Notes on Option 2 - World Order (Neilab Osman) PDF

OPTION: WORLD ORDER Principle Focus By referring to current issues and examples, students will be investgatng the ways in which legal and non- legal measures can efectvely resolve confict between states as well as promot...

OPTION: WORLD ORDER Principle Focus By referring to current issues and examples, students will be investgatng the ways in which legal and non- legal measures can efectvely resolve confict between states as well as promote peace Themes and challenges: ✔ The role of law in encouraging cooperaton and resolving conficc in regard co world order ✔ Issues of compliance and non-compliance ✔ The impacc of changing values and echical scandards on world order ✔ The role of law reform in promotng and maincaining world order ✔ The efectveness of legal and non-legal responses in promotng and maincaining world order. 1 – The Nature of World Order THE MEANING OF WORLD ORDER o World Order - che actvites and relatonships becweenche world’s scaces* and ocher signifcanc non-scace global accors* chac occur wichin a legal* politcal and economic framework; an incernatonal secof arrangemencs for promotng scabilicn and peace o Ocher Defnitons ▪ World Order describes che wan in which naton scaces cooperace in a coherenc manner in order co promoce peace* securicn* global equalicn* scabilicn and che absence of conficc ▪ An ordered world* wich a sense of global securicn* cercaincn and peacefulness ▪ A hierarchn of global powers – diplomacn and capacicn co infuence global evencs – some councries are more powerful chan ochers and chis changes (e.g. Global ‘Firepower Index’ - US* Russia* China* India* UK* France* Souch Korea* Germann* Japan* Turken) ▪ The noton of peace ▪ Order does noc alwans bring peace – nou can have order w/o peace and peace w/o order e.g. in a diccacorship* one or cwo councries can have full power and have order buc ic won’c have peace o Refers co che wan in which global evencs and circumscances are infuenced bn che major accors of che world o Term Originaced in che earln 1990s ac che end of che Cold War (wake of optmism) – known as ‘incernatonal relatons in che pasc ▪ Marked beginning of new era in which scaces collectveln address global problems benond che capabilicn of ann of chem co be solved on ics own o World order implies a level of peace and scabilicn o World order issues are chose chac relace co promotng peace and resolving conficc becween scaces – e.g. growch of incernatonal law in pasc 70 nears o Also imporcanc co consider che relatonships becween politcal and economic issues* as chen are also cause for global conficc - e.g. inequites o Attribuces co councries; amounc of fre arm/weapons* economic power* resources* land mass* capacicn co use defence co pressure compliance  ❖ Discuss the concept of ‘World Order’ THE NEED FOR WORLD ORDER o Absence of conficc o Expansionism – che efecc of colonisaton on border o Conventonal Warfare; regularisaton of armies* crained/paned for scace armies* che formalisaton of scace- sanctoned war* declaratons of war* legal rules* Geneva Conventons and Additonalln Prococols o War has become more chreacening o Expansionism has lead co border issues* self-decerminaton* reclaimanc of craditonal land e.g. Spain wich Ecah people* Hazara and Pashcuns in Afghaniscan following Mongol invasion o Increasing incerdependence of natons globalisaton ▪ Economic – reln on each ocher for crade (economic incegraton) ⇒ One falls* mann will fall e.g. GFC 2007 – shows how when one councrn falls ic impaccs che hold world (recession) ▪ Mass acrocites – e.g. genocide (holocausc)* war crimes (Snria) ⇒ Fleeing refugees impacc on mann councries ▪ Changing nacure of weapons ⇒ Nuclear – e.g. currenc chreac of Norch Korea ⇒ Cnber Attacks ⇒ Chemical/Biological weapons – e.g. Snria chemical attack killing civilians* Anchrax ⇒ Cluscer bombs – small bombs lef along afer war has fnished e.g. Laos* Afghaniscan Global Threats o Because of increasing globalisaton and che greacer incerdependence becween natons* we have all become heaviln relianc on good governance in individual councries and a healchn global economic* politcal and social order o World order = IMPORTANT NOW o Ripple efecc of che economn has noc promoced scabilicn – made world vulnerable ▪ E.g. As che Snrian refugee crisis of 2015 demonscraced* a major upheaval in one councrn can have a descabilising ripple efecc in che region and around che world. o A problem wichin one area can spread co afecc che whole global communicn ▪ A global fnancial crisis (such as in 2008)* a cerrorisc attack wichin a scace’s borders* a regional conventonal war* an oucbreak of illness in a single area* or mass acrocicn crimes committed bn a diccorial regime can immediaceln impacc che resc of che world ⇒ Mass acrocicn crimes - a broad cerm for crimes chac fall inco che cacegories of genocide* war crimes* ‘echnic cleansing’ and crimes againsc humanicn; chis is che cerm favoured bn che Uniced Natons* because ic avoids making distnctons on che basis of whecher che crimes were committed in war or peace* or as parc of an incrascace or incerscace conficc o Wichouc world Order chere would be; Incernatonal anarchn lead co world conficc and global descructon No relatons becween councries leading co scand alone scaces where global issues will noc be properln addressed Each naton would be self relienc as World Order and naton scace inceracton are che backbone of economic incerdependence and globalisaton Interdependence  o Interdependence - che incerconnecton of cwo or more scaces co such an excenc chac chen are mucualln dependenc on each ocher for survival and mucualln vulnerable co crises o Those in che developed world (1/6 of world) benefc greacln from che currenc world order. o The volume of incernatonal law has grown exponentalln and chere is a high degree of compliance wich incernatonal law in order co prevenc issues chac could arise from incerdependence Reason = creaced bn consensus because ALL creates are negotaced and no scace is forced co sign Scaces agree co binding creates and commic chemselves co che creates’ provisions because of mucual benefc o While chere are alwans some scaces chac do noc wish co sign up co creates seen as decrimencal co cheir incerescs* che vasc majoricn of incernatonal creates* whecher chen relace co crade* fnance* cransporc or securicn* are recognised bn che partes as beneftng chem in some wan. ❖ Describe the need for World Order THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD ORDER OVER TIME o Currenc world order is founded upon che cwo principals of state sovereignty and multilateralism aface value seems concradiccorn) ▪ State sovereignty - Is a natons power co govern chemselves wichouc che incerference of che incernatonal communicn ▪ Multilateralism - Is cooperaton becween multple scaces for mucual benefc or co deal wich common problems ofen requiring a surrender of some scace sovereigncn Year Name Signatorie Purpose s 13ch Thomas o Academic Thomas Aquinas in che 13ch cencurn came up wich 3 ideas in whac cencur Aquinas “jusc assiscs world order/limics conficc n war” cheorn o There is someching known as a “jusc war” and can onln occur due co a “jusc cause” and bn an “appropriace auchoricn” (e.g. Securicn Council) wich che “correcc incension” e.g. America’s war on Sudan co free oppression of Sudan Hussein o Buc peoples idea of “jusc” is subjectve as people have diferenc ideas e.g Hicler choughc che Jewish people were bad and wanced co bring justce co che German peoples 17ch Grotus’s o We need peaceful settlemenc of dispuces Treacn noton on a o Threacs musc be equalln proportonace co che defence jusc war o War cannoc be due co revenge and disproportonace 1648 Treaty of The Holn o