Novel Analysis (Lecture 1) PDF

Novel (Lecture 1) ► Let’s start with this question before anything: Why do we study literature? We study literature because we need to analyze the different pieces of literature.  Is it important to make analysis of the different pieces of literat...

Novel (Lecture 1) ► Let’s start with this question before anything: Why do we study literature? We study literature because we need to analyze the different pieces of literature.  Is it important to make analysis of the different pieces of literature? Yes, because we need to…  share knowledge  share and know information about other people  share and know knowledge about other countries  share and learn other experiences. Ex-: When I read a novel written by an American novelist, of course I will learn about their culture and social structure and everything about those people from this piece of literature. 1) So the first reason behind that we need to read literature is: Sharing knowledge. 2) The second reason behind the need of reading literature is that we need to have a sort of intellectual analysis. - Intellectual analysis means that we have to read the piece of literature many times to squeeze and grasp the meaning from the piece of literature. - Is getting and grasping the meaning of a literary work really important ? Yes because it is a sort of intellectual game which makes you think, using the powers of your mentality to reach conclusions and to give evaluation and opinions about things.  Here’s a question: is there’s only one way to get the meaning? No! we have many different ways to get the meaning and that’s why we created something called Theories. What is the meaning of Theory? It means we try to imagine a way of dealing with literature, we call it literary theory - It means we try to invent and create a way of dealing with literature to get, squeeze and grasp the meaning. Thinking about techniques, styles, ways of dealing with a piece of literature for the purpose of getting the meaning. We should find ways, techniques, creating new techniques, to deal with a piece of literature. We call it literary theory, a sort of theorizing. What’s the meaning of theorizing? ► Theorizing means that I am creating a theory to suit a specific point of a literary work.  literary theory means we are dealing with a piece of literature and we try think how are we going to get the meaning? I. should we get the meaning from the background of the author? II. Should we get the meaning from the culture itself? III. Should we get the meaning from the place and when the piece of literature was written? IV. Should I get the meaning from a specific movement that was active at that time, like feminism?  We call all of this Literary Theories.  ► Theories are just theories and we are not sure if they are going to work or not, we need to try and to apply them first and experiment them to see if they’re effective or not. sometimes it will work, sometimes it won’t work, but I’m trying to find ways, to find techniques. - In the literary process we have some components which are: 1. The Author 2. Context 3. Text 4. the reader -So we have 4 elements- One important question; from where the author gets his ideas? He will get his ideas from a context, What’s the meaning of context? Context means that the author will get ideas from his…:  From his Culture  From the place where he lives  From his family  From his people  From his travels  From the circumstances he lives in. So we have the author, and he supposed to have a message, and he wants to put this message in the text, but from where will he get the idea? He will get it from the context. Context could be: a) Cultural Context b) Political Context c) Historical Context d) Social Context e) Economic Context f) Psychological Context g) Literary Context h) Geographical Context - Question- Who is supposed to deal with the text? It’s The reader! Why is the reader dealing with the text? He is dealing with the text because…:  he tries to understand the message and meaning  to know what is behind the text  to know why did the writer write this piece of literature -Note that- The best way to understand a piece of literature is by focusing on the reader's response. I’m not concerned about the writer or the author; what matters is how I as a reader feel about the text. For instance, if I read a story about a journey, and it reminds me of my own adventures and the excitement of exploring new places, then that’s the meaning that sticks with me. In the end, the interpretation depends on what the reader thinks and feels about the work.   We as readers why should we deal with pieces of literature? For many reasons! ► One of the reasons is to make ourselves intellectual, we try to use our mind, we try to analyze things, we try to evaluate, we should have the skill of giving judgment, we have to have the skill of giving opinions, because this is the part of development of our personality. -Note- Every day we invent new techniques and theories. -Note- We don’t have one specific theory, every now and then we are inventing so many of them. Question: Why do we have to apply many literary theories to one piece of literature? Answer: to squeeze the meaning out of the piece of literature, we need to squeeze different aspects of meaning, different perspectives. Question: are the literary theories that we have nowadays are they fixed and aren’t going to change, or sometimes we are going to have some updates to the literary theory? Answer: Every day it’s going to be updated, every day we are going to invent and create new ways to deal with pieces of literature. Question: Are we sure about the accuracy or the correctness of the pieces of information within the text? Answer: No, we don’t care about the certainty, but we care about how to use our minds to create more perspectives to get more meanings, and it’s an intellectual game, a mental challenge. Question: Do we have good literary theories, and bad literary theories? Answer: For sure not! With each literary theory we have 1 benefit, so with another literary theory we have another kind of benefit, so they integrate with each other. (Each literary theory provides something that another literary theory doesn’t provide.) Important Question: How many literary theories do we have? Answer: We have many! We don’t have a fixed number. We already discussed Literary theory and its meaning, what about Literary Criticism?  What is the meaning of literary criticism? It means you find a literary theory and you try to apply it to a piece of literature.  To differentiate between Literary theory and Literary criticism: ► Literary theory: The methods, techniques, ways to deal with a piece of literature. ► Literary criticism: The application of these methods, techniques, and ways. Let’s have some examples of literary theories: 1. To link between the text and its date of publish. Ex-:( if we have a novel, and this novel is written in 1930, so the best thing to do to understand this novel is to read about this time, what happened at this time, the incidents, what’s the kind of government at this time? How people were living at this time? So, this is a sort of theory.) 2. To link between the text and the personal life of the author. Ex-: ( If it’s a play, If you know about the personal life of the author then you can know what he intends to write about in the play, you have to get a link between his personal life, his parents, his family, his wife, his kids, his job, and how this will be presented.)  