations of the Flag and Heraldic Code are punishable by law. Individuals who disrespect the flag or violate provisions concerning its use and display can face fines of up to P5,000 or imprisonment for up to one year, or both. IMPORTANCE OF THE FLAG AND HERALDIC CODE The “Flag and Heraldic Code” reflects the “Filipino people's reverence for their national symbols” and aims to instill in every Filipino the values of patriotism, unity, and respect for the country’s history. It establishes clear guidelines on how to handle the national symbols with dignity and respect, and its provisions serve as a reminder of the country's heritage and identity. GOOD CITIZENSHIP VALUES Good citizenship values are essential principles and moral guidelines that promote positive behavior, active participation, and responsibility in society. In the Philippines, the Department of Education and the Commission on Filipinos Overseas have promoted a set of Good Citizenship Values based on the Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. These values are rooted in the country’s cultural heritage, moral traditions, and the principles of democracy. HERE ARE THE KEY GOOD CITIZENSHIP VALUES: 1. FAITH IN GOD (MAKA-DIYOS) - Description: Having faith and trust in a higher being, whether through religious beliefs or spirituality. - Practice: Showing reverence through acts of prayer, worship, and moral living; respecting the beliefs of others. 2. UNITY (PAGKAKAISA) - Description: Promoting solidarity and working together to achieve common goals. - Practice: Encouraging cooperation and fostering a sense of community and national unity. 3. LOVE OF COUNTRY (PAGMAMAHAL SA BAYAN) - Description: Deep love and respect for one’s country, its people, and its culture. - Practice: Displaying patriotism by upholding national pride, participating in civic duties like voting, and being willing to serve the nation. 4. RESPECT FOR LIFE (PAGGALANG SA BUHAY) - Description: Recognizing the inherent dignity and value of every human life. - Practice: Protecting the rights and well-being of others, promoting peace, and opposing acts of violence or harm. 5. RESPECT FOR LAW AND GOVERNMENT (PAGGALANG SA BATAS AT PAMAHALAAN) - Description: Adhering to the laws and rules established by society and respecting government institutions. - Practice: Following laws, paying taxes, respecting authorities, and contributing to the development of a lawful and orderly society. 6. RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS (PAGGALANG SA KARAPATANG PANTAO) - Description: Upholding the rights and dignity of every individual, regardless of race, gender, religion, or social status. - Practice: Advocating for equality, treating others with fairness, and preventing discrimination or injustice. 7. PROMOTING THE COMMON GOOD (PAGSUSULONG NG KABUTIHANG PANLAHAT) - Description: Acting in ways that benefit the entire community and not just oneself. - Practice: Volunteering for community projects, helping others, and supporting initiatives that promote the welfare of society as a whole. 8. CONCERN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT (PANGANGALAGA SA KALIKASAN) - Description: Valuing and protecting the natural environment for future generations. - Practice: Participating in environmental conservation, reducing waste, planting trees, and supporting efforts to combat climate change. 9. WORK ETHIC (MASIPAG AT MAKATARUNGAN SA TRABAHO) - Description: Displaying a strong sense of responsibility and commitment to work. - Practice: Being diligent, productive, and fair in one’s profession or trade; upholding integrity and honesty in all work-related tasks. 10. CONCERN FOR THE FAMILY AND FUTURE GENERATIONS (PAG-AALAGA SA PAMILYA AT HINAHARAP NG KABATAAN) - Description: Recognizing the family as the basic unit of society and prioritizing its welfare. - Practice: Ensuring the well-being of one’s family, protecting children, and making decisions that positively affect future generations. KEY VALUES GROUPED INTO FOUR PILLARS: The Four Pillars of Good Citizenship Values further group these key values into themes: - MAKA-DIYOS (PRO-GOD): Faith in God, respect for life. - MAKATAO (PRO-PEOPLE): Love of neighbor, respect for human rights. - MAKAKALIKASAN (PRO-ENVIRONMENT): Concern for the environment. - MAKABANSA (PRO-COUNTRY): Love for country, respect for law and government, promoting the common good. These “Good Citizenship Values” encourage Filipinos to take part in the development and betterment of their communities, fostering a nation that is compassionate, just, and respectful of its people and environment. VOTER CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION Voter Citizenship Education is the process of informing and educating citizens about their rights, responsibilities, and the significance of participating in the electoral process. It emphasizes the role of every individual as an informed and responsible voter, promoting active citizenship and ensuring that elections are fair, free, and reflective of the people’s will. HERE ARE THE KEY COMPONENTS OF VOTER CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION: 1. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPORTANCE OF VOTING - PURPOSE: Voting is a fundamental right and a critical aspect of democracy. Through voting, citizens choose leaders, influence public policies, and shape the direction of the country. - PRACTICE: Educating citizens about how their vote directly impacts governance, policies on health, education, economy, environment, and justice. 2. VOTER REGISTRATION - PURPOSE: Ensuring that all eligible citizens are registered to vote and understand