NeuroAnatomy PDF

🦴 NeuroAnatomy Cranium Anatomy: Sutures: Composed mostly of collagen, with a wavy shape & they “close” after the structural body development is completed. Calvarial sutures: cranial connection btw upper skull bones, protect the sup part of the...

🦴 NeuroAnatomy Cranium Anatomy: Sutures: Composed mostly of collagen, with a wavy shape & they “close” after the structural body development is completed. Calvarial sutures: cranial connection btw upper skull bones, protect the sup part of the CNS. ⇒ 1. Coronal ⇒ 2. Lambdoidal ⇒ 4. Pterion Facial sutures: connect the bones where the facial muscles insert. ⇒ 1. Frontozygomatic ⇒ 2. Frontamaxillary ⇒ 3. Temporozygomatic Internal sutures: connect the bones inside of the skull. Anatomical Encephalic Distribution: NeuroAnatomy 1  Telencephalon: Neocortex, hippocampus & lat ventricles. Diencephalon: Subcortical nuclei/structures & third ventricle Mesencephalon: Brainstem & cerebral peduncle. Rhomboencephalon: Cb, pons & medula Meninges & Ventricles: 1. Meninges: membranous cover of the hole CNS (encephalon & SC). Function: mechanical & immunological protection & provides a framework for vascularization. They can be divided in 3 layers: Dura mater: Closest to the skull, 4 areas: Falx cerebri, Falx cerebelli,Tentorium cerebelli, Diaphragma. Arachnoid Mater: under dura mater, connect to dura & allow transition of CSF btw layers. ⇒ CSF(cerebrospinal fluid): cushion for encephalon, protect it against mechanical damage. Pia Mater: hold the form of gyri & sulci 2. Ventricles: Production of CSF for protection against mechanical damage/pressure (ICP) & immunological harm. CSF is produced in the choroid plexus in each of the ventricles: lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle & 4th ventricle. CEREBRAL CORTEX & CORTICAL AREAS: NeuroAnatomy 2  Sulci and Gyri: Frontal lobe: Parietal lobe: Delimit: Behind Delimitation: in front of central sulcus, end central sulcus, where on POf & being precentral gyrus lies. divided into sup & inf parietal lobules by IPS. Temporal lobe: Occipital lobe: Delimit: Beneath lat Delimit: by fissure, being divided parietooccipital in 3 principal gyri that sulcus on med run parallel to this surface fissure. Insular lobe: Delimit: Deep Function: involved in different stages of underneath Sylvanian fissure, sensory processing, role in behavioral under F, P & T lobules. modulation, mediating compulsion Sulci: Short insular sulcus Gyri: Ant insular lobule. Post insular lobule. Cortical areas: Terms & Concepts 1. Laterality: Dominant 1. Non- dominant hemisphere: hemisphere - Complex connection btw Tp & Pl - Most developed M1 - higher in involving perception/ abstraction (connection complexity) - Communication centers 3. Brodmann Areas: NeuroAnatomy 3  - Higher in involving planning/strategy 2. Homunculus Cerebri: representation of the body in primary motor (M1) & somatosensory cortex (S1) 4. Functional Description: - Primary cortical areas : various sensory systems or responsible for executing a motor plan Primary motor cortex [M1], somatosensory cortex [S1], visual cortex [V1], auditory cortex [A1], olfactory cortex/Entorhinal cortex [O1] - Secondary Cortical Areas: combining inputs assembled in 1st areas to create internal & external processes, maintain memory of motor processes Supplementary motor cortex [SMA/SpMC], Premotor cortex [PMC], Association cortex [AC], Secondary visual cortex [V2], Broca area, Wernicke area ⇒ SMA/SpMC & PMC involved in motor processes require procedural memory info to facilitate & ↑ speed of motor execution area M1. - Tertiary Cortical Areas: interpreting internal & external contexts, reasoning processes, decision making & declarative memory processes Prefrontal cortex [PFC], Tertiary visual cortex [V3], Temporal pole: TA, area 36, area 35, CT, TI Frontal Cortex dlPFC: involved in the dvlpmt of motor strategies (dominant) & behavioral strategies (non-dominant) FPC/FP: involved in intrinsic cognitive processes vlPFC: involved in adaptive behavior dmPFC: involved in working memory & its relation to emotional modulation OFC: involved in associative learning, mainly taste & smell with visual representation from the temporal pole NeuroAnatomy 4  SMA & PMC: involved in procedural memory (short and long- term respectively), mvmt strategy. M1: responsible for executing the motor plan & influences the direction of the mvmt (grossly) on the dominant side. Temporal Pole: Dorsal network: Connected to somatosensorimotor & auditory regions, related to verbal communication semantics. Ventromedial network: Connected to higher level visual areas, HPC & parahippocampal cortex, related to visual perception Medial network: Connected to paralimbic structures & the olfactory tubercle in O1, related to olfactory association. Anterolateral network: Temporal insular cortex & Amygdala/Hippocampus, related to default semantic. Speech and Understanding: 2 areas & 1 tract (arcuate fasciculus) can be described: - Broca area: Responsible for speech production, including syntax, coherence... - Wenicke area: Language comprehension. Corpus Callosum: A buddle of axons (white matter) the connects the R & L hemisphere, being in this way involved in all disconnective disorders. SUBCORTICAL NUCLEI & STRUCTURES: Limbic System: - Hippocampus (HPC): memory processes, found on the floor of post horn (lat vent). Divided in 4 fields in relation to the connection to other cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex and association cortex. Spatial memory processes (R) & declarative memory (L). - Amygdala (AM): involved with memory, role in emotional & planning processes related to memory & decision making. Center of innate & acquired fears. ⇒ Cingulate Cortex (CC)/ Cingulate Gyrus: Prolongation of subcortical structures Role: in reasoning , higher cognitive functions, connection to memory & emotion 2 main parts: anterior (aCC), posterior (pCC) NeuroAnatomy 5  - Thalamus (THA): assemble of nuclei, connect diff parts of cortex & involved with perception/section of inputs & attention - Hypothalamus (HPT): composed 9 nuclei, connection btw nervous system & endo system. Produce of H (oxytocin, vasopressin), regulate autonomous functions of body - Hypophysis (Hyp): inside of infudibular stem: filled with oxytocin. Produce/release some H - Basal Nuclei (BN): assembly of nuclei direct or indirect in regulation of almost all systems, regulate of motor processes. ⇒ system: caudate nucleus (CN), putamen (PUT), globus pallidus (GPe,i), subthalamic nucleus (STN), subtantia nigra (SN). ⇒ GP: control conscious & propriosceptive ⇒ GPi: intrinsic nucleus, relay 4 info / GPe: output nucleus, sends info to THA. Subcortical Structures: - Striatum: direct connection to cerebral cortex, connects inputs & outputs. Subdivided into ventral & dorsal striatum. Composed of: Caudate nucleus, Putamen nucleus, Accumbens nucleus (NAcc) & Olfactory tubercle at the end of the CN1. ⇒ Caudate: learning, memory, reward, emotion, romantic interactions - Putamen (PUT): regulate mvmts & goal-directed behavior. M ≠ F. Connects directly to cerebral cortex & other BN (GPe, GPi) for self regulatory. - Substantia Nigra (SN): produce dopamine for CNS & main output nucleus of regulatory pathways. ⇒ Divide in 2 anat parts: compact (SNc) & reticulate (SNr) - Nucleus Basales Meynert (NbM): connects (ACh) to F & Temp cortices & AM. Excitatory/regulatory role in rational & emotional process. - Claustrum: not considered of BN, function of building a connection btw cortical areas for high cognitive function from environment before attribut of meaning. - Locus Coeruleus (LC): produce norepinephrine, origin of war-reaching noradrenergic systems, affects behave, memory & H regulation. - Raphe Nuclei: reticular formation. 6 nuclei are deep embedded in the brainstem. Produce serotonin, but not all neurons are serotonergic ≈ 10 to 80% depends on nucleus. NeuroAnatomy 6  - Cerebellum: postural control, old structure of the CNS. 3 areas: Flocculonodular lobe, ant & post lobe. Center: represent the trunk. - Deep Cerebellar Nuclei (DCN): last station in Cb, where an output leaves to other areas of the CNS. - Red Nucleus: supports the transmission of motor info from Cb to SC, involved with postural control & coordination - Brainstem Nuclei: > Nucleus Edinger Westphal: parasympat innervation from oculomotorius nerve, pupillary reflex > Nucleus Oculomotorii: somatomotory inner from CNIII, eye mvmt > Nucleus Trochlearis: innerv trochlearis nerve, eye mvmt > Nucleus Abducens: gets input from vestibular nucleus, vestibulooculary reflex > Nucleus Cochlearis: move eyes to sound origin > Nucleus Vestibularis - CN7 Innervation: - Cranial Nerves: Irrigation: Blood Supply: Internal carotid artery (ICA)// Paravertebral artery (PVA) Basilar artery Anterior inferior cerebellary artery (AICA) Posterior inferior cerebellary artery (PICA) NeuroAnatomy 7  Circle of Willis Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) Relevant ACA and MCA Branches ACA: MCA: Anterior communicating artery: Ant Lat lenticulostriate arteries: Supplies connection of the Circle of Willis caudate, GP, PUT, & post portion of the Medial lenticulostriate arteries: Supplies internal capsule BN & anterior portion of internal capsule Cortical segments: supplies aINS & Recurrent artery of Heubner: Supplies pINS head of caudate & ventral portion of internal capsule Pericallosal artery: Medial face of cerebral hemispheres THA: selection of input att piPC: spatial reasoning / psPC: coordination M1: execute motor plan control of the body V1: visual without perception SMA: short term motor memory / PMC: long term motor memory NeuroAnatomy 8  V2: colors / V3: perspective ⇒ W: language comprehension / B: speech process & interpretation of visual prod (words, syntax) ⇒ arcuate fasciculus, input dominant hemisph. A1: sound, noise, rhythm TP: perception, gathers all the process inputs & mix it with the memory that we have aINS: interpret, further communication / pINS: self CC: reasoning, connection to memory & control, gather & process info motion & process FEF: control visual attention aCC: connection btw memory & emotions, PFC (pre frontal cortex): reasoning attention, what are we focused on ? process, decision making BN: regulation of motor processes ⇒ dlPFC: motor strat (dom), AM: threats, emotion, planing processes behavior strat (non-dom) HPC: consolidates input into memory traces ⇒ mPFC: mediate decision Claustrum: transmit info btw R/L hemisphere, making consciousness/awareness ⇒ vmPFC: personality, social PHG (Parahippocampal gyrus): memory behavior & adaptive learning encoding ⇒ vlPFC: adaptive behavior Cb: balance, motor reflex NeuroAnatomy 9