NST 10 Introduction to Nutrition Fall 2017 Final Exam PDF

NST 10 Introduction to Nutrition Fall 2017 FINAL EXAM KEY Form A Multiple Choice 1. Which statements are TRUE about nutrients? a. Some nutrients can be toxic if ingested in large amounts. b....

NST 10 Introduction to Nutrition Fall 2017 FINAL EXAM KEY Form A Multiple Choice 1. Which statements are TRUE about nutrients? a. Some nutrients can be toxic if ingested in large amounts. b. Nutrients include minerals. c. Water is a nutrient that carries out waste. d. All are true. e. Some are true (i.e. at least one is wrong). 2. Which statement(s) is/are TRUE about the pancreas? a. The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid entering the intestine. b. The pancreas secretes enzymes that digest fat. c. Both a and b. d. Neither is true. 3. Which statement(s) is/are TRUE about the liver? a. The liver converts cholesterol into bile acids. b. The liver synthesizes glucose (gluconeogenesis). c. Both a and b. d. Neither is true. 4. Which statement is TRUE about the hypothalamus? a. The hypothalamus responds to leptin by secreting chemicals that decrease appetite. b. In the absence of leptin, mice lose weight because the hypothalamus does not stimulate appetite. c. Both a and b. d. Neither is true. 5. Which statement(s) is/are TRUE about the intestine!? a. The small intestine generates chylomicrons to transport long-chain fatty acids into lymph. b. The small intestine is a tube with a smooth interior. c. Both a and b. d. Neither is true. 6. Which is/are TRUE about adipose? a. The main function of white adipose tissue (WAT) is to store fat for use by other tissues. b. The main function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is to burn fat to defend body temperature. c. Both a and b. d. Neither is true. 7. Which is/are TRUE about the composition of the human body? a. Water is the major constituent of a human body of normal weight. b. The human body can store much more fat than protein or carbohydrate. c. Both a and b. d. Neither is true. 8. Your patient has ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease. Which of the following would you recommend for her to AVOID for long-term consumption? a. Probiotics b. Prebiotics c. NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) d. Vitamin D e. Fiber 9. Which of the following can serve as a source of acetyl-CoA (either directly or indirectly)? a. Fat b. Amino acids c. Glucose d. All the above. e. Only fat and glucose 1 NST 10 Introduction to Nutrition Fall 2017 FINAL EXAM KEY Form A 10. ATP is generated by a. Reduction of oxygen into water, i.e. adding electrons and protons to oxygen. b. Electron transport in mitochondria. c. Both a and b. d. Neither is true. 11. Which statement(s) is/are true about lipoproteins? a. Lipoprotein classes differ in size, density, lipid content, and apolipoprotein composition. b. Some lipoproteins remove lipids from cells, others deliver lipids to cells. c. Both a and b. d. Neither is true. 12. Which statement is FALSE about essential fatty acids (EFA)? a. A balance should be maintained between ω-6 and ω-3 to promote optimum health. b. EFA deficiency results in a dry scaly skin rash. c. EFA serve as precursors for both pro and anti-inflammatory substances. d. Some EFA are abundant in oily fish. e. EFA are created in food by hydrogenation. 13. The recommendation to restrict consumption of eggs to avoid excess cholesterol exposure has been rescinded recently. What is the best explanation for this reversal of a dietary recommendation? a. Eggs do not contain large amounts of cholesterol. b. Cholesterol negatively regulates its own biosynthesis, so cholesterol in eggs reduces the amount of cholesterol made in the body. c. Both a and b. d. Neither is true. 14. Which statement is FALSE about lecithin? Lecithin is a. also known as phosphatidyl choline. b. an amphipathic molecule. c. a major constituent of the outer shells of lipoproteins. d. contributes to cell membranes. e. a molecule that does not have a glycerol backbone. 15. Which macronutrient has the most energy (kcal/g)? a. Fat b. Carbohydrate c. Protein d. Phytochemicals e. Fiber 16. Which is the INACTIVE form of vitamin A? a. Beta carotene b. Retinol c. Retinoic acid d. Retinal 17. Which of these biological functions is regulated by vitamin A? a. Cellular division and differentiation b. Bone calcification c. Blood coagulation d. Preventing oxidative damage to cell membranes 18. Why is vitamin D considered a hormone? a. Human body can synthetize it from metabolic precursors. b. Activation of vitamin D occurs in kidneys, then released into blood. c. Vitamin D acts on many cell types in the human body. d. All the above 2 NST 10 Introduction to Nutrition Fall 2017 FINAL EXAM KEY Form A 19. Which is true about fat-soluble vitamins? a. Fat soluble vitamins assist in extracting energy from lipids. b. Dietary lipids facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in the gut. c. Excess of fat-soluble vitamins is excreted via urine. d. Human body does not store fat-soluble vitamins. 