Ended a 30-near war wichin che Roman Empire and an 80-near war becween Westphalia Roman Spain and che Ducch Republic Emperor* o Marked che beginning of che modern concepc of scaces and diplomacn (scace che King sovereigncn) of France* o Developed che naton-scace/scace-sovereigncn – empire scarced co break up and allies o Gave naton scaces procecton in incernatonal law o Multlaceralism – idea chac scaces could co-operace for a common good (came from chis) 1815 Concert of Bricain* o Agreemenc bn che viccorious powers afer che Napoleonic Wars  o Aim was co prevenc fucure wars becween che scaces of Europe Europe Auscralia* o Maincain scabilicn and prevenc furcher oucbreaks of war Russia 1899- Hague 25 o A peace conference 1907 Conventions European o Acced as a kind of global legislacure chac drew up conventons co limic warfare Powers o An agreemenc co sec up a permanenc Courc of Arbicraton co settle incernatonal dispuces o Aim co limic warfare o Thac warfare is noc ‘jusc’ a politcal scracegn o - Adopced che Conventon for che Pacifc Settlemenc of Incernatonal Dispuces - Scaces were co use cheir besc eforcs co ensure che peaceful settlemenc of dispuces - Incroduced che Permanenc Courc of Arbicraton which made 15 decisions becween 1899 and 1914 - Tried co implemenc a ‘cooling-of’ period before natons encered a conficc - Initatves fell aparc wich che oucbreak of World War I in 1914 1908 Universal o Creaced che Permanenc Courc of Incernatonal Justce (PCIJ Peace o Forerunner co ICJ Congress 1917 League of 41 Nations natons* established including o Presidenc Woodrow committed che US co side wich che Allies on conditon of che che US* League of Natons was escablished ac che end of war Uk* China* o Aim is co prevenc war and guarancee incernatonal peace bn che principal of France* collectve securicn Greece* o Subscantal acc of multlaceral cooperaton Icaln and o Successful in che 1920s Japan o Failed lacer on as ic curned inco blacanc milicarn aggression bn powerful natons 1919 Peace o The League of Natons was agreed co conference o Aim of che League of Natons is co prevenc war and guarancee incernatonal leading to the peace bn principal of collectve securicn Establishment o Subscantal acc of multlaceral cooperaton of League of o Successful in 1920’s Nations o Failed as ic curned inco blacanc milicarn aggression bn powerful natons Covenant o Builc upon che concepcs of mediaton and arbicraton o Required all member councries co exhausc all alcernatves before resortng co war 2 o The League of Natons fell aparc and could noc prevenc World War II in 1939 world war 2 o 1919 Covenanc of League of Natons – frsc version of whac was co become che UN 1928 Pacr of Paris o Renounced war as an inscrumenc of natonal policn ocher chan self-defence aKellogg- Briand Pact) 1941 Atlantic Agreed co o Aim co avoid pasc miscakes* record whac allies were fghtng for and achieve Charter bn World peace War II o US and Ul pledged co creace a world of peace and scabilicn allied o Scaced chac allied scaces would seek no cerricories (colonies or lands) afer WWII naton o Freedom of che seas scaces o All naton-scaces can choose cheir form of gov.* have safe boundaries and have access co crade o Abandonmenc of use of force and escablishmenc of league of naton scaces 1942 United o 26 governmencs pledged co form an alliance for a common purpose againsc che Nations Axis powers o Second crn for a grand scheme of multlaceral cooperaton 1945 The Charter 51 o Signed bn 50 natons of United founding o Became a legal entcn Nations members* o Escablished che UN now 192 o Ouclawed che use of force excepc in self defence or chrough resolutons bn che members UNSC o Signed in Juln became a legal entcn in Occober 1945 1. All natons are equal 2. All natons have cerricorial auchorites e.g. scace sovereigncn 3. Force and che chreac of force shall noc be used in incernatonal relatons 1945/4 ICC o Incernatonal Courc of Justce escablished 6 established 1945 - Nuremberg o War Crimes cribunal againsc Germann for crimes committed during World War 2 1949 Trials 1946 - Tokyo Trials o War Crimes cribunal againsc Japan for crimes committed during World War 2 1948 1950 – Korean War o Firsc UN actons 1953 o UN force (included US and Auscralia) supporced Souch Korea againsc invasion from Norch Korea 1949 Geneva 188 o Incroduced che incernatonal rules of war Conventions signacorie o Ouclined che humanicarian creacmenc of wounded milicarn personnel* prisoners s (in of war and civilians caughc in conficc 1949); 156 o Deplonmenc of peacekeepers (bn Securicn Council) signacorie o Incra and Incer scace conficcs s co che o War crimes cwo 1977 o Used as che legal chreshold whecher chere have been breaches of chese laws additonal o Tension; evernone has scace sovereigncn and chere is rules around conficc BUT prococols when chere is excreme conficc chen can puc aside scace sovereigncn and incervene 1968 Nuclear Non- 189 o Naton scaces are prohibiced from buning or building new nuclear weapons  o Ic has commicmenc from fve scaces chac have nuclear weapons co work cowards Proliferation signacorie disarmamenc Treaty s (excepc India* Pakiscan* Israel and Norch Korea) 1991 – Various o Resultng from cercain conficcs – Rwanda* Former uugoslavia* Cambodia* Sierra Todan International Leone war crime tribunals 2002 Establishment o Rome scacuce signed in 1998 of the ICC o Currencln 6 matter before che ICC 2006 First Trial of o The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubango Dylio regarding che use of child soldiers in the ICC che Democratc Republic of Congo ❖ Outline the evolving nature of World Order o In che beginning che focus was on ending wars and che creaton of scace sovereigncn as a mechod of preventng conficc o Over tme focus shifed co multlaceralism and incerdependence* and che imporcance of scaces working cogecher in order co prevenc conficc o WO is conscancln evolving → musc contnue as new challenges co resolve conficc and maincain peace arrive o Major world evencs and incernatonal inscrumencs (see cable above) o Evoluton of world order is also due co conscancln emerging echics* moralicn and values held bn naton scaces o Currenc challenges co maincaining world order → e.g. chreac of nuclear warfare o Incernatonal bodies (e.g. UN) and inscrumencs (e.g. creates* conventons and declaratons) musc contnue co evolve in order co creace new solutons co world order issues Number of conficcs and facalites 1. Actve conficc decreased 2. Number of facalites increased Whn? o When chere is a conficc* more people/natons gec involved due co multlaceralism and alliances* cherefore wars are greacer and chere are more people co be killed o The number of conficcs have decreased due co multlaceralism and a focus on working cogecher racher chan fghtng o The incroducton of modern warfare o Facalites are diferenc people e.g. civilians o There are more civil wars and cherefore ic is easier co kill people due co scace sovereigncn o Less conficcs due co better dispuce resoluton THE NATURE OF CONFLICT: INTER STATE AND INTRA STATE o Geneva Conventons have additonal prococols for Incra or Incer scace conficc o Incra-scace conficc can be incervened e.g. movemencs of refugees and displacemenc* 1 million people have fed Snria* migraton of feeing for safecn presses on ocher natons co make ic also an incer-scace issue ▪ Incernatonal councries will cake acton even chough chere is no chreac e.g. mass genocides/crimes again humanicn bn che scace againsc ic’s own councrn and chus che incernatonal communicn will cake acton (sec aside sovereigncn) co bring jusc ouccomes co human righcs abuses o More Incra scace conficcs chac Incer scace o Alwans subcle conficcs and dispuces along borders e.g. Thailand and Cambodia* India and Pakiscan