Notes+1-+Discovery,+Spanish+Colonization.odt

Unit 1 Notes Forming a New Nation Pre-Discovery -- 1783 OVERVIEW OF UNIT 1- Pgs 2-3 American Pageant (Americans 1-1) Christoper Columbus did not \'discover\' America. Ancient Peoples Come to the Americas: 1. As early as 40,000 years ago the first humans crossed over ice and land bridges-...

Unit 1 Notes Forming a New Nation Pre-Discovery -- 1783 OVERVIEW OF UNIT 1- Pgs 2-3 American Pageant (Americans 1-1) Christoper Columbus did not \'discover\' America. Ancient Peoples Come to the Americas: 1. As early as 40,000 years ago the first humans crossed over ice and land bridges- These were mainly hunters and gathers. 2. Between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago peoples in Southern North America developed corn from various grasses. (domestication) 3. Eventually Agricultural techniques spread throughout the Americas as people in each region began to produce their own food. 1. 2\. Populations were able to stay in one place. 3\. Peoples able to accumulate and store surplus food- This allowed them time to develop skills outside of food production. 4\. Because of the development of agriculture, larger- more stable societies arose. Complex Societies Flourish in the Americas: 1. **Maya** (AD 250-900) Dynamic culture in Guatemala and the Yucatan Peninsula. Ancestors of the Aztecs. 2. **Aztec** (\~1200) Valley of Mexico. 3. **Inca** (\~1400) Rose from the ruins of earlier societies in South America. Stretched nearly 2,500 miles. These cultures boasted achievements that rivaled ancient cultures elsewhere in the world. 1. Gold and Silver 2. Great Cities 3. Glyphic writing Ancient Desert Farmers in North America: (300BC - 1300) 1. 1. Hohokam and Anasazi- Agricultural based. 1. Hohokam- Central Arizona 2\. Anasazi- Four Corners Region 1. Although some of these societies still flourished by the time Christoper Columbus \'Discovered\' America, most had disappeared or given way to new societies. Despite their fate, these early peoples were the ancestors of the many and diverse Native American groups that inhabited North America on the eve of its encounter with the European world. (Americans 1-5) (Brinkley 12-23) EUROPE LOOKS WESTWARD Europe was almost entirely unaware of the existence of the Americans before the 15^th^ century. Leif Eriksson- Norse Seaman (11^th^ century) Even if his discoveries had become common knowledge, and they had not, Europe was in no position to capitalize. Two important and related changes provided the first incentive for Europeans to look toward new lands: 1. Significant population growth in 15^th^ century Europe accompanied a general rise in prosperity. (black death-1347) 1. More affluent Europeans eager to purchase goods from distant regions. 2. Trade increased, along with advances in navigation and ship building. 3. Long distance sea travel more feasible. 4. Developing markets. 2. New governments that were more united and powerful than the feudal past. 1. New monarchs emerged and consolidated power. 2. Eager to enhance the **commercial growth** of their nations. Mercantilism\*: worlds wealth is finite, gain wealth at expense of others. Commercial Adventure: [World Map](../../World%20Map.gif) 1. 14^th^ century- Marco Polo and other adventurers returned from Asia bearing exotic goods (spices, fabrics, dyes) and even more exotic tales, Europeans longed for trade with the East (Asia, Indies, Spice Islands) 2. For 2 centuries that trade had been limited (long over land journey, Muslim middle men, etc\...) 3. New monarchs were eager to finance daring voyages of exploration. First success went to Portuguese: 1. Preeminent maritime power in the fifteenth century. 1. Prince Henry the Navigator. Not interested in Asia but west Africa to build a Christian Empire and Gold. 2. Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) 1486 2. Naval Dominance along the west coast of Africa. Transatlantic Encounters: 1. Columbus crosses the Atlantic- Southern routes around Africa were controlled by the Portuguese 1. August 1492 (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria) 2. October 1492 Columbus reaches the Caribbean -- Thinks he is on the far east fringes of Asia and thus names the Native Peoples \'Indians\'. 3. Was looking for a route to East Asia / Indies 4. First impression of that natives was that they were friendly and well-dispositioned. In a letter back to Spain Columbus wrote:\ *It would be unnecessary to build\.... \[a fort here\] because these people are so simple in deeds of arms\... If Your Highnesses order either to bring all them to Castile or to hold them as captivos \[slaves\] on their own island it could easily done, because with about fifty men, you could control and subjugate them, making them do whatever you want.* 1. 1. After realizing his error Columbus returns several times looking for a water passage through this land mass he believes is small and just next door to his original destination (Asia) (Never mind the little bit of water known as the Pacific Ocean) 2. Columbus\'s third expedition to the Americas was with a much larger expedition. He finally reaches the mainland and cruised along the norther coast of South America. When he passed the mouth of the Orinoco River (fresh water) he concluded for the first time that what he had discovered was not an island off the coast of China, but a large separate continent. 3. Still convinced that China is a short distance away. Columbus dies believing this. 4. Never finds a water passage (Isthmus of Panama) Columbus has been celebrated for centuries as the "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" (a title he struggled to have officially bestowed on him during his lifetime) and as a representative of the new,secular, scientific impulses of Renaissance Europe. But Columbus was also a deeply religious man, even something of a mystic. His voyages were inspired as much by his conviction that he was fulfilling a divine mission as by his interest in geography and trade. Columbus\'s celebrated accomplishments made him a popular hero for a time, but he ended his life in obscurity. When Europeans at last gave a name to the New World, they ignored him. The distinction went instead to a Florentine merchant, Amerigo Vespucci, a member of a later Portuguese expedition to the New World who wrote a series of vivid descriptions of the lands he visited and who recognized the Americas as new continents. The Conquistadores: In time the Spanish stopped thinking of America simply as an obstacle and began instead to consider it a possible source of wealth. By the mid-sixteenth century the Spanish were well on their way to establishing a substantial American empire. Hernando Cortes- Had been a Spanish government official in Cuba for 14 years with little success. 1. 1518-Led a small military expedition of 600 men into Mexico. 2. Met strong and resourceful resistance from the Aztecs and their powerful emperor, Montezuma. 3. Spanish exposed the Aztecs to smallpox during a early and peaceful visit to the capital- Tenochtitlan. 1. Smallpox epidemic decimated the Aztec population and made it possible for the Spanish to triumph in their second attempt at conquest. 4. The Spanish (Christians) felt vindicated by the epidemic. One of Cortes\'s men said "God saw fit to sent the Indians smallpox". 5. Through his ruthless suppression of the surviving natives, Cortes established a lasting reputation as the most brutal of the Spanish *conquistadores. (*conquerors) STOP 8/31/2023 News of New World riches reaches Spain. 1. Waves of Spanish conquistadores descended on the mainland in search of fortune. (Think very violent California gold rush) 2. More wealth, new cultures, and further exploration: 1. Francisco Pizarro- (1532-38) conquered Peru and revealed the wealth of the Inca Empire. 2. Hernando de Soto- (1539-41) looking for gold and other riches led several expeditions through Florida and west into the continent and became the first white man known to have crossed the Mississippi River. 3. Francisco Coronado (1540-42) looking for gold and other riches traveled north from Mexico into what is now New Mexico and helped open the Southwest (of what is now the US) to Spanish settlement. The story of the Spanish warriors is one of great military daring and achievement. It is also a story of great brutality and greed- a story that would be repeated time and again over centuries of European conquest of the Americas. The conquistadores subjugated and, in some areas (through a combination of warfare and disease), almost exterminated the native populations. In this horrible way, they made possible the creation of a vast Spanish empire in the New World. Spanish America: Spanish empire spanned 3 distinct periods: 1. Discovery and exploration (Columbus -- 1520) 2. Conquistadors 3..**Ordinances of Discovery** (1570s) 1. New Spanish laws- banned the most brutal military conquests. 2. From this point on the Spanish expanded their presence in America through colonization. 3. New Spanish arrivals came for differing reasons: 1. Agriculture 2\. Religion (Catholic Church (Missions) 4. Northern Outposts in (what is now SW US) saw Spanish and Native American interaction. 1. Many Pueblos converted to Christianity. 2. Some forced labor -- *encomiendas* (license to extract labor first used in early Spanish outposts in the Caribbean) 5\. Ranchos- cattle and sheep *Pueblo Revolt- 1680* 1. 1. Response to missionaries efforts to suppress tribal rituals that Europeans considered incompatible with Christianity. 2. More importantly- Major drought and series of raids by neighboring Apache tribes created great instability. 3. The revolt was led by an Indian religious leader named Pope (can you smell the irony???) 4. Hundreds of European settlers (21 priests) killed and Santa Fe was captured. 5. 12 years later the Spanish returned and resumed seizing Pueblo lands and crushed the last revolt in 1696. Results of Europe\'s (Spanish) first interaction with the New World: 1. VERY IMPORTANT- WORLDS COLLIDE. 2. Importation of European diseases. 1. It would be difficult to exaggerate the consequences of the exposure of Native Americans to: 1. influenza 2. measles 3. chicken pox 4. mumps 5. typhus 6. SMALLPOX 2. Diseases to which Europeans had over time developed at least partial immunity but to which Native Americans were vulnerable resulting in MILLIONS of deaths. Many native groups became extinct as a result of interaction with whites. (Seasoning / Green- explain concept) 3. Deliberate Subjugation and Extermination. 1. Introduction of important new crops, livestock, and most importantly the horse 1. Spanish introduced these things for their own use but Natives soon made use of them as well. 2. Drastic transformation / improvement of societies. 1. Arriving Europeans learned new and better agricultural techniques from the Natives. 1. CORN- Major staple 1. Spread of Catholicism 1. Labor Systems 1. Spanish and Portuguese colonists depended on an Indian work force. 2. SLAVERY (experiments) 1. Growth of West African Slave Trade. 1. 16^th^ century European demand for sugarcane. (very labor intensive crop- high demand for workers) 2. European slave trade \'recruits\' from West Africa. 1. Demand for slaves increases kingdom warfare in Africa 1. Trying to capture potential slaves to trade for European goods. 3. By 1700 slavery had begun to spread well beyond its original locations in the Caribbean and South America and into English colonies to the north. MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPANISH AND ENGLISH COLONIAL SYSTEMS: 1. Spanish monarchy extended its authority directly into the governance of local communities. 1. Colonists had few opportunities to establish political institutions independent of the crown. 2. Spanish were more successful in extracting \'surface\' wealth. (gold, silver) 1. Less time and energy on making agriculture and commerce profitable. 3. English colonies concentrated, for the most part, on establishing permanent settlements. The Spanish in contrast ruled their empire but did not people it. (Small ruling class upon a much larger existing population) 1. The Spanish did not create a self-contained European society in the New World as the English would attempt to do so in the north.