20. Which statement is true regarding nutritional needs during pregnancy? a. Caloric needs of pregnant women increase by 100% b. Iron needs increase starting in the second trimester to support hemoglobin synthesis. c. Protein needs increase only in the last trimester of pregnancy. d. Protein restriction during pregnancy does not affect developing fetus. 21. Which physical feature of a newborn has the highest association with increased risk of developing chronic diseases later in life (such as cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes)? a. Low birth weight ( 90% of people regain all lost weight within 5 years. d. Initial weight loss is the most rapid, due to loss of intracellular water, which is metabolically beneficial for cardiovascular health e. Chronic calorie deprivation results in slow acclimation and return to baseline metabolic state, so that the tendency to regain weight diminishes over a year or two 59. Physiologic adaptations to protein-calorie insufficiency may underlie health-related problems in humans, including: a. impaired growth in malnourished or chronically ill children and adolescents. b. amenorrhea and low sex hormone levels in women with low body fat stores. c. reduced energy expenditure during weight loss, in part related to a fall in thyroid hormone levels. d. reduced bone mass to reduce weight-bearing burden during ambulation. e. a, b and c 60. Body weight and fat stores vary considerably within human populations. a. This is reflective of genetic differences within a population since environmental factors are relatively constant within a society. b. Obesity should therefore be considered a normal variant, like height or hair color. c. There is a clear biphasic pattern in most populations, dividing obese from non-obese groups. d. This variability cannot represent only genetic effects, due to the large changes observed over recent decades or when groups migrate from traditional rural lifestyles to urban settings. e. a and c 61. Several adaptations occur in response to reduced dietary energy intake, except, a. reduced resting energy expenditure per kg lean body mass. b. increased adrenaline and thyroid hormone levels due to the stress of calorie deprivation, resulting in increased basal energy expenditure. c. improved metabolic efficiency (reduced energy needs) when performing light activities of daily life. d. changes in hormone levels, like thyroid hormone and insulin. e. reduction in growth factors that are involved in growth spurt during adolescence. 62. If a moderately obese person reduced 600 KCal/day from his diet, starting today, and continued the new diet indefinitely a. he would lose about a pound of weight every week into the indefinite future, and most of the weight lost would be body fat. b. he would not lose any weight. c. he would lose about a pound a week of weight indefinitely, but most of the weight lost would be from muscle or other lean tissues. d. he would lose weight for a while, then regain the weight back to his starting weight, despite staying on the diet. e. he would lose about a pound of weight per week for a period of time then would slowly level off at a new body weight, likely about 8-10% below his starting weight. 8 NST 10 Introduction to Nutrition Fall 2017 FINAL EXAM KEY Form A 63. The total body stores of glycogen are ca. 2,000 kCal in humans. Running a mile may use ca. 100 kCal. This means that a. a person cannot run more than ~ 20 miles, because carbohydrates will be used up. b. there is no limit on how far a person can run, in theory, because carbohydrates are not used during aerobic exercise. c. because running can use carbohydrates or fats, and use of fats for fuel spares the use of carbohydrates, the body’s glycogen stores will not be fully depleted by a 20-mile run. d. running out of carbohydrates in the body is not a problem, because no tissue requires carbohydrates as a fuel. e. All the above. 