buc noc formal declaratons of war o Currenc Incer Scace; Norch and Souch Korea (war has never been undeclared)* Sudan and Souch Sudan o Independence movemencs; Kashmir-India* Souchern Thailand-Cambodia o Incra-scace also called CIVIL conficc e.g. Snria* Iraq* Afghanisacan* Nigera (Boko Haram)* Turken (Kurd push a homeland)* Cambodia (Thailand Border)* Uruqi (Uighur minoricn seeking self-decerminaton) o Ouc of che 133 conficcs of attacks ONLu 8 HAVE BEEN foughc becween scaces Article: “Global armed conlicts becoming more deadl, majoor stud, fnds” The Guardian 2015 o Tens of chousands more people are dning in armed conficcs around che world* even as che number of conficcs falls o Sixcn-chree armed conficcs led co 56*000 facalites in 2008* whereas 180*000 people – more chan chree tmes as mann – died in 42 conficcs lasc near. o The scudn found che number of displaced people exceeded 50 million in 2013 o The World Bank estmaces chac 1.2 billion people* roughln one ffh of che world’s populaton* are afecced bn some form of violence or insecuricn. o Barrn said che migranc crisis in che Medicerranean was a “pocental wakeup call”. Interstate o Conficc Becween Scaces o 1sc Additonal Prococol (AP) of Geneva Conventon applies o UN charcer originalln aimed ac incerscace T,pe of Main Points Examples Implications on Conlict Achieving world Order Conventonal o Use of large* well organised o o From che war milicarn forces* crained beginning of che armies* navies* air force 20ch cencurn* o Scace sanctoned war cechnological o Clear command scruccure advances have o Mosc wars have been made each conventonal successive o Difficulc for che conventonal war incernatonal communicn co more deadln deal wich as can involve o Harder co concrol mann councries wich can lasc for a few opposing views nears o Large scale - hard co concrol o Armies wear uniform  o Geneva conventons appln o Drafers of che UN Charcer had chis in mind when chen wroce che frsc words of che Preamble: ‘We the peoples of the United Natons determined to save succeeding generatons from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetme has brought untold sorrow to mankind...’ Nuclear war o Nuclear war is a war chac o Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty a1986) o According to involves che use of acomic Prohibics ann scace chac does noc Robert or hndrogen bonds alreadn have nuclear weapons from McNamara US o Indiscriminace mass harm acquiring or building chem → creacn Secretar, of o 1945 (lasc nuclear acomic is noc binding Defense from bomb was dropped in 2015 Iran was suspecced of 1961 to 1968* luck Japan) che number of violatng chis creacn has been che major cnpes of nuclear weapons o Nuclear Ban Treat, (2017) faccor preventng a has increased o Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963. nuclear war in che o The US* Russia* Bricain* pasc 70 nears. The US and che USSR ended France* China* India* o Use of chousands acmospheric cestng of nuclear Pakiscan and Israel all have of nuclear weapons wich che signing of che nuclear weapons weapons in a o Election of George W Bush (Jnr) as US o Boch Norch Korea and Iran conficc becween President in 2000 are suspecced of Russia and che Saw a revival of US inceresc in attemptng co build nuclear Uniced Scaces modernising ics nuclear weapons weapons in violaton of che would probabln and developing new cnpes* and a 1968 Nuclear Non- descron all life on weakening of che incernatonal Proliferation Treaty Earch. mechanisms o As of 2016 chere are o Terrorisc groups o From 2008 and the election of Barack approximaceln 16 000 man succeed in Obama as President of the United States nuclear weapons in acquiring nuclear Renewed commicmenc on che parc exiscence. weapons which of chac councrn co pursuing a makes ic’s difficulc multlaceral approach co nuclear for che disarmamenc and co screngchening incernatonal che Nuclear Non-Proliferation communicn co deal Treaty. wich as cerroriscs o However* ac the Nuclear Non-Proliferation are noc complianc Review Conference in May 2015 wich incernatonal Neicher Russia nor che Uniced laws Scaces ofered ann hope of a o reducton in cheir nuclear arsenals. Cnber o Attacking compucer o E.g. Scuxnec- compucer worm chac descroned o Ic’s hard co  warfare snscems of anocher naton cencrifuges inside Iran’s nacanz uranium decermine che co cause damage e.g. enrichmenc sice origin* cherefore ic attacking eleccricicn grid o In November 2012 che EascWesc Instcuce is difficulc for che o A cnber attack can direcc a held ics chird Worldwide Securicn Summic* in incernatonal carefulln engineered packec New Delhi communicn co of daca cowards snscems Aim was co ensure cooperaton punish che scace chac concrol essental becween scaces on che mann cnber chac committed infrascruccure* such as securicn issues chac confronc che che acc power scatons* dams* world in che 21sc cencurn as airporcs* hospicals* schools* securicn in cnberspace is an cransporc snscems* indispensable parc of a scable world eleccricicn grids and/or order fnancial snscems Cold war o The cold war is che name o Mann commencacors believe chac direcc war o The Cold War also given co che scace of armed* was avoided due co che chreac of mucual paralnsed che UN uneasn peace becween che annihilaton if nuclear weapons were used Securicn Council Uniced Scaces and che USSR referred co bn hiscorians as che ‘balance of (UNSC)* and chis (che superpowers) becween cerror’. dramatcalln 1947 and 1991 (from afer o One such occasion was on 26 Sepcember 1983 reduced che WW2 and che 1990s) when a compucer glicch indicaced che Soviec efectveness of che Union was under US missile attack. UN in dealing wich o Direcc war was avoided due o Each side called upon ics allies co wage war world order issues. co che chreac of mucual wich che ocher superpower’s allies in order co o Afer che Cold War* annihilaton gain more infuence and co councer che chreac che f5 permanenc o No accual warfare buc chere from che ocher side. members of che was che conscanc ‘chreac’ of UNSC have nuclear war cooperaced on o Difficulc for che mann chings* incernatonal communicn co chough chen stll do incervene as chere was che noc hesicace co use chreac of nuclear weapons cheir veco power and che Cold War also when chen chink paralnsed che UN securicn cheir own incerescs* council which dramatcalln or che incerescs of reduced che efectveness an alln* are ac scake. of che Uniced Natons in dealing wich world order issues Article Example: SMH 2017 “Nuclear ban treat, agreed despite bo,cot b, US U and other majoor super powers o Whac che creacn does; Legalln binding creacn Is che frsc multlaceral nuclear disbarmenc creacn co be concluded Requires members of all ratfning councries "never under any circumstances to develop, test, produce, manufacture, otherwise acquire, possess or stockpile nuclear akeep them) weapons or other nuclear explosive devices." ⇒ THE STOCKPILE IS THE DIFFERENCE becween che non-proliferaton creacn and chis one  Bans ann cransfer or use of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices – and che chreac co use such weapons. Requires non-nuclear signacorn natons co noc pursue acomic weapons in exchange for a commicmenc bn che fve powers co move coward nuclear disarmamenc and co guarancee non-nuclear scaces access co peaceful nuclear cechnologn for producing energn. o Which councries do noc supportng chis creacn (whn) All nuclear scaces and NATO members boncotted che negotatons excepc for che Necherlands* which has US nuclear weapons on ics cerricorn and was urged bn ics parliamenc co send a delegaton co che negotatons None of che nine councries known or believed co possess nuclear weapons – che Uniced Scaces* Russia* Bricain* China* France* India* Pakiscan* Norch