3. Connecting the text with the place where the author is living or even the setting of the literary work. 4. To link between the time in which when this literary work was written whether if it’s an era or a movement such as feminism. It’s all about to link between the text and the incidents at this specific time. Let’s have some examples of those different theories: Do you remember the novel the prof. mentioned in the lecture? (1984) The title 1984 refers to the future date in the novel, written by George Orwell in 1948. To understand the title and the novel, we can use different literary theories. 1. Author's Life: Knowing about Orwell’s life helps us understand the book’s themes. He was against oppression and totalitarian governments, so we can see that 1984 is a political novel reflecting his beliefs. 2. Historical Context: The novel was written after the First and Second World Wars. By connecting the events of those wars to the story in 1984, we can see how the horrors and destruction of that time influenced Orwell’s vision of a dystopian future. 3. Political Context: we can look at historical context like in the Spanish Civil War. During this time, there was a lot of political conflict and injustice, which is echoed in the novel. Another Example the prof. mentioned: (It was about feminism) In this poem written by a woman, she shares her personal struggles, including giving birth to two children and coping with the loss of her husband. To analyze this poem, we can create a literary theory called feminism. 1. Feminism: This theory focuses on women’s issues and experiences. In the poem, we see feminine challenges like living alone without a husband, the difficulties of childbirth, and the struggle to support herself financially without a family. By applying this feminist lens to the poem, we can better understand the meanings behind her struggles and how society views women. This approach helps us gain insight into the text and the challenges faced by women. So, this poem involves Social and Authorial( author’s life) context. -Note- if it’s about females, so when you analyze it you have to focus on the problems that are expressed by females, not by males, so if you have a poem and this poem is written by a female, don’t judge it because you are a male, you should judge it from the point of view of females. ► So, we have different theories, and those different theories integrate with each other, but why do we have and do we use different theories? The answer: to get many and different meanings and aspects of meanings and perspectives. Do you remember the door example that the prof. showed us? Imagine a door as a piece of literature. To gather information about it, I can use different literary theories, focusing on various aspects: Color Theory: If the door is black, I analyze the meaning of its color, perhaps seeing it as it feels mysterious or even a bit scary. Tactile Theory: How does it feel? If it’s hard and strong, that could mean it’s solid, protective, or maybe even unfriendly. Taste Theory: What does it taste like? If it tastes metallic, it might feel cold or unfriendly, adding to the overall mood. Auditory Theory: How does it sound? If it makes a loud “bam” when it moves, this could imply forcefulness or intense. Olfactory Theory: If the metallic door has a rusty smell, it might make you think of old, abandoned places, adding a sense of age or neglect to its meaning. The prof. told us in this course that: When you read a novel, focusing only on the theme can limit your understanding because that’s just one aspect of its meaning. By using different literary theories, you can explore multiple perspectives and make deeper connections: Multiple Perspectives: Looking at the author’s background, the time the novel was written, the political situation, social issues, and literary movements helps you find new meanings in the text. Intellectual Challenge: This process is an intellectual challenge because it encourages you to think critically and discover various aspects of the story. Each literary theory gives you a different way to interpret the text. Going Beyond Basics: Analyzing a short story or novel involves more than just themes, characters, and settings. You should dig deeper to find connections and gain a fuller understanding. Richness of Meaning: Literature often has many layers of meaning, sometimes more than you expect. By exploring these different angles, you gain more knowledge and insights about the work.  (Lecture 2) Our First Novel is: 1984 Author: George Orwell Main Theme: Dystopian Regimes Context: Political & Historical Context Main Character / Protagonist: Winston Smith ► When you read the title you ask yourself “why did he use a date?” So to answer this question we need to know some things, like the background of the author, right?  Originally, George Orwell wrote this short story in 1948, but its title is 1984. So, what’s the meaning behind that title? The meaning is the author is writing about the future, he’s trying to expect and guess what’s going to happen in the future, so this is a thematic title. Thematic Title: A thematic title is a title that gives you a hint about the main idea or message of a story, movie, or article.  Now, a very big important question! Why did George Orwell write this short story in 1948? It is because… - Because We had big changes in the world! - 1. We had the First World War – 1914 to 1918 - (we had people dying, and victims and people leaving their places, and we had a lot of catastrophes, a lot of destruction). 2. We had The Spanish Civil War – 1936 to 1939 – ( Italy and Germany was supporting the republicans, and other countries were supporting nationalistic people, so Spain was divided between 2 parts).  3. We had the Second World War – 1939 to 1945 ( We had a lot of victims and there were atomic bombs).  So, every now and then we have political and social changes and big changes in the history of the whole universe. - But the question is, why do we have all of this?? The answer is because we have…  Dystopian Powers  Totalitarian Powers  Collectivism *And all of those terms mean that we have big dictators in the world.  ► So in this Novel we are talking about Dystopian Regimes. A dystopian regime is a type of government that is very controlling and oppressive. In this system, people's rights and freedoms are greatly limited. The government often uses methods like constant surveillance, propaganda, censorship, and violence to keep power and stop anyone from disagreeing. This creates a society where people live in fear and have little to no say in their lives.  So Gorge Orwell is warning us from the past as the reason of what happened at his time that the future will be a world full of Dystopian Regimes, he tells us that we should not accept that, we must be revolutionaries.  So the reason behind the title 1984 is that Gorge Orwell thinks that at this date or time the world will be full of Dystopian Regimes and Totalitarianism, so it’s a warning to people. - Now let’s talk more about the form and the structure of this novel: The structure of this Novel is very unique and special, we have the whole Novel divided into 3 big parts(The form of the Novel – The Division of the Novel): 1) Book 1 2) Book 2 3) Book 3 Each stage or book has one important thing and a message: 1. In Stage 1 We call it Awakening: It means people are aware of the Dystopian Regimes. 2. In Stage 2 We call it Revolting: It means people are revolting against this Regime. 3. In stage 3 We call it Reshaping: The Government is trying to Reshape and Reeducate citizens to accept their Dystopian Regimes. -Note- Each book is divided into small partitions, with each Partition we have a new idea: 1. Book one is divided into 8 partitions. 2. Book two is divided into 10 partitions. 