64. Calorie restriction by 20-30%in animal models prolongs maximal life-span and delays or prevents cancer. These results support which of the following ideas: a. Slowing of cell division may delay the promotional phase of cancer progression in these animals. b. Humans should be strongly recommended to reduce calorie intake by 20-30%, whether or not they are overweight or obese, to prolong their life-span. c. It would be very helpful to have laboratory tests that reflected the mechanism of benefit, so that people could monitor effectiveness if they tried this. d. It’s a reasonable choice for a person to try this, because there are likely no adverse effects and it is a relatively easy thing to do. e. a and c. Matching Match the terms that best fit the description in the following questions. Each term is only used once. (Hint: look at all four descriptions before answering.) a. Phytochemicals b. Fiber c. Vitamins d. Calcium, sodium and potassium 65. Micronutrients required for health(c) 66. Components of many life-supporting systems, such as oxygen transport, DNA structure and enzymes (d) 67. Trace chemicals that affect health and disease risk (a) 68. Complex non-digestible carbohydrates (b) a. RDA b. UL c. EAR d. AI e. DRIs 69. Dietary recommendation used when the scientific evidence is insufficient to support an EAR (d) 70. The highest amount of a nutrient tolerated without any toxic effects (b) 71. EAR + 2 standard deviations (a) 72. Reference amounts of nutrients necessary for wellbeing established by the Institute of Medicine in cooperation with the World Health Organization (e) 73. The estimated average requirement necessary to maintain adequacy in 50% of a healthy population group (c) 9 NST 10 Introduction to Nutrition Fall 2017 FINAL EXAM KEY Form A True/False 74. The LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor is essential for uptake of cholesterol. (T) 75. Phosphocreatine is used to generate ATP during endurance exercise. (F) 76. Consumption of fat results in a large increase in metabolic rate. (F) 77. Consumption of an ad libitum high carbohydrate, low fat diet can result in weight loss. (F) 78. Carbohydrate utilization increases with increasing exercise intensity. (T) 79. During a long distance race the utilization of fat as a fuel is greater at the end of the race. (T) 80. The RDA is the Recommended Daily Average of a nutrient that is essential for wellbeing. (F) 81. A well-conditioned long-distance athlete uses more carbohydrate as a fuel compared to an unconditioned individual running at the same speed. (F) 82. All proteins in the diet will increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis. (F) 83. Insulin resistance results in a decrease in the rate of muscle protein synthesis. (F) 84. Aging is associated with an increase in the need for protein, despite a lower need for calories. (T) 85. Fat is the first source of energy used when starting exercise. (F) 86. The Daily Value on the nutrition labels applies to everyone regardless of gender or body weight. (F) 87. Many of the advancements made in the food technology sector arose from increases in military size. (T) 88. Metabolic “fitness” in a person, relates to the person’s capacity to do aerobic work and is a strong negative risk factor for cardiovascular disease at all levels of body weight. (T) 89. The process of carcinogenesis is generally believed to have a time-frame of decades in humans and exhibits strong epidemiologic inverse relationship with fruit and vegetable intake. (T) 90. Loss of bone mass in women with aging cannot be influenced by diet or activity and is more prevalent in overweight or obese women. (F) 91. Regimens to achieve improved aerobic fitness in previously sedentary individuals typically require at least 5 sessions per week, with 60 minutes or more of sustained aerobic activity at 80 – 90% of maximal aerobic capacity. (F) 92. Body fat Is associated with optimal health when reduced as much as possible, as in lipoatrophy. (T) 93. Chronic intake of certain foods such as cured or smoked meats is associated with gastrointestinal cancer, which may be related to damage caused to DNA and resulting mutations. (T) 94. Regarding links between diet and cancer, it is true that there are components in foods like cauliflower or broccoli (Brassica vegetables) that can be isolated chemically and exhibit cancer protective actions in experimental models. (T) 95. Metabolic fitness can be achieved by exercise in some individuals without changing their body weight, although body composition may be altered and may influence the risk for cardiovascular disease at any level of obesity. (T) 96. Obesity has reached high proportions only in relatively wealthy countries like the U.S. and is still unusual in children. (F) 97. Treatment options for anorexia nervosa include early intervention through behavioral therapies and sometimes hospitalization in specialized facilities. (T) 98. Glycogen plays a role in physical activity by providing energy for muscle contraction and helping to maintain brain function through release from liver and use in brain tissue. (T) 99. Prospective randomized controlled trials are the most reliable way of establishing the therapeutic benefit and risk for dietary treatments, just as it is for drug therapies. 100. Kwashiorkor (protein-calorie malnutrition) is different from well adapted starvation in many ways, including reduced preservation of lean tissue mass. (T) 10