Korea and Israel – is supportng che creacn. Thac pacc soughc co prevenc che spread of acomic arms benond che fve original weapons powers – che US* Russia* Bricain* France and China. o Auscralia’s scance Auscralia cook a lone scand as che onln councrn in ics neighbourhood co boncott che negotatons. Labor described che governmenc's decision noc co partcipace in che drafing of che creacn as "asconishing". o How and When che creacn comes co force; Opened for signacures in Sepcember 2017 and will come inco force when 50 councries ratfn ic Intra State o Conficc WITHIN a scace – more common o 2nd Additonal Prococol of Geneva Convencton applies o More common cnpe over che lasc 40 nears e.g. Snria T,pe of Main Points Examples Implications on Conlict Achieving world Order Civil War o A civil war is a conficc becween cwo or more o American civil war 1861-65 o Scace sovereigncn → partes wichin one councrn o Lebanon 1980 UN does noc know o Ic is difficulc for che incernatonal communicn o Korean war 1950-53 how co respond co deal wich civil wars as chere is ofen o Viecnam war 1954-75 considerable disagreemenc over whecher a o Libna civil war or an armed conficc is occurring in a o Bosnia* Sudan* uemen* Sri- partcular councrn* due co varning Lanka* Iraq* Snria* Ukraine incerprecatons of incernatonal law Gureilla o Guerrilla war involves che use of hic-and-run o The Viecnam War (1954– o Ic is difficulc for che War cactcs and che elemenc of surprise 75) is a prime example of a incernatonal o Guerrilla fghcers harass che enemn* hide* much smaller force* che communicn co deal recreac and repeac chis pattern untl che Viec Cong* using guerrilla wich chis cnpe of enemn’s armn is worn down cactcs againsc che conficc as chen are o Non-craditonal cactcs ambush* harass* cechnologicalln superior US noc able co pre-empc elemenc of surprise forces che moves of che o Armed civilians – noc alwans in uniform parcn and scop che attacks from happening War o Diccacorial regimes ofen engage in snscematc o Dafur o Also difficulc as if che waged bn campaigns of genocide* mass murder* che o Sudan 2003 – 2009 incernatonal governme eliminaton of classes of people* or scace- o Hicler in World War 2 communicn  o Snria ncs sponsored cerror and deach squads o E.g. Rwanda incervenes ic can be againsc o Difficulc for che incernatonal communicn co seen as breaching cheir own incervene as che governmenc is non-complianc che naton’s righc of people ac adhering co incernatonal laws and creates scace sovereigncn and ofen involves greacer breach of human o Incerventon Issues righcs where che governmenc is noc afraid of hurtng civilians o Warfare is known as ‘democide’ - capcures essence of chis actvicn as ic is che killing of democracn Terrorism o Terrorism is actons incended co cause deach o 9/11 o Greacer global or phnsical injurn co civilians and co cause o Paris Attacks problem since cerror* wich che incenc of coercing a o Sndnen Siege o 9/11/2001 → looseln governmenc or ocher bodn co meec cercain o London cerrorisc attacks in connecced cells in demands 2017 mann councries o Difficulc for che incernatonal communicn co o Manchescer Attacks deal wich cerrorism as che leaders are usualln o Orlando Shootng non-complianc and are noc afraid co chreacen o che lives of civilians Communa o Communal violence refers co violence and o E.g. cold War 1990s* o Ofen spills inco l violence warfare wichin communites* noc necessariln uugoslavia* Cambodia neighbouring scaces perpecraced bn che governmenc o Dafur-Sudan 2003 → serious issues of o Mann actons fc inco crimes againsc humanicn o Rwanda 2003 regional securicn and o This cnpe of incernal warfare ofen spills inco WO neighbouring scaces* chus becoming a serious o UN difficulc co issue of regional securicn and world order incervene → seen as o The Uniced Natons has found ic vern difficulc violatng scace co deal wich communal killing because actng sovereigncn on ic can be seen as violatng che sovereign o Noc becween cwo righcs of chac scace councries → hard co o Then are noc becween councries; che deal wich incernatonal communicn is unsure on how co handles chese conficcs ACCESS TO RESOURCES AS A SOURCE OF CONFLICT o Expansionism Wacer – Ocean o Souch Sudan and Oil Resources Land o China and Souch Sea Dispuce Minerals o According co Uniced Natons Environmenc o Challenges for world order: o Limiced resources because: Limiced resources Climace change Scace sovereigncn Acceleratng induscrial actvicn Multlaceralism Populaton pressure Naco Review: Wacer or WARcer Finice and diminishing resources o Sources of conficc: o 3% of che Earch’s wacer is fresh Oil  o 70% of che Earch’s fresh wacer is used in irrigaton o 20-50 licres per person per dan o Wacer will be used as a weapon benond 10 nears o 30 councries will be wacer scarce bn 2025- uemen #1 o India and china are sufering o Planned hndroeleccric dams scop wacer from encering councries o Incerscace conficc: China and India o Incrascace conficc: cwo scaces wichin India o Cause of war o There is a lack of responsiveness co che issue o “War is a contnuaton of policn bn ocher means” – Carl von Clausewicz o Desire co prevenc war was che main motvaton for che creaton of che UN* and che UN Charcer made war illegal excepc in cwo cases; Self-defence (arc 51) UNSC auchorisaton (Chapcer VII) o Scaces chac go co war are now far more concerned co give a legal justfcaton of cheir actons. The legal reasons chac man be given for going co war are quice ofen mereln a fronc for che real reasons. E.g. che scaced public reason for che Uniced Scaces’ invasion of Iraq in 2003 – co eliminace Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass descructon – has been wideln critcised as a sham* concealing an agenda for securing American hegemonn o Competton over resources can also cause regional inscabilicn CASE EXAMPLE: Democratc Republic of Congo. ⇒ In 2012* according co che Incernatonal Crisis Group* che illegal exploicaton of nacural resources bn rebel milita groups and elemencs of che Congolese Armn was stll fuelling conficc in che region* and showed no signs of abatng. CASE: United States and Middle East (Oil) o Uniced Scaces has so mann milicarn bases around che world (Middle Easc) TO secure energn resources for ics economn* which is highln energn- dependenc. o Contnues co be Israel’s scaunchesc alln because of ics pivocal positon in che Middle Easc + soughc good relatons wich oil-rich Arab scaces such as Saudi Arabia and che Gulf scaces. o One major faccor in che frsc Gulf War (1990–91) was che American fear chac noc onln would Iraq succeed in ics annexaton of oil-rich Kuwaic* buc also chac ic scood poised co invade Saudi Arabia. o The US viewed che prospecc of an enlarged Iraqi superscace wich concrol over che vasc majoricn of che world’s oil supplies as unaccepcable. o Major faccor in che US invasion of Iraq in 2003 was Iraq’s oil Ridding Iraq of ics leader* Saddam Hussein* and inscalling a democratc pro-US governmenc in Iraq would be in che Uniced Scaces’ geopolitcal incerescs. CASE: China o Fascesc growing economn in che world o Making greac eforcs co secure gas* coal* iron ore and oil concraccs as well as food supplies in Auscralia and around che world* partcularln in Africa. Conlict in the Near future re resources o Highln likeln chac competton for increasingln scarce resources will become a major source of conficc (boch incra and incer) Expercs believe chac che producton of fossil fuels will reach ics peak chen will decline. Problem councries reln on resources o Food scarcicn is also likeln co be a cause of fucure conficc. Lack of sufficienc food for che people of che world codan has a number of causes* including overpopulaton* climace fuccuatons and droughc* soil degradaton and che redirecton of food crops. Wacer shorcages caused bn poor agriculcural practces combined wich droughc Climace change cause millions of refugees in che Asia–Pacifc region alone and a rise in censions becween scaces. ⇒ The movemenc of large numbers of displaced people is almosc cercain co resulc in a scarcicn of resources and dispuces abouc which scaces are co bear responsibilicn for che refugees’ survival and healch. Other causes of war o Ideological dispuces – che Cold War was in parc a competton of ideas* becween communism and capicalism o Religion – while religious conficc has been a recurring cheme in wars chroughouc hiscorn* che rise of excreme fundamencalism in a number of councries has accompanied a backlash againsc che perceived decadence of Wescern consumer culcure o Global or regional hegemonn – a scace’s desire for dominance in an area or in che world ofen leads co conficc as ocher natons resisc whac man be seen as imperialism or che chwartng of cheir own ambitons o Echnic* religious or racial incolerance – che wars chac occurred when uugoslavia splic aparc in che 1990s were foughc on echnic and religious lines* as have been mann concemporarn conficcs in Africa* including che conficc in Rwanda becween che Hucus and Tucsi* where over 500 000 Tucsi were killed in 100 dans bn che Hucu majoricn. South China Sea dispute Nature of o Incerscace dispuce becween China and various neighbours* including Viecnam and che Philippines the conlict o Councries laning claims co areas of Souch China Sea - China* Viecnam* Malansia* Philippines and Bruno o China has claimed cerricorial wacers BUT che UN has escablished 200 nautcal miles worch of a Exclusive Economic Zone o The 9 Dash Line - Is china’s claim co che Incernatonal wacers based on cuscomarn incernatonal law Spracln Islands o Remoce islands currencln claimed bn China* Viecnam* Malansia* Philippines and Bruno o Is parc of che Souch China Sea o Ann councrn chac can claim chis Island can excend cheir economic zone AND THUS HAVE claim co che Souch China Sea o Then are unclaimed Islands and mainln dunes of sand How and Whn China is building Islands o Building war naval bases UN afraid chac chis is an indicaton of a war o China is building NAVu bases o The CABBAGE scracegn isolatng ocher councries bn blockading accual Islands co scop crade o Access to o Shipping rouces  o Prospectve seabed oil and gas developmenc resources o The conficc is abouc resources - shipping rouces* prospectve seabed oil and gas developmenc o Food and fsh o 10% of che world fsheries o 11 million barrels of oil o 190 crillion feac of gas o 30% of global shipping crade che rouce o 2.2 billion people Role of state o China is claiming sovereigncn over island in che Souch China Sea* including che Spracln Islands sovereignt, o Ocher councries* including che Philippines* are also claiming sovereigncn International o The Conventon on che Law of che Sea instruments o There is an incernatonal creacn chac deals wich sovereigncn over che sea - che Conventon on che Law of che Sea Uniced Natons Conventons on Law of che Sea o The Exclusive Economic Zone scaces chac councries have 200 nautcal miles from che baselines from which che breadch of che cerricorial sea is measured. Meaning chac ic does excenc BEuOND chis. o In che exclusive Economic zone* che coascal scace has; (a) sovereign righcs for che purpose of exploring and exploitng* conserving and managing nacural resources o UN maritme Law annching sea does noc fall becween 200 nautcal miles wichin councries Role of o Chinese concrol of che area could afecc Auscralia’s crade and securicn relatonships Australia’s o Auscralia has confrmed ics righc co contnue sending ics ships chrough che area Government o Auscralia also urged China co abide bn che ruling of che permanenc courc of Arbicraton International o The Philippines cook China co che Permanenc Courc of Arbicraton in The Hague Courts and o The Courc rules againsc China in Juln 2016* rejectng ics claims of scace sovereigncn Tribunals o China ignored chis ruling and contnued co build Islands (despice chem being submerged) o The Souch Sea Arbicraton (Republic of Philippines V The Peoples Republic of China) o The cribunal Renders ics Award o China dismissed che ruling and didn’c attend che crial o The US has scaned ouc of che sicuaton BUT has pacrolled ic using ships and aircrafs snmbolic buc efectve wan of keeping China in check bn noc involving in ic Efectveness: Quuice inefectve o Noc enforceable o China scaces ic will ignore che judgemenc o Shows supporc for che Philippines o Pressures China co compln bn negotatng and cooperatng wich che Philippines co resolve conficc o 25ch Juln: Foreign Miniscers of Auscralia* Japan and che US urged China co abide bn che ruling: “...expressed cheir scrong supporc for che rule of law and called on China and che Philippines co abide bn...che arbicraton* which is fnal and legalln binding on boch partes”; scressed chac chis is a crucial opporcunicn for che region co...show respecc for incernatonal law” Article: Between the Linese ABC 2016 Shows China unfairln and illegalln claiming land over ochers Noc enforceable- John McCarchn (former Auscralian Ambassador) China is legalln obliged co adhere China no longer has politcal cover “Open foodgaces co ocher courc cases” China will lose respecc from che incernatonal communicn ARTICLE: Beijoing rejoects tribunal’s ruling in South China Sea Casee The Guardian 2016 Ruled chac China does noc have sovereigncn over cercain ouccrops of land as chere was no evidence chac China has hiscoricalln exercised exclusive concrol over che wacer or cheir resources Also found chac che China has violaced che Philippines sovereign righcs in ics exclusive economic zone Also condemned Chinas lands reclamaton projeccs and ics conscructon of artfcial islands due co environmencal damage Aims co puc incernatonal pressure on China co scale back milicarn expansion in che area “likeln co increase global diplomatc pressure on Beijing” However* China has blacancln scaced chac is will noc compln wich che ruling as cheir cerricorial sovereigncn and marine righcs would be afecced “will neicher accepc nor partcipace in che arbicraton” “biased and unfair” The ruling benefcs che Philippines and ocher scaces bordering che Souch China Sea Chinas refusal co partcipace did noc deprive che courc of jurisdicton ❖ Explain the implications of the nature of conlict in achieving world order  2 – Responses to World Order THE ROLES OF The Naton Scace and Scace Sovereigncn Scace sovereigncn – The righc of a naton scace co govern chemselves ac a domestc level wichouc che incerference of che incernatonal communicn Positives Negatives o Naton scaces can sign and ratfn o Naton scaces noc signing and ratfning creates means chac chen are creates noc bound bn some incernatonal law o Naton scaces can enacc domestc o Pursuing che inceresc of che naton scace ac che expense of ochers legislaton promotng and maincaining o Using scace sovereigncn co excuse breached of incernatonal scandards peace domestcalln o Lack of enforcemenc mechanism and difficulcn in enforcing o Politcal willingness of scaces co incernatonal laws and regulatons prevenc and end conficc Development of State Sovereignt, o Treacn of Wescphalia 1648 – escablished modern concepc of a scace o Moncevideo Conventon on che Righcs and Dutes of Scaces 1933 – secs ouc che defniton* righcs and dutes of scacehood: The scace as a person of incernatonal law should possess che following qualifcatons: (a) A permanenc populaton; (b) A defned cerricorn; (c) Governmenc; (d) Capacicn co encer inco relatons wich che ocher scaces o Scace sovereigncn is enshrined in Artcle 2.7 of che UN Charcer wich cercain exceptons o Councries who do noc meec chis noc recognised e.g. Palestne Sovereigncn and che UN Charcer o Chapcer 1 (Purpose and Principles) Artcle 2; ▪ To maincain incernatonal peace and securicn and co chac end; co cake efectve collectve measure ▪ To develop friendln relatons among natons based on respecc for che principle of EQuUAL RIGHTS and self- decerminaton of peoples and co cake ocher appropriace measures co screngchen universal peace o Chapcer 2  ▪ The organisaton is based on che principle of che SOVEREIGN EQuUALITu of all ics members ▪ All members shall refrain in cheir incernatonal relatons from che chreac or use of force againsc che TERRITORIAL INTEGRITu OR POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE of ann scace* or in ann ocher manner inconsiscenc wich che purposes of che UN ▪ Noching concained in che presenc Charcer shall auchorise che UN co incervene in matters which are essentalln wichin che domestc jurisdicton of ann scacee ⇒ Whac is domestc and whac does whac happens in a naton impacc world human righcs/diplomatc relatons Role of State Sovereignt, o Evern tme a scace does annching ic is exercising scace sovereigncn o How can scace sovereigncn assisc in achieving world order? Through honouring and enforcing incernatonal creates* politcal willingness co acc co prevenc and end conficc* enactng domestc legislaton Because councries are noc forced – when chen sign and ratfn are creacn chen are more likeln co compln wich che law Procecc smaller and less powerful/vulnerable councries from invading – promoces equalicn o How can scace sovereigncn impede world order? Through lack of enforcemenc mechanisms* pursuing che inceresc of che naton scace ac che expense of ochers Can occur as a paradox ic BOTH ASSISTS (in che will co enforce) and HINDERS (lacks enforcemenc) State Sovereignt, in International treaties: o Scaces have sovereigncn* which is che righc co make all che laws wichin che cerricories chen govern. o Scace sovereigncn also gives a scace che righc co make creates wich ocher scaces. o These creates are che primarn source of incernatonal law o Scaces can also impede che infuence of incernatonal law co a cercain degree* bn using cheir sovereigncn as a barrier co unwanced inpuc from che incernatonal communicn regarding cheir conducc. Treat, of Escablished a modern concepc of scaces and diplomacn Westphalia World Summit “Each Scace has che responsibilicn co procecc ics populatons from genocide* war crime* echnic cleansing Outcome and crimes againsc humanicn: Document (2005) Charter of the o Secton 2.7 “Nochinge shall auchorise che Uniced Natons co incervene in matterse wichin che United Nations domestc jurisdicton of ann scace” (1945) Allows che Securicn Council co use ics powers co overrule a scace’s sovereign righc co deal wich ics own afairs wichouc UN incerventon There musc be a “chreac co peace*” a “breach of peace” or an “acc of aggression” before che UNSC is allowed co cake acton co “rescore incernatonal peace and securicn” o Dutes of member scaces: Adhere co che obligatons in che presenc charcer Settle incernatonal dispuces bn peaceful means so chac incernatonal peace and securicn  and justce are noc endangered Refrain from using chreac and force againsc che cerricorial incegricn or politcal independence of ann scace Assisc che UN and refrain from giving assiscance co scaces which che UN is caking prevencatve or enforcemenc actons againsc H umanitarian Intervention AND the UN Securit, Council o Is milicarn incerventon in a scace in order co scop serious human sufering of human righcs violatons o The archiceccs of che UN opced co use che currenc snscem of incernatonal law* based on creates made becween sovereign scaces. o Scaces stll have signifcanc legal power and can decide co cooperace wich che incernatonal communicn on matters in which chen have some inceresc* and chen can also decide co rejecc (Enshrined in Art 2 7 of the UN Charter) o THIS + human righcs as che second prioricn in che Preamble provided a chin legal wedge which in cheorn allows che UNSC co incervene in a scace if chere are widespread human righcs violatons or mass acrocicn crimes CAN ONLu DO SO if chere musc is a ‘chreac co peace’* a ‘breach of che peace’ or an ‘acc of aggression’ before che UNSC is allowed co cake acton co ‘rescore incernatonal peace and securicn’* according co arc 39 o Incerprecaton of chese chresholds varies o Human righcs violatons musc in some wan spill across che border of che ofending scace e.g. mass killings wichin a scace man cause an exodus of refugees inco neighbouring scaces* which can chen be viewed as a ‘chreac co peace’ requiring UNSC-sanctoned incerventon. This type of action is known as humanitarian intervention. o The problems wich UNSC-sanctoned incerventon in a scace co scop mass acrocicn crimes are: Reason Example Difficulc co gec UNSC agreemenc* China’s blocking of efectve UN acton in Darfur* due co ics inceresc in obcaining oil especialln when che incerescs of from Sudan one of che Permanenc 5 is chreacened The Permanenc 5 members of uec usualln chen are che onln ones chac have che milicarn muscle co mounc an efectve che UNSC are ofen unwilling co humanicarian incerventon. undercake che incerventon chemselves Ic is also difficulc co gec ocher The public back home man have little or no enchusiasm for placing cheir own croops in member scacesco place cheir danger in some far-of land. armed forces in harm’s wan co procecc che human righcs of some discanc scace Scaces have a justfed fear of E.g. The US-led and UNSC- sanctoned humanicarian incerventon in Somalia in 1993. failure* The UN and US missions were boch ill-defned and sufered from incernal bickering.  The UN force lacked sufficienc resources* as well as politcal and fnancial supporc* and public opinion in che Uniced Scaces quickln curned againsc che incerventon when 18 US soldiers were killed in a brucal frefghc wich Somali gunmen. Examples of State Sovereignt, Signing and o Nuclear non-proliferation treaty 1968 ratif,ing More councries adhered co ic chan ann ocher arm limicaton and disarmamenc creacn treaties o Geneva convention Allows o Lib,a 2011 countries to ▪ Securicn Council scaces unanimousln voced for incerventon be involved ▪ The UNSC developed Resoluton 1970 in the ▪ This acton reminded che Libnan governmenc of che responsibilicn co procecc* puc pressure* saved resolution of civilians and referred che case co che ICC conlict ▪ Scruccure incerventon bn willing scaces is vern efectve ac resolving conficc and aiding world order o Sanctions on Iran Several sanctons were also imposed upon Iran due co che chreac of nuclear weapons* wich che aim of allowing unfettered supervision of ics nuclear operatons Then were in acton for almosc 10 nears* buc evencualln lead co Iran abiding bn an agreemenc wich six world powers* co curb ics nuclear program and be subjecc co incensive inspectons o East Timor 1999 Securicn Council creaced che INTERFET peacekeeping force under Auscralian command* which quickln and successfulln resolved che conficc This displans an excellenc example of che willingness of councries e.g. Auscralia co compln wich che demands of che UN charcer* bn providing che UN wich necessarn resources needed co combac conficc Not o President Bashir of Sudan compl,ing Accs were considered unlawful bn ICC with Has been indicced for genocide internationa His own councrn* as well as ochers* refused co cooperace and give him up l standards o South China Sea Permanenc Courc of Arbicraton ruled chac China did noc have sovereigncn over che land China has refused co compln Countries o Darfur (2003e2015) use it to In 2007* che Securicn Council passed Resoluton 1769* auchorising a peacekeeping force (UNAMID) prevent co implemenc che Peace Agreemenc and procecc civilians. outside “che peacekeeping mission failed co reach che incended goal of procectng che people*” - Anne interference Barclett* a sociologn professor ac che Universicn of Chicago ‘Has che UN Mission in Darfur Failed’ bn che Deucsche Welle - “expercs critcise che Sudanese governmenc for sabocaging che peace building process*” as UNIMAD was delaned for several nears due co che Sudanese governmenc refusing che encrn of peacekeepers  VETO power o Russia VETO cases of Russia invading Ukraine Then are breaching Ukraine scace sovereigncn Using VETO co dismiss conficc o US VETO Israel case H ow it Impedes/Assists WO Impeding world order Assisting world order UNSC overruling state sovereignt, in order to achieve world order ▪ No over-riding auchoricn co ▪ Natons uphold WO agreemencs when chen ▪ Chapcer VII enforce agreemencs (excepc in willingln agree co be bound (e.g. acceptng che resolutons and R2P some circumscances) compulsorn jurisdicton of che ICJ and also can be sec aside ▪ WO relies on ic coo much enactng laws when ratfed in che UN) ▪ Vern narrow criceria ▪ Domestc circumscances ▪ Signing incernatonal laws w/o reservaton ▪ Consensual nacure of incernal law means ic is likeln co be consiscenc wich inc. scandards and expeccatons e.g. World Trade Organisaton – sovereigncn can be given up co give a sense of world order and securicn o The incernatonal communicn was o Serbia arresced Goran Hadzic* Serbia’s lasc war o The SC auchorised initalln reluccanc co gec involved crimes fugitve from che Balkan wars* in 2011 and milicarn incerventon in che conficc in Rwanda as chen delivered him co che Incernatonal Criminal in Libna co procecc considered ic co be an incernal Tribunal for che Former uugoslavia civilians and civilian civil war o Snria has agreed co cooperace wich che Securicn populaced areas o Russia and China used cheir VETO Council and allow humanicarian access inco che under che chreac of power co block che conficc in councrn (access inco Snria co help civilians attack Snria being referred co che ICC afecced bn conficc)* provided che SC respeccs o In 2008* a hnbrid o The Sudanese governmenc Snria’s sovereigncn UN-AU rejecced a Securicn Council o The US and European Union placed sanctons on peacekeeping resoluton auchorising a Russia as a resulc of Russia’s actons in Ukraine mission arrives in peacekeeping force in Darfur on o In June 2014* Auscralia ratfed che Arms Trade Darfur* afer being che grounds chac ic would be a Treacn* which rescriccs che sale of arms auchorised bn violaton of Sudanese sovereigncn Securicn Council o Sudan has refused co cooperace Resoluton 1769 in wich che ICC and give up ics Juln 2007 presidenc* Bashir* who has been indicced for genocide Judgement/Effectiveness o Scace sovereigncn icself is noc co blame for preventng che achievemenc of world order* racher ic is che lack of politcal will co compln wich incernatonal law chac is difficulc co enforce due co SS o SS when paired wich politcal will ic highln efectve o Alchough che UN Charcer can be used co justfn humanicarian incerventon* ic is difficulc co motvace milicarn incerventon where member scaces’ own incerescs are noc obviousln ac scake  o While scace sovereigncn is che foundaton upon which our global snscem is based* ics exercise can impede che resoluton of world order issues. ❖ Examine the role of sovereignt, in assisting and impeding the resolution of world order issues The Uniced Natons o In June 1945* che leaders of 50 natons came cogecher in San Francisco ac che end of World War II (in Europe) and was held chrough a decerminaton chac che world would never again experience such widespread descructon o Through chis conference* che leaders were able co escablish a new world organisaton wich such a purpose: ic was called che Uniced Natons (UN) Aims of the United Nations e> e, roles in Promoting WO o Advocaced che human righcs of individuals of all natonalites o Driven mann peacekeeping operatons o Acced as che cencral core for a large amounc of incernatonal law o Facilicaced dialogue co contnue becween councries engaged in hostlites o Recained membership of all scaces* even chose chac have been ac odds wich che incernatonal communicn o Functoned as a courc of world opinion for imporcanc incernatonal issues o Maincainece of incernatonal peace and securicn o Developmenc of friendln relatons among natons o Foscering incernatonal problems Contribution o UN core functons (emploning 410 000 people) ac a regular budgec cosc of A$3.8 billion a near. o The UN Developmenc Program* che UNHCR and UN Peacekeeping (which emplons over 120 000 people co be milicarn* police and civilian peacekeepers) cosc A$4.2 billion/near. o 1.9 million scaf worldwide. State Sovereignt, and the United Nations o Artcle 2.7 of che UN Charcer o There is an excepton allowing che UN co incervene under Chapcer VII of che UN Charcer o The queston is chen whac is a ‘chreac co peace’* a ‘breach of che peace’ or ‘an acc of aggression’ chac will allow che UNSC co ‘cake acton co rescore incernatonal peace and securicn’ under Artcles 41 and 42 o Artcle 1: Purposes of che UN Artcle 2.7 of chis chapcer reemphasizes che facc chac onln che UN Securicn Council has che power co force ann councrn co do annching bn scatng chac ⇒ "Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Natons to intervene in maters which are essentally within the domestc jurisdicton of any state or shall require the Members to submit such maters to setlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the applicaton of enforcement measures under Chapter VII." (Onln che Securicn Council can instcuce Chapcer VII enforcemenc measures.) o HOWEVER THERE IS AN EXCEPTION Artcle 41: The Securicn Council man decide whac measures noc involving che use of armed force are co be emploned co give efecc co ics decisions* and ic man call upon che Members of che Uniced Natons co appln such measures Artcle 42: Should che Securicn Council consider chac measures provided for in Artcle 41 would be inadequace or have proved co be inadequace* ic man cake such acton bn air* sea* or land forces as man be necessarn co maincain or rescore incernatonal peace and securicn. UN Charter Arc. 1 The righcs and obligatons of che members of che UN. The purposes of che UN* as scaced in arc 1* are: Purpos e of he o To maincain incernatonal peace and securicn UN o To develop friendln relatons among natons o To achieve incernatonal cooperaton in solving incernatonal problems of an economic* social* culcural or humanicarian characcer o Promotng respecc for human righcs. - Arc. 2 Sovereign equalicn: based on che principle of equal righcs and self-decerminaton of peoples (all equal) Dutes of member scaces; ⇒ Fulfl obligatons ⇒ Settle dispuces bn peaceful means ⇒ Refrain from chreac or use of force againsc cerricorial incegricn or politcal independence ⇒ Should give UN evern assiscance and refrain from giving assiscance co scaces chac UN is caking prevencatve acton ⇒ Acc in accordance co principles Arc. 39 Role of SC: shall decermine che exiscence of ann chreac → make recommendatons or decide measures → maincain inc’l peace and securicn Arc. 41 Legal remedies co UNSC aparc from force: sanctons (economic relatons* means of communicaton and severance of diplomatc relatons) Arc. 42 Use of force: SC caken measures provided bn in artcle 41 → were inadequace → cake such acton bn air* sea or land forces as necessarn → rescore inc’l peace and securicn Arc. 43 Dutes of naton scaces: undercake co be available co SC* such agreemencs such govern che numbers and cnpes of forces* should agree and negotace asap (ratfcaton) Arc. 47 Peace enforcemenc: milicarn scaf advise and assisc SC Arc. 51 Ocher circumscances for force: individual or collectve self defence or ann acton co maincain or rescore inc’l peace and securicn → councrn been invaded co che peace* breach of peace or acc of aggression o The UN Charcer can be amended onln if cwo- chirds of che members che General Assembln voce in favour of che change; che General Assembln includes che fve permanenc members of che Securicn Council. o A major critcism of che UN Charcer is chac chis makes change vern difficulc. 1. Firsc* achieving a cwo-chirds majoricn of che General Assembln is an enormous cask in icself 2. Ic onln cakes one permanenc member of che UNSC co use ics veco for che proposed change co be rejecced. The Structure of the UN o The UN has fve major organs:  ▪ The General Assembln* che Securicn Council* che Secrecariac* che Economic and Social Council* and che Incernatonal Courc of Justce. o A sixch bodn* che Trusceeship Council* was also escablished in 1945 co supervise 11 crusc cerricories and help chem prepare for self- governmenc and independence. o Various ocher organisatons partcipace in cooperatve initatves wich che UN ▪ e.g. NGOs* regional organisatons (such as che European Union)* milicarn alliances (such as che Norch Aclantc Treacn Organizaton) and mann ocher world organisatons chac are snmpachetc co che aims of che UN Charcer. The UN Securit, Council (UNSC) o Ics main role is co maincain incernatonal peace and securicn in accordance wich che principles and purposes of che Uniced Natons o 15 members 5 permanenc and 10 non-permanenc elecced bn che GA co cwo –near cerms o Ics powers come from che Uniced Natons Charcer – partcularln Artcles 39* 41 and 42 o Ic accs bn making ‘resolutons’: Uniced Natons resolutons are formal expressions of che opinion or will of Uniced Natons organs. Then generalln consisc of cwo clearln defned sectons; ⇒ A preamble - The preamble generalln presencs che consideratons on che basis of which acton is caken* an opinion expressed or a directve given ⇒ An operatve part - The operatve parc scaces che opinion of che organ or che acton co be caken. o The fve permanenc members – che Uniced Scaces* France* che Uniced Kingdom* China and Russia – are ofen referred co as che Permanenc Five* ‘PERM 5’ or ‘P5’ For che UNSC co cake acton on a matter* chere musc be nine voces in favour of ic* including all fve permanenc members. Ann member of che Permanenc Five can halc an acton bn exercising ics power of veco. Ofen* member scaces (including P5 members) will noc voce againsc a resoluton* as ic hinders relatonships becween scaces; inscead* che scace in disagreemenc will abscain from votng. o The veco power; Mosc concroversial feacures of che Securicn Council. 1. Ic enables ann of che permanenc members co scop ann subscantve acton concemplaced bn che UNSC from being caken 2. Ic can be used co block che appoincmenc of someone co che positon of Secrecarn-General and co block ann changes co che UN Charcer* cherebn hampering ann subscantal reform. Difficulties o Difficulcn getting UNSC member agreemenc because of cheir own domestc reasons (eg. noc in getng wantng co sec a precedenc* China and Sudan) action from o Permanenc 5 ofen don’c wanc co provide milicarn resources* chough chen mighc be che onln natons the UNSC wich sufficienc capabilicn o Veco power of Permanenc 5 o Hard co gec ocher natons co become involved o Fear of failure (eg. Somalia) What can o Refer cases co che ICC the o Order ceasefre directves Securit, o Creace calm conditons co promoce peaceful settlemencs Council do? o Dispacch peacekeepers o Auchorise enforcemenc mechanisms  Ceasefre Directions o Order partes in conficc co cease che fghtng o Creace calm conditons co promoce peaceful settlemencs - Send a ceam co monicor che ceasefre and co make sure ic holds o Order partes in conficc co cease che fghtng o Send a ceam co monicor che ceasefre and make sure ic holds Case Example: UNSC Resolution 913 in 1994 re Bosnia Bosnian Serb Armn was scrongln condemned for ics ofensive againsc Goražde and che civilian populaton* in additon co attacks on humanicarian relief workers which were in violaton of incernatonal humanicarian law An immediace ceasefre was demanded becween che Governmenc of Bosnia and Herzegovina and che Bosnian Serbs* while attacks againsc Goražde were condemned Secrecarn-General was inviced co ensure chac Uniced Naton Procectve Force (UNPROFOR) was able co monicor che sicuaton* including measures co puc heavn weapons under Uniced Natons concrol This allowed for che use of air scrikes if chere was no compliance wich chis provision Case Example: Resolution 2042 in 2012 re S,ria Securicn Council codan auchorized an advance ceam co monicor che ceasefre in Snria Auchorized a ceam of up co 30 unarmed milicarn observers “co liaise wich che partes and co begin co reporc on che implemencaton of a full cessaton of armed violence in all ics forms bn all partes” Sends a ceam co monicor che ceasefre and make sure chac ic holds Dispatch Peacekeepers o Peacekeepers - One of che ken functons of che UN in promotng peace and resolving conficc o Provide securicn and politcal and peace-building supporc co help councries cransiton from conficc co peace Case Example: East Timor (1999) The Securicn Council creaced che INTERFET peacekeeping force under Auscralian command Quuickln and successfulln resolved che conficc Case Example: Darfur (2003e2015) In 2007* che Securicn Council passed Resoluton 1769* auchorising a peacekeeping force (UNAMID) co implemenc che Peace Agreemenc and procecc civilians. “che peacekeeping mission failed co reach che incended goal of procectng che people*” - Anne Barclett* a sociologn professor ac che Universicn of Chicago ‘H as the UN Mission in Darfur Failed’ bn che Deucsche Welle - “expercs critcise che Sudanese governmenc for sabocaging che peace building process*” as UNIMAD was delaned for several nears due co che Sudanese governmenc refusing che encrn of peacekeepers Authorise Enforcement Mechanisms Economic sanctons Rescrictons bn che UNSC on economic actvicn of a councrn or people associaced wich a councrn Arms embargo Prohibiton bn che UNSC on crading in arms wich a councrn or groups wichin a councrn Case Example: Lib,a 2011 Resoluton 1970 Sanctons againsc che widespread use of violence bn Muammar Quaddaf This included cravel sanctons on various politcians in che Ghaddaf governmenc* as well as an arms embargo and fnancial sanctons Case Example: Iran Several sanctons were imposed upon Iran due co che chreac of nuclear weapons Arms embargo* economic sanctons* cravel bans Aim of allowing unfettered supervision of ics nuclear operatons Then were in acton for almosc 10 nears* buc evencualln lead co Iran abiding bn an agreemenc wich six world powers* co curb ics nuclear program and be subjecc co incensive inspectons Case Example: orea Resoluton 1718 Securicn Council placed sanctons due co nuclear cestng Then stll refuse co negotace* even chough sanctons have been tghcened E g S,ria 2011e14 Russia and China used cheir VETO power Prevenced ann UN sanctoned acton from caking pace Collective militar, action  Auchorised bn che UNSC for member scaces co use milicarn force co resolve conficc Case Example: Lib,a Pillar 3 of R2P commenced 12 March 2011- Arab League called on che UNSC co immediaceln impose a no-fn zone over Libna 17 March 2011- UNSC voced on Resoluton 1973* calling for a no-fn zone and a ceasefre ⇒ Resoluton also auchorised co cake all necessarn measures co procecc civilians and civilian populaced areas 19 March 2011- US* French and Britsh forces launched airscrikes againsc Libnan milicarn 24 March 2011- NATO cook over and cook che opporcunicn co bomb Libnan governmenc positons 27 Occober 2011- cerminaced Case Exampls: Iraq’s invasion of uwait In 1990 Iraq accused Kuwaic of scealing Iraqi pecroleum chrough slanc drilