The Cortex Notes PDF

The Cortex Wednesday, September 4, 2024 2:41 PM - Lobes ○ Frontal ▪ Higher order thought ○ Parietal ▪ Sensory ▪ Anterior part of parietal lobe □ Somato sensory (how we feel) ▪ Posterior part of parie...

The Cortex Wednesday, September 4, 2024 2:41 PM - Lobes ○ Frontal ▪ Higher order thought ○ Parietal ▪ Sensory ▪ Anterior part of parietal lobe □ Somato sensory (how we feel) ▪ Posterior part of parietal lobe □ Insulin cortex from the gut □ Vestibular cortex for balance and how to process ○ Temporal ▪ Hearing & memory ○ Occipital ▪ Vision ○ Limbic ▪ Emotional - Cortical organization ○ Primary cortical areas ▪ Areas that receive info from peripheral receptors (e.g. thalamus) with little interpretation of the meaning of info ▪ Important for receiving sensory info/ executing motor tasks ▪ Examples □ Primary (motor, somatosensory, visual, auditory, gustatory) areas ○ Association areas ▪ Areas that receive info from primary areas & involved in higher order processing, integrating, interpreting ▪ They are located adjacent to primary areas ▪ Examples □ (Premotor, somatosensory, visual, auditory, frontal, parietal/ sensory, temporal) association areas ▪ Classifications of association areas □ Unimodal association cortex Higher order info processing of single sensory/ motor modality Located adjacent to primary areas □ Heteromodal association cortex Integrating functions from multiple modalities Exam 1 Page 1  ▪ - Functional areas ○ Motor ▪ Primary motor areas □ Located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe □ Responsible for motor output to the contralateral side of body □ Makes up corticospinal tract ▪ Supplementary motor area □ Anterior to primary motor area □ Superior to premotor area □ Contains the motor map for posture ▪ Premotor association area □ Anterior to primary motor area □ Inferior to supplementary motor □ Involved in higher order processing & integrating motor info ○ Motor-related ▪ Frontal eye fields □ Located in supplementary motor area & extend anterior □ Involved in eye movement ▪ Motor-hand area □ Part of precentral gyrus, just posterior to frontal eye field □ Responsible for motor-hand function ○ Somatosensory ▪ Primary somatosensory area □ Located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe □ Sensory afferent from contralateral peripheral receptors travel to thalamus then ends up in this area □ Makes up spinothalamic tract ▪ Somatosensory association area □ Posterior to primary somatosensory area □ Interpretation of significance of sensory info Touch, pressure, proprioceptive info Exam 1 Page 2 ○ ○ Visual ▪ Primary visual area □ Located on banks of calcarine sulcus on medial occipital lobe □ Fibers from retina -> lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus -> primary visual cortex, travel as optic radiations □ Primary visual cortex Retinotopically organized Upper visual field ◊ Inferior bank of calcarine sulcus Lower visual field ◊ Superior bank of calcarine sulcus Highest visual acuity of retina (fovea) ◊ Near occipital pole ▪ Visual association area □ Surrounds primary visual cortex on medial side □ Gives meaning & interpretation to visual info ▪ ○ Auditory areas ▪ Primary auditory area □ Composed of Transverse Heschl's gyri deep within lateral fissure Part of superior surface of superior temporal gyrus for temporal lobe □ Auditory info -> cochlea -> medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus -> primary auditory area cortex Info from cochlea travels both ipsi & contralateral ▪ Auditory association area □ Adjacent to primary auditory area, on lateral surface of superior temporal gyrus □ Interprets sound & gives meaning ○ Insular cortex ▪ Part of consciousness, emotion, self-awareness, & cognitive function ▪ Primary gustatory area □ Taste Exam 1 Page 3  □ Taste □ Located in insular cortex, within lateral fissure ▪ ○ Language ▪ Both areas connected via deep fiber tract called arcuate fasciculus □ Broca area Located in frontal lobe, anterior to premotor association area Production of all forms of language □ Wernicke area Parietal & temporal lobes around lateral fissure & primary auditory area Comprehension of language ▪ Dominant hemisphere □ Language function ▪ Non-dominant hemisphere □ Melody, accent, & tone ▪ ○ Other ▪ Frontal association □ Referred to prefrontal cortex □ Extensive connections to other areas □ Important for executive function Memory, problem solving, attention, planning ▪ Parietal association □ Posterior to primary somatosensory area □ Orienting our attention in time & space ▪ Temporal association □ Links b/w visual stimuli of a face/ object & its meaning/ identity Exam 1 Page 4 ▪ Exam 1 Page 5