KINE 1020: Cardiovascular Physiology (Normal) PDF

KINE 1020: Cardiovascular Physiology (Normal)  Electrical / Conduction System of the Heart What helps controls heart rhythm? pacematea C -...

KINE 1020: Cardiovascular Physiology (Normal)  Electrical / Conduction System of the Heart What helps controls heart rhythm? pacematea C - automatic nervous system (controls heart rate SA NODE de long) without thin Pacemate sympathetic AV NODE system - nervous b both - systems converge for the sanoel Nervous ”bundles” and “fibres” atrium ventricular node - when a cardine cell beats , tell the (beating from atria It will cell next tolt to beat to ventricle) -- contines - want it start beating at the bottom heart (ventricle) to the top /communicate with base of heart - heart block means there is first) a deficiency In bundle branches (neuro circuit] , and bachinery fibres - starts SAnode Ar node ; bottom of heart to contract towards the so blood , top can out get Note: Non-conductive fibrous tissue at the top of the heart (atria), but electrically conductive material in the ventricles help the conduction of signals  > - spilce in neuroenergy Electrical System * ↓ contraction to > - > - ventricular contraction KEY Pacemakers of the Heart keeps the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) > - heart beating even if it is Loading… removed from the body Primary Pacemaker (Typical range from 60-100bpm at rest) Sets HR because impulse happens more frequently than the other nodes Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) Only pathway for electrical signals to reach the ventricles Designed for one-way signalling From Atria to Ventricles If the SA node isn’t working properly the AV can also be a pacemaker (~40 bpm)  - If you near a whooshing sound, the value is not closing properly Heart Sounds (Lub Dub, Lub Dub) an e closes Pulmonary and aortic value range ↓ t closes (ventricle contracts) (ventride relaxes) listen and learn about heart sounds: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNHI-l_c-ls The Electrocardiogram used to measure is mask ECG / EKG oxygen consumptions droxide carbon Measurement - how are all the chambers values nodes working , , use d find the emulat 12 Lead ECG Loading…  The Electrocardiogram ECG / EKG Provides an electrical representation of atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation Normal Sinus rhythm Tracing Waves  Arrhythmias When rhythms go wrong! Changes to the conduction system can be serious or even fatal Tachycardia (>100bpm) Bradycardia ( - Total amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute Reflects the heart’s ability to meet the body’s needs for blood flow How is it measured? How is it calculated? volume stroke X * Q (L/min) = HR (bpm) X SV (ml)  - High HR often means poor SV (and use versa) Factors impacting cardiac output Peak heart rate Loading… - is 220- your age to increase - stroke volume, you can change fitness levels /more muscle that needs oxygen so heart will get bigger and stronger the more as well) her mig the are number , you -... peak - What are normal values for cardiac output? HR Rest: 40-80 bpm During Max Exercise: HRmax = 220 - age SV Rest: 50-70ml During Max Exercise: 120 - >200ml Q Rest: 5L/min- /blood can fill this much amount) During Max Exercise: 20- >35L/min  If the damaged Arteries aortals death - , is instantaneous layers memorize Carry blood away from the heart * Call control the blood flow) Mostly oxygenated blood (outside to inside T Except for in the pulmonary arteries! 1that'swhyItSImportant a Higher pressure tolerance ↳ If It breaks lesp with a big artery Key Properties will start you bleeding (muscle) (separate muscle from Elastic (compliance) endothelium) Surrounded by smooth muscle I 3 Primary Layers slippery cells Itells the media Tunica Externa to dilate or contrict Lacts like the brain) Key for structure Collagen Tunica Media Muscular layer ↓ Tunica Intima allow the arteries Basement membrane to constrict and dicilate Endothelium 13  Veins -only expand when blood is pooling (similar to balloons : will expand and fill up with blood and shrink when Carry blood back to the heart blood leaves) - muscular contractions can help push the blood back into Mostly deoxygenated blood (except ?) the heart and brain after it pools Capacitance Vessels (can enlarge/expand easily to store/hold blood) Key Properties Less elastic and rigid vs arteries Contain valves 3 Primary Layers Tunica Externa Key for structure Collagen Tunica Media Muscular layer Tunica Intima Basement membrane Endothelium 14 Capillaries & Endothelium - (In between veins and arteries) Capillaries - Too many opened capillaries can lower blood pressure Smallest vessels Blood flow is significantly slower Endothelium Innermost layer of all blood vessels Single cell thickness Primary contact for transport / exchange Gas Nutrients Metabolic waste Important role in blood pressure control Governs vasodilation and vasoconstriction Releases chemical signals into the blood stream in 15  response to Blood Vessel Sizes Aorta = 2.5cm Vena Cava = 3cm Artery = 6-10mm Vein = 2-5mm Vessel Diameter Arteriole = 10-30µm Venule = 10-30µm biggest vessels - are near the heart until it reaches the capillaries and then Capillary = 6-9µm towards the larger reins big > - small > - big 16 Comparing Vessels 17 Vasoconstriction / Vasodilation of the Arteries -want vessels to constrict if it is not the What is vasoconstriction? muscle being used for certain exercleses What is vasodilation? ↳ EX If you. are working out legs, you want dilate leg vessel to but arm vessels to constrict Why are they important? 18  Blood Pressure Typical factors effecting BP responses External Factors Exercise Postural changes External agents / environmental stimuli Drugs Stress Vascular Properties Arterial compliance Blockages Blood properties Viscosity, clotting factors, blood volume 19  Lecture Blood Pressure from nov 6 The force that blood exerts on the walls of the vasculature resistance can affect blood pressure What is it? (0 -2:22min) I hydration is important https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diG519dFVNs - thick blood is not good cl o se ne as BP = Q x TPR - > X italtere s ym Blood pressure = Cardiac output X Total Peripheral Resistance 20 * important know Blood Pressure How is it regulated? hormonesthat thedesa to conserve or Autonomic Nervous System ↓ release - Idneys regulate blood Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) pressure (controls how much Kidneys and Hormones control fluid intake and excretion water is In the blood by removing Alter blood volume and pressure It or containing /keeping It) ↳ this will affect blood Blood vessels – constriction & dilation pressure pressure& sensors that find the pressure in blood Baroreceptors /that will tell the affects blood pressure blood pressure If the water if it is too high kidneys is to too absorb low or more water release ↳ a nose also tell arterioles to squeezeIf the BP is too low like harder to more (thicker blood is have thin blood to avoid HBP - · so more is needed to push It) pressure 21  - want it to rise during exercise or moving so blood is to heart and head going Measuring BP and lower # of * know upper BP and the sounds When is it advisable or important to measure BP? What number does it tell us? contracting relaxing highest is is lowest know for test Systolic and Diastolic BP arterserved and thebrachial g Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg) arm so hard the blood supply is closed off in the artery squeezing , # In blood SBP / DBP - and will reflow when the cuff releases a littlelopper pressure) (systolic) flow) How can we measure blood pressure?. sound when there is very little blood - Whooshing Gl) If the vessel is constricted ,not all the blood is flowing through Manual So there is a whooshing called laminar blood flow - sound but when the (lower) sound stops when the vessel opens and the cuff sound stops, it is Stethoscope + Cuff (sphygmomanometer) releases Automated Lab 6! 22 Measuring BP The Riva-Rocci/ Korotkov method Using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer “Korotkov Sounds” 23  Blood Pressure Changes- when it drops too low? starts ↓ here happens when you stand - with blood loss exercise or Injury up or BP goes up , the - when ↳ carotid and aortic sensors means the baroreceptors will quite the SNS and Closs blood so the baroreceptors return to normal senses this) are too low baroreceptors used when BP - are immediately SNs will is too low - raise heart rate BP will increase 7 and constriction (since heart the Co and Y arteryheartmuscleatta in as well since rate) in arterides y increasing (check will send R is Heart Rate ↑ bundles so it formulas - nerve ↑ brain since constriction signals to the Baroreceptors in - herve or Q C PORTPR BP =. carotid artery & Aorta detect a drop in BP Vasoconstriction automatic nervous system I controls heart rate , breathing ANS triggered and will stimulate the brain , the is - In Baroreceptors communicate with the SIVs (sympathetic nervous system) brain triggering ANS–(Foot ON gas [SNS] and OFF brake [PNS]) 24  Blood Pressure Changes- How can blood pressure be restored (lowered) after it is elevated? - doesn't always will decrease work - parasympathetic heart rate and dilate vessels CO and R decreases, Baroreceptors communicate with meaning meaning BP decreases baroreceptors triggers the ANS which will stimulate brain triggering ANS–(Foot off , Heart Rate ↓ ↑ the parasympathetic gas and on brake) - heart decreases due to nervous system parasympathetic nervous system Baroreceptors in will decrease CO and R carotid artery & - to return to homeostasis aorta detect changes in BP Vasodilation ↑ 1 when pressure increases, baroreceptors notice a change) start here 25 Overview Blood Pressure ↑ or ↓ BP GOES Baroreceptors detect changes BP GOES UP DOWN Brain triggers autonomic Brain triggers autonomic response response (foot off gas, on brake) (foot on gas, off brake) Q= HR X SV (↓) Q = HR X SV (↑) VASODILATION (↑) VASOCONSTRICTION (↑) BP = Q (↓) X TPR (↓) BP = Q (↑) X TPR (↑) Blood Pressure ↑ or ↓ back to normal (Homeostasis) 26  Blood What is it made of? What does it do? Why is it important? contain red blood cells that water , carry - CO2 and 02 27 Blood What is it made of? Contents (not solvable in water) Red Blood Cells (45%) Buffy Coat (