3. Book three is divided into 6 or 7 partitions. *With each partition we have 1 characteristic or quality about the story. * ► We have two techniques of narration in this novel: 1. Stream of consciousness 2. First Person 1. What’s the meaning of Stream of Consciousness? It means I am talking about characters in the form of third person(He – She – They). So it means that the author imagines that he looks into the mind of characters and he can know everything that they think of and that they are going to do now at this time and etc. 2. First Person technique: it is when a character expresses themselves.  EX-: (What should I do now?! – I am in a big problem! – I am in a mess!). *So, by those 2 techniques we will know everything and detail about each character and their characteristics. *  -Note-: First Person: I – We Second Person: You Third Person: He – She – They  ► Details about the novel: When you start reading Book 1 you are going to be introduced to a new world, the world of the future, the world in the future is controlled by 3 big Totalitarian powers: 1. Oceania (London > Airstrip One) 2. Eastasia 3. Eurasia  Oceania is the big country, inside this big country we have London, and Airstrip One is a symbol of London. - So we are in Oceania in Airstrip One which means London. *Oceania is in a war with Eurasia, but that is strange because a long time ago they were friends but now they are enemies. * - Now let’s introduce the Characters: 1. Winston Smith (The Main Character) 2. Emmanuel Goldstein Winston Smith is working for The Party (The Government) And this Party has a leader but this leader is not known to anybody we don’t know the name of him , The Party is controlling Oceania (The Country). ► in Airstrip One in Oceania we have 4 Ministers: 1. The Ministry of Peace He’s name is Peace but this minister is actually responsible for wars ( It’s a sort of contradiction).  2. The Ministry of Truth He is supposed to give us facts, he is supposed to be responsible for education, entertainment, fine arts. But actually he is responsible to change the history, he’s responsible to erase and to eradicate history, and to modify the history and adapt it according to the government and to manipulate information that suits the government.  EX-: ( A dystopian government likes people who are Proles and proletariat because they are not educated they are from lower classes, because they are ignorant, they can’t give opinions, they can’t make judgments, whatever we tell them they will accept it and they are going to believe it. So they are going to tell people ignorance is good, you don’t need to learn, just seek low-paying jobs and get money, etc.). 3. The Ministry of Plenty He is the Minister of economy.  4. The Ministry of Love He is responsible for law and orders ( How to force rules, law and orders) So if you do something wrong you are going to be punished to death, so this is the responsibility of the Ministry of Love. *In this Novel if you are in love with a woman, or if you want to marry a woman, you can’t do that, why? Because there’s a law, there’s an order, you have to get permit from the Ministry of Love. You can’t get married to a woman without having permission from the Ministry of Love.* ► Storytelling: So here we have the main character Winston Smith and now he is working in the ministry, the ministry of truth. Smith is going home, and now he is walking in the street, but…. Everywhere we have big Posters and on these big posters we have a big face of a man with a black mustache and under the face we have the title or the name “The Big Brother is Watching You!” – Big Brother means the ruler, the dictator, the big boss. It means that everywhere and 24/7 hours you are being watched, you are always under Surveillance, so you don’t have privacy, and if you do something against their law they can see you and you are going to be punished. So whatever you do and say will be seen and heard by Big Brother! *Let’s get back to smith street walking… Now he is back to the place where he lives, he lives in a big block, and the place is given the name Victory Mansion, but in reality…. It’s a big failure because the place is dirty and smells bad ( A sort of irony). And now he is going to use the lift(elevator) but it’s not working! There’s no electricity… the stairs are very dirty. Anyway… Smith now is inside his flat and inside the flat we have a screen, this screen is called “Telescreen”. What does Telescreen mean? It means on that screen we are being watched and heard. We can’t turn off the Telescreen and it is consisted of a mic and a camera. -Note- even inside Winston Smith’s flat there is the Big Brother’s poster. Anyway…. So now Smith wants to drink something, and the only drink which is available is called “Victory Gin” and it’s a kind of alcohol with very bad quality.  So we can understand from it that the party is providing people with food and drinks but with a bad quality Getting back to the story… And now Smith is going to be driven crazy because of the loss of privacy, he doesn’t like being watched, and that’s why in the flat we have a Recess. What’s the meaning of Recess? It means it’s a place which is inside the wall, it’s a small room or a place inside the wall, and the name of this room is “Alcove” in this room nobody can watch you, nobody can hear you. So in this room Smith expresses his feelings and do his practices which are considered illegal for the government and writes down in his secret diary his feelings and whatever he couldn’t say outside it. So maybe after 10 years, his son or anyone who find this diary they can know what was happening at this time and how bad the Party and Big Brother are, and how much he hates them. - But if the camera recorded you writing something down or saying something the mic caught it and it is against what they want so you are going to get punished for this crime, and it’s called Thoughtcrime. What’s the meaning of Thoughtcrime? It means if you are not thinking the same way the party members are thinking, you are going to be punished.  And we also have a Police and this Police is also called Thought Police. Anyway, let’s continue… And then Smith was talking about something that happened today in the ministry of truth.. There’s something called Two Minutes Hate. What’s the meaning of Two Minutes Hate? It means every day we have to stand in front of a big screen and in that screen we see an enemy, what we consider an enemy, what we consider a traitor of The Party! Someone who is opposing the rules of The Party, and We need to show to the people and citizens our hatred to this person and to say “We hate you!”, “You are a big traitor”, “We have to kill you!”. So the government is trying to raise hatred and aggression inside the hearts and the minds of people, And this person’s name is Emmanuel Goldstein, Who is this?? Emmanuel Goldstein was a friend of the party members a long time ago, but now we consider him a traitor, a traitorous person, but why?.... Because he now wants to give his opinion, and now he is hiding somewhere, but the government wants people to hate him. ► So in summary, If you have a dystopian government and they want to make you a soldier in this government they want to manipulate you and brainwashing you and make you not to think and to live in fear and to have no privacy, and you need to do and hear whatever they say, and they want to raise the level of hatred and aggression in your mind and if you want to be protected you need to follow their orders.  (Lecture 3) Gorge Orwell was a fighter in the Spanish Civil War and this is one of the reasons why he wrote 1984. And in the Spanish Civil War we can see clearly the conflicting Super Powers at that time (1936) we have 3 Big Super Powers….: 1) Nazism in Germany and it was led by Hitler. 2) Fascism In Italy and it was led by Mussolini. 3) And In the Soviet Union we have a big Russian revolution and it was led by Stalin. -So we have 3 big powers having a war in Spain:  The Soviet Union is supporting one party.  on the other hand, Germany and Italy were supporting the other party. that’s why we have a Civil War in Spain: 1. One half is supported by Russia led by Stalin. 2. And the two other halves are supported by Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany. ► All of these 3 big powers were manipulating the life of all citizens, All citizens were suppressed, they didn’t have any freedom of speech, the right to express themselves, they were just tools in the big wars, they were big victims. and that’s why Gorge Orwell is writing 1984…. he is talking about the future; he is telling us the message is that if we have super powers in the world then it means citizens are going to be suppressed, oppressed, they are not going to be let to express themselves, they are going to be under surveillance, no freedom, and etc… So it’s a sort of Warning.⚠  ► What are the Regimes do we have in the Governments of this Novel?  Dystopian  Totalitarian  Dictatorial  Oligarchical  Despotic  Tyrannical  Authoritarian -We have some new Characters: 1) O’Brien (he works in the Ministry of Truth). 2) Julia (she is Winston's love and fellow Party member who also rebels against the Party's control. 3) Mr. Parsons & Mrs. Parsons (Winston’s neighbors). Let’s talk a little about the Theme of this Novel:  The Theme is distributed and this is part of the Stylistics.. And when we analyze a Novel we have to have knowledge about Stylistics. -But the question is! What is the meaning of Stylistics?-  Stylistics means how to deal with different styles used in a novel, how to analyze the novel. In Stylistics we have 2 branches….: 1) Micro Stylistics 2) Macro Stylistics 1. Micro Stylistics means:… Small Stylistics, it means we are focusing on characteristics of language such as….   Syntax  Choice of Vocabulary  Morphology  How characters speak  Semantics 2. Macro Stylistics means…: We look into….:  The background of the Author.  The social context.  The historical context.  What’s behind the whole story. ╰┈➤ But hold on! I need to tell you that there are some people look at Stylistics from a different point of view…: They see that in Stylistics we must have: 1) Textualist Stylistic 2) Contextualist Stylistic 3) Functionalist Stylistic 1. Textualist Stylistic Means:  We focus on the text.  We focus on what’s written. 2. Contextualist Stylistic Means:  We focus on what’s behind the Novel. 3. Functionalist Stylistics Means:  We use a kind of language to achieve a certain aim. Ex-: ( You want show happiness= you are going to use a specific kind of language – You want to show anger = you are going to use a specific kind of language).  - Let’s Discuss the Chapters of the Book 1 - Chapter 1: In the Novel, in the first Partition or Chapter we have introduction to Winston Smith, his work, what is he doing, the division of the government. And the place where he lives. and we know about the 3 big Powers….: 1) Oceania 2) Eurasia 3) Eastasia ➡ And we know that we are talking about London in Oceania and London has the name Airstrip One, and this is Geographical information.  Geographical information= pieces of information about the Setting (Place – Time – Physical & Social Environment). -And talking about Winston Smith…. Winston Smith is not happy about his job because he’s responsibility is to change pieces of information. (Minister of Truth) ✎ One of the things the Smith wrote in his Diary was about the “Two Minutes Hate”. ⤵ -If you are writing memories and expressing yourself in your Note or Diary it’s considered a Thoughtcrime (thinking anti-Party ideas) because doing that is against The Party( The Government). ▼ In the flat of Smith there was someone knocking on the door and Smith was scared because he fears that it’s the Thought Police because he was writing his memories and thoughts in his Diary and he’s afraid that they will know and find it. But when he opened the door it was only his neighbors (Mrs. Parsons) is asking him to fix her sink. Chapter 2: What do we have in Chapter 2? In the Flat of Mr. Parson we have kids and those kids are happy, they are using guns and they are shooting, but why are they happy? It’s because they don’t have memories about the past so they think that the reality they are living in now is the best. ⤸ On the Telescreen in the house of Mr. Parsons we can see a lot of things, there we can see Mr. Parsons, Mrs. Parsons, their kids, Winston Smith, and we can see a piece of news in their TV, and in the piece of news says: “We have a war between our country Oceania and Eurasia and we achieved a big victory” And by that they are showing the citizens that they have an unreal enemy to collect the efforts of people against this enemy and to spare hatred and aggression. ➭And when Smith went back to his flat he was sleeping and while he is asleep he was having dreams of his past, his mother, sister, father. But this is illegal in the oligarchic governments, so when the man who is watching Smith on the screen felt that he’s dreaming of the past he told him “Get up! And go do some Calisthenics!”. Calisthenics means some Physical Exercises, but why did he ask him to do some Calisthenics? Because he sees that he has energy and he wants to finish his energy, you have energy to remember and think about things, so I have to delete this energy. And the man on the screen tells him “ You have to do it fast!” because he shouldn’t have any time to think and to use his mind. Chapter 3: When we have an invented word in the Novel we call this Neologism Gorge Orwell uses Neologism Neologism means creating words that don’t exist in the dictionary. And we do this when we have certain things and we can’t describe them. Ex-: ( Thoughtcrime – Thought Police). The All Neologisms we have in this Novel are….:  Newspeak  Doublethink  Thoughtcrime  Thought Police  Big Brother  Unperson  Proles  Ministry of Truth  Ministry of Love  Ministry of Peace  Ministry of Plenty  Goodthink  Duckspeak  Facecrime  Joycamp  Vaporized 1. One of the examples of Neologism in the Novel is the word Unpeople / Unperson: It means if we find somebody who’s against The Party, this person is going to be Vaporized, it means he is going to disappear, we don’t know where he is, he is going to vanish. 2. Another example of Neologism is Proles: it means Proletariat, normal people, uneducated people. - Note-: Proles don’t make any threat to the government. - Note-: There are no Telescreens inside the Proles homes. 3. Other examples of Neologism is Doublethink: it means that I tell you something and I tell you its opposite and I tell you that they have the same meaning. Ex-: War and Peace = same meaning. Chapter 4: In Chapter 4 we know how the government deals with the intelligent people like Winston Smith and with unintelligent people like the Proles. And in the Ministry of Truth we have another Protagonist called Syme: He is the Coworker, the friend of Winston Smith What does Syme do in the Ministry of Truth? He is working on a dictionary, now we have the Eleven- Edition of a dictionary, so every year we have to make a dictionary of the language that is used in Oceania. Why do we make a dictionary? Because we have to limit the language that’s used by people, we have to tell them for example that the word “Ignorance” equals or indicate strength. And this is called Newspeak (Word of Neologism).  So It means every year we have to create a sort of language that is filled with false language to be put in the minds of people, so they won’t be able to understand anything! For an examples: I’m going to tell them that the word “War” equals Peace, so it means that if we have war so we are living in peace. So we need to put this kind of language inside the minds of people. But why the government is doing this? Because they have to be able to manipulate them, and they need to spread and repeat lies. So their minds will be filled with things which are not correct, so it will be easy for the government to manipulate them. Conclusion: if we have a dystopian, despotic, tyrannical, dictatorial, oligarchical regimes these are the strategies that have to be adopted to manipulate your citizens.  (Lecture 4) Some pieces of information: 1) In the Main Idea and Theme in the novel 1984 we have a cautionary message. (Warning)⚠ 2) Some Strategies of the Authoritarian Governments: 1. Arousing fear 2. Arousing hatred and aggression 3. erasing and deleting your memories 4. suppressing your feelings 5. You are not allowed to use your mind and to think, and you also can’t write things down on your diary for example. ( this is a thoughtcrime)  The New Chapter Winston Smith is living alone because he divorced his wife 12 years back because his wife was supporting this government. And now Smith is trying to remember his wife. -Winston Smith hired a prostitute - what’s the meaning of prostitute? It means I’m going to take a woman and sleep with her and I’m going to give her money. -Because Smith is living alone he brought a prostitute but she was old and ugly. -Smith was writing memories about his wife and memories about his prostitute. Is it important to talk about the personal life of Winston Smith? Yes! Smith is walking in the street and around him we have signs of war, we hear bombs, brawls in the sky, the people are cut into pieces, severed heads, so it means that we are living in a war.  The government wants to make people feel that they are living in a war because you will be living in fear from that and you will always seek the government to be saved and to seek protection so you are going to be controlled by The Party. And now Smith is having a sort of suffering because he can’t distinguish reality from fantasy, he asks himself, do I really have memories? Or I’m delusional? ↯ And now Smith went to a shop, and that shop sells antiques(old things) and from the shop he can buy paperweight. What’s the meaning of paperweight?... ⤵  It’s a glass paperweight or a wooden paperweight, it means that if I have some papers and all of a sudden we have some wind, so they are going to fly, so I’m going to use a paperweight and it’s something that I can put on paper so they can’t be moving (They are covering the paper).  And actually in the story the paperweight functions as a sort of Foreshadowing.  Foreshadowing means the writer is going to introduce things that seem not important now but later we will realize that it is important and symbolic and it has specific meaning. Anyways… The owner of the antique shop is called Mr. Charrington. ➜ And in this shop in the second floor we have a flat and in this flat smith found that there is no a telescreen in there, so Smith thought about renting this flat. *Before we continue we need to discuss the qualities or themes of each book because it has a purpose.* ╰┈➤ book 1 is about awareness.. it means that we know a few things about the government, characters, the party, how things look, the division of the whole world, the division of the government. ⤷ book 2 is about rebellion and revolting.. anything that you do and say against what the governments wants is a sort rebellion.  In book 2 in the chapter 1 we will deal with a Character called Julia with , this Julia has been following Smith everywhere, and the people are suspecting her that she loves him. ⤵ -One day inside the government she is going to put a piece of paper in his hands, smith can’t open his hands and see it right now because the telescreen can see that…. When he got home he went to his alcove and opened the paper and he’s shocked because what was written is “ I love you” he was shocked because this is a sort of rebellion according to the government, and also he’s still suspicious, he says “mmm, maybe this is a trap to test me?”…. In the next day in the party he is going meet her and all of the sudden they are going to whisper in low voices because they don’t want to be heard, she told him about the time and place where they can meet without being watched….. ⤴ ⤵ They are going to meet in the Victory Square, and this name is a sort of irony and contradiction because in the square we have prisoners.  In the Victory Square there are many prisoners from Eurasia our enemy ( This is a sort of Foreshadowing).  And in the Victory Square, Winston smith and Julia are going to share words of love for the first time. 『⩇⩇:⩇⩇』And after some days they are going to meet again, they are going to meet in the bushes, in the forest, in the woods.  This is a sort of Foreshadowing because in the forest and in the woods we have animals and animals are enjoying their freedom, so it’s a symbol of freedom. Another New Chapter Now Smith and Julia are going to meet in the church, church is a symbol of religion, but why in the church? Because they are going to make love. What’s the meaning of this? It means they are rebelling against The rules of their society, they make love in the place of god, in the church, in the Belfry, what’s the meaning of Belfry? It means the tower of the church where we have the bell. And this is a sort of rebellion, a sort of revolution as if you are doing something bad in the mosque, it means that you are revolting against the social regimes or the things that are related to your religion. (This is very symbolic because this is against religion, we are going to sleep with each other in the place of god, in a church). *And that’s why the whole book 2 is about Revolting and Revolution, because everything that Smith and Julia did is a sort of rebellion.* And then they are going to meet in the Flat in the shop of Mr. Charrington and now they can enjoy their privacy and make love and Smith is adding and throwing some flowers in the room and Julia is coming with perfumes, sweets and food. And there was a rat in the room and Julia was a little bit shocked and she threw that rat with her shoes, but Smith was in panic (A sort of Foreshadowing = the government has to know something about the things you fear and afraid of.) You remember the Paperweight? Smith was imagining it as it is the privacy of Smith and Julia, he was imagining that inside this piece of glass this is our room, nobody can see us. So the glass paperweight stands as a symbol of privacy. ➪ And later we can see that we have a picture of a church and we have a sentence that is written on that picture, it says “ The Chopper will Chop your Face!” The chopper means the one who is cutting of your head, does this sentence have a significance? Yes it’s a sort of Foreshadowing because it means that later you are going to be caught by the people of the party and you are going to be punished. Another New Chapter *In this Chapter we are going to know about the differences between Julia and Smith.* Smith Julia Smith cares about politics Julia is not interested about the future Smith cares about the she’s only interested in future having some pleasures he is serious she wants a man to love her takes things seriously she wants someone to take care of her Smith is pessimistic Julia is optimistic because because he looks at the she’s only enjoying the future with a gloomy face present time ➡ And later we’ll know that Smith will go to the government and he’ll find out that Syme , but why? Because he is an intelligent person, and we know that the government doesn’t like intelligent people, so Syme got vaporized, unpersoned, unhumaned.  And now Smith remembers his past, his family, his mother and his daughter, he remembers when he was young he was greedy because when he was eating a chocolate he was eating it alone, and when he came back home he found that his whole family , but why? Because they showed feelings for their son. Anyway…. When Smith went to the government something strange happened.. he found O’Brien, Smith is not sure about something.. is O’Brien against The Party? Or is he supporting the party? Should I speak to him frankly? Or should I keep my words inside my mind? So.. one day, O’Brien is telling Smith that Syme and now Winston Smith is suspicious, he asks himself “How does this man know about Syme? Maybe he belongs to the party!! Maybe he belongs to Brotherhood?”  Brotherhood means the people who are against the Party. (So he asks himself, is he with the party? Or against the party?) And now O’Brien is telling Winston Smith “You can pay me the visit, you can come to my place and we can enjoy some talk”… And now Winston Smith and Julia are going to visit O’Brien. When they arrived to the place where O’Brien lives they found out that there’s also a telescreen but this telescreen could be turned off! Could be dimmed! That was shocking and weird to them. And now O’Brien is asking them… The Dialogue: O’Brien: “Are you against The Party? You are not interested in the Big Brother?” Smith: “Yes!” O’Brien: “Are you ready to kick anyone for the sake of your rebellion?” Smith: Yes! O’Brien: Do you love Julia? Smith: Yes! O’Brien: “If you faced difficulties are you going to leave her?” Smith: No! I’m not going to leave her forever. O’Brien: “If we have the rebellion do you have a hiding place?” Smith: “Yes, I have a hiding place, it’s on top of Mr. Charington’s antique shop.” So, what’s going to happen next? That’s what we are going to know in the next time. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ Important: We have only 4 Slogans of Doublethink words: 1. War is Peace 2. Freedom is Slavery 3. Ignorance is Strength 4. 2+2 = 5  (Lecture 5) ▶ Completion of events: When Smith and Julia woke up Smith told her a story about his family: a long time ago I had a family, but they vanished… but why?  Because they loved me and showed emotions, so they are vaporized. ╰┈➤ Smith and Julia promised that whatever The Party do to us we will not leave each other. ↪ Smith and Julia think that O’Brien was one of the brotherhood (Against The Party).  So they think that they can trust and unite with him. Smith and Julia were invited to O’Brien’s place, but they found it very suspicious that there’s a telescreen in his place and it could be turned off. ➛ So O’Brien wanted to test Smith to see how strong his feelings are towards revolting against The Party so he asked him some critical questions…: The Completion of the dialogue: O’Brien: If you are being caught with Julia, are you going to leave her? Smith: No! Whatever happens we are going to be together. Julia: I will never leave Winston Smith! O’Brien: are you ready to throw a sulfuric acid on the face of child if he is revolting against you? Smith: Yes! O’Brien: Are you going to protest against The Party? Smith: Yes! O’Brien: Do you have enough courage to stand against the face of The Party? Smith: Yes! ┈➤ So when O’Brien heard all of these answers he told him: “Okay, I’m going to give you Two things” 1) The Eleven-edition of the dictionary Newspeak. 2) A Manifesto or a small book which is written by Emmanuel Goldstein. Smith will get back to the Flat of Mr. Charington shop and he’ll read carefully the principles of Emmanuel Goldstein booklet. ↓ What do we have in this Manifesto or Booklet?  We have few things which are important, and these things are done by The Party to control people. And here are the principles: 1. We have to create a false enemy. 2. We need to not let people use their minds. 3. We need to deprive feelings from people. 4. We need to divide the society into classes (Poor – Middle – Rich). → But why?...  Because when we have poor people we can crush them, they are suffering most of the time, they don’t have money or food, so all the time they are busy with their life, they ignore the ruler and the president.  We have to make some rich people and to give them more resources because if we have rich people they are going to be afraid to lose their money so they are going to do whatever I ask them, so I will tell him that If you do against what I say, I will take all of your money, so he is going to do whatever they say.  *Now Smith understands everything from Emmanuel Goldstein’s Manifesto.* Anyway… ╰┈➤ while Smith and Julia were asleep, the door of the flat is going to be opened and we have the Thought Police, the Thought Police discovered that they don’t belong to The Party. But… who has informed against them?? It’s Mr. Charington.  Charington is a member in the Thought Police, and now Charington is going to change his face, he’s not and old person, it was just a mask to hide his identity, the real Charington is a young man. So now both Smith and Julia are being caught. So now we are going to start the Part 3 or Book 3 which is called as Rehabilitation, Reshaping or Reeducation, it means I’m going to fix your mind, I’m going to fix your heart to belong to The Party.  Now we know that Winston Smith is now at the ministry of love, but why?...  Because in the ministry of love we impose law and order so they are going to judge or sentence Smith, so now Smith in a prison, in a jail, in a cell, and he’s going to be punished. And we have some members of the Thought Police and they hit Smith with Truncheons, so they are torturing him. ⚠ And now all of a sudden Smith remembers his friend O’Brien. And he says “I think O’Brien is gonna come and save me, he is my savior, he is a member of the brotherhood!” But suddenly… The door is opened and we see Mr. O’Brien, and now we see that he is a member of the Thought Police. *And now O’Brien is telling Smith to confess about the crimes he done. And now O’Brien is ordering the members of Thought Police to use their Truncheons to hit Smith to confess all crimes, even the ones he didn’t make! ▶ So now O’Brien keeps asking Smith “you did so and so?” And Smith keeps responding with “Yes, I did it”. But why did Smith Confess? Because he wants to save himself from this continuous torture. ➪ Smith noticed that there is noise coming from other places, people are crying, people are mourning, people are begging. So it seems that here we have the prison that specialized for torturing people. And suddenly… Smith can see somebody and this person is saying “Please, don’t send me to Room 101”  Room 101 Means that there is another place which is filled with horror and horrible things. ➥ And now O’Brien will take Smith and put him into a machine, and this machine works by electricity and we have a motor in this machine, and now Smith is screaming and saying “Nooo!”. And When we use this- machine we put something like a hat on his head, when we turn on the machine it means we are trying to change the information inside your head, so it’s going to change the way your mind thinks. *So Smith was under the control of this machine for 1 day and 2 days and then on the third day things are okay now, there is no more suffering or torturing because Winston Smith is now reshaped.* But Suddenly… He remembers Julia, and he asks- “Where is Julia?!” -So we have something wrong here… This man still has feelings. We changed him Intellectually but feelings still exist in his heart. ↪ So, Smith now has to go to Room 101 because we need to deprive his feelings. And now Smith is in the Room 101 and in this room there’s a cage and in this cage we have Sewer Rats, and those rats which are from the sewers are so aggressive and very big and horrible. And now Smith is in Room 101 and he’s being faced with Sewer Rats, and they want to bite him in the face.  When we go back a little we will remember that Smith was in panic first time he saw rats in the flat of Mr. Charington. So now in Room 101 we are going to use his fears to manipulate and control him. And now O’Brien will order: “now get the Sewer Rats close to his face!” They are going to eat and bite his face, and Smith will say “Nooo! No please don’t do it, do it to Julia, not me! You can do this to Julia but save me!”  So it means now he sacrifices his love to Julia because of his fears and panic.  *So now Smith is without feelings or thoughts, so now the reshaping and rehabilitating is performed properly.* ╰┈➤ So from that time we have Winston Smith a new man, very obedient, in love with Big Brother; when he sees Big Brother he says “Hello Big Brother, you are a great man!”. And now he is seeing Julia, he is just shaking hands with her, he’s not interested anymore in her. And now he’s working again in the Ministry of Truth and he is being promoted because now he can work perfectly. And now we know that the enemy of Oceania is not Eurasia, but now it’s Eastasia because every now and then we have to create a false enemy. So Smith is trying to revise the records again, within one week he has to delete everything about Eurasia our enemy and it is going to be replaced by Eastasia, so our enemy is Eastasia, the people we hate are from Eastasia, we have to be against Eastasia, and all the photos, all the records, all the newspapers are going to go to the Memory Hole. ⤵  Memory Hole means we are going to have all of these photos, records and pieces of paper and we will put them in the Incinerator, so it means, all of our memories, all of our past is going to vanish, and we are going to create a new history, so our enemy now is not Eurasia but Eastasia, and Winston Smith is doing this with pleasure, and he says “This is my Duty!” – “Now I am a Nationalist person! – “I am working for the sake of Big Brother, he is our boss”. And now we understand the whole meaning of the Novel 1984 (The End)  (Lecture 6) Today we will have a short story by the name of “The Lottery” and it is written by Shirley Jackson Who is Shirley Jackson( ╹ -╹)? ➜ The Biographical Information of Shirley Jackson: Shirley Jackson…  She is a black novelist  She came from a black family  She is a nigger  She is writing about racism ╰┈➤ So Shirley Jackson is interested in writing about racism. And at the same time she had a very depressing life. But why?...  Because her physical built was very weird and strange, she had a huge body with facial expressions which are not beautiful. ▶ That’s why her mother was treating her in a very bad way, because she doesn’t meet the standards of beauty for a female. * So she was suffering most of her life because of 2 things: 1. because she was black. 2. because she was not beautiful. │And at that time society people value females who have physical beauty. So because she hated the standards of society, because she hated the people in her society, and to evaluate persons in general, she wrote “The Lottery”. │  What’s the meaning of “Lottery”? it means you can win something by accident and luck and chance. ― In “The Lottery” Shirley Jackson gave a detailed description of the setting. The meaning of setting:…  Place  Time  Physical surroundings  Social surroundings 1) The Setting of Time: When we read the first sentence in first paragraph we have “27th of June”, so the day is given.  Today is the 27th of June.  it’s early in the morning.  and it’s in the Summer.  and something is going to happen at 10 o’clock. ↳ So every now and then we have a piece of information about the time in the setting. What’s the function of giving time?... (‘. ’)? *Because we need to create a sort of suspense… ➟ The Readers ask the question “What’s gonna happen?” Every now and then we are talking about time, it’s now early in the morning, it’s the 27th of- June, something is going to happen at 10 O’clock. So readers are reading and at the same time they are waiting for something to come, something is going to happen, and they don’t know what is going to happen, so there’s a sort of suspense. 2) The Setting of Place: it is a small village in America , and in the village we have 300 people, and at the same time, people are going to do something in a square (this is a place), the square is located between the post office and the bank, so we know exactly where the square is set. So every now and then, the setting is described in a wonderful and detailed way. ► Every now and then we have more pieces of information but we don’t know what’s gonna happen (this is a sort of suspense), we have enough information about the time, information about the place, but we don’t know what’s going to happen till now. 3) The Setting of Social Surroundings/Environment: boys are gathering, boys are coming from different houses, young boys, males and females, all people. and today is off we don’t have schools. what’s that for?... Is that an important day? Do we have a sort of a festival? Do we have a party? Do we have a celebration? ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ * Readers are waiting to know what’s gonna happen. (Sort of suspense).* ╰┈➤ So now all people are going to go to the square and in the square the children are going to collect stones, so now they are looking everywhere for the stones that are round and smooth. Why are the collecting stones? We are not sure yet…. And they are going to put the stones in a sort of like a hill, like a small mountain, so each one of the boys and of the girls are collecting stones and putting them in a place, and for sure they are happy because they didn’t go to school, they are preparing themselves for something to come.  now we move to the Second Paragraph… ► The Second Paragraph is describing the “Parents”, fathers and mothers, especially the fathers. ╰┈➤ fathers are coming to the square and they are talking about normal things in their life, so while they are walking to the square they are discussing ordinary topics of their life, so they are talking about village stuff.  So we have 1 thing about the fathers which is… talking about ordinary things. And now we move to another Paragraph… - This Paragraph is talking about housewives and mothers. After they finish cooking and cleaning dishes, they have to go to the same square, so they are going to wear their clothes and hurrying to the square. ⬇  In this Square we usually have celebration and sometimes we have dances, sometimes we give parties, so, now we know that this place is dedicated for festivals, dancing, giving parties and so on. ─── We have Two important people are there at the square: 1. Mr. Summers 2. Mr. Graves Mr. Summers… He is a very important serious person, he is the official in this village, he is the leader and the most important person in the village, he has a coal business, a coal company, he’s working in coals. And He is responsible for something, he comes to the square, and he is carrying with him an old box, a box that’s shabby, black, worn, and broken, and inside the box there are a few things, there are pieces of paper and we have lists of the families in all the village, the family of Mr. Clark, the family of Mr. Spenser, all the families are there, and the family of Hutchinson (their wives, their kids, all of them).  Mr. Graves… He is the man who is responsible for the Post Office in the village. ╰┈➤ These two persons are going to prepare something. So now we have the old box and villagers don’t want to change this box even though it’s so old and shabby. But why?... ↳ Because it’s a symbol for their past, they care about their past, so they don’t want to change the old box to a new box.  Shabby Box means: that the box lost its color because it’s very old. ↪ So now we are in the square and in the square people there sometimes they are telling jokes, sometimes they are asking about social life of each one, so they are talking about the ordinary stuff in their life. And now everyone is ready in the square! ── So now Mr. Summers is telling them “Please we need to do this and finish this quickly.” (He refers to the activity they are going to do in the Square) because we need to get back to our normal life. ➡ And now Mr. Summers has a list of the names of all parents, households of all families (The 300 people). So he’s reading them, so after reading all the names he is sure that all the people in the village are now here in the square. And now he calls the names of people, when someone hears his name he goes to Mr. Summers, and Mr. Summers tells him “Choose a slip of paper” and when he choose a piece of paper he will find it folded, he shouldn’t not see what is inside it right now. ✉ And this process will keep going on until all the 300 people have their slip of paper. And then Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves (the two officials) will tell people to open the slips of paper at the same time, so now people are going to see what is inside the folded slip of the paper… So what is inside the slips of paper?... (≖_≖ ) if there’s nothing and it’s blank inside the piece of paper, so it means you are okay. If the piece of paper has a black dot inside it, it means you are selected, you have been chosen. - So who is the one that is chosen?.... It’s Bill Hutchinson (the father) who has the wife with the name Tessie Hutchinson. So Bill Hutchinson is the one with a slip of paper with the black dot. But suddenly his wife Tessie is crying and saying “Nooo! This is not fair! We should repeat this again!”. ➡ So Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves decided that they are going to give this family a second chance. So the process is going to be repeated only for them again. And now in the second chance Tessie is going to have the slip of paper with the black dot. And now… ⤵ ↳ Now Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves are telling people “Okay folks! Let’s finish this quickly because we have other business to do”. *And now everybody is going to have the stones and they are going to stone or throw stones at Tessie Hutchinson! ➜ Now Tessie Hutchinson is in the middle of the square, and Mr. Summers is giving them the sign to start the activity. What’s the activity?... The activity is stoning or throwing stones at Tessie Hutchinson until she’s going to die. -So even her husband is going to stone her, even her 3 kids are happy stoning her, and she’s crying, she’s yelling, and she’s repeating many times “This is not fair!” until she’s going to be killed in the square. ──The Lottery… So what’s the meaning of lottery here? It means we have options, we have choices and you can choose, and after your choice you are either a winner or a loser. ✏ How many characters do we have? We have main characters: 1. Mr. Summers (a representative of the government, that’s why he is doing this activity). 2. Mr. Graves (responsible for the post office, and he assisting Mr. Summers). 3. Bill Hutchinson and Tessie Hutchinson (They belong to the poor families). 4. Old Man Warner 5. And we have other families who are not that important. ↪ What’s the main Theme of the story? What’s the idea behind this short story? How many themes do we have? (This short story is an iconic short story in the American Literature). ⬇ Theme 1: Human beings have the sense of evil  (We call this Finality of Evil, Finality of Evil means evil lurks inside the human mind. So hurting other people is part of the human structure, it means human beings are born with this element of evil). Theme 2: Mindless preservation of traditions  We have a character by the name of Old Man Warner, he is 77 years old. It means he is the eldest man in the village, and he attended this kind of activity “Lottery” for 77 times. (so he is a symbol of the past.) Some people in the village are asking this question: why are we doing this? Why do we kill somebody? What’s the pleasure of killing somebody? We don’t have a reason to kill somebody, especially this person is one of our relatives and families, why do we call them? There’s no answer, no reason… But it’s a custom, it’s a habit, it’s something usual, so with traditions and with customs usually we don’t have time to think, we are only repeating the past without even thinking why we are doing this. So this is the bad side of your traditions and customs, the bad side of your ritual, the things you are practicing every day from the past, you think they are important and good but in fact you are killing somebody. So some people asked this question… “Why are we doing this?” *So the Old Man Warner is answering them with “These are our habits, these are our traditions, we have to stick to them because when we do this every year we are going to have more plants and blessings. But someone said…. - Someone said “Other villagers stopped doing lottery!” *Old Man Warner responded with “They are group of crazy people! They are group of fools! We should not stop this lottery because it’s a blessing to our life”. ➡ So we preserve traditions, and we are repeating things from the past, and we have wrong ideas that when we keep our rituals it’s a sign of success and a sign of achievement. So sometimes we have…. “Mindless preservation of traditions”: it means we keep repeating things without even asking ourselves why we are doing this? Theme 3: Conformity  It means to feel that you are part of this society, sometimes you are following traditions blindly to have a sort of belonging to this society, to have this sense of belongingness, sometimes you act like people because you want to be similar to them so-  sometimes people are committing foolish things, and you act and do like them because you want to be like them, you want to be part of them, so sometimes you are following wrong things because you wanna be part of the society. Theme 4: We have officials and responsible people and these officials have roles in society  EX-: I am an official, I have a role in this society or I’m a teacher or I’m a doctor or I’m a politician or I’m a man of religion, each one has a role, so if you are a teacher you are teaching your students, I have the power and the authority to control my students because I’m their teacher. If I’m a doctor I have the liberty to check their bodies because I’m a doctor. If I’m a politician I have the right to change the regime and the system because I have power and authority. If I’m a man of religion I have the power to instruct them and to tell them you should do this thing and you should not do this other thing. So we have different roles, but sometimes we are doing our role in a horrible way, I feel that I have the responsibility to teach people, but my way of teaching is going to- destroy them, and I don’t care about  destroying their mind and life, but I have to do my job. Sometimes we have official people, they are responsible for doing certain things, and these things are ruining the lives of people, but they don’t care, they feel this is their responsibility, they feel that they are doing the right thing, I’m doing it for my god, I’m doing it for my nation, I’m doing it for my society. EX-: We have a doctor and this doctor is treating people with the wrong medicine, he thinks he’s killing people, but still he thinks that he’s doing something good because I’m giving them medicine, but this medicine is killing them, I don’t care, this is my role.  So I feel I have a role and I’m responsible to this role but I’m doing it the bad way. ➜ So Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves are officials and they are conducting this Lottery and they are killing a victim but they think they are doing this for the country, we are doing this for the welfare of the society, we are doing this for the sake of humanity, so in this short story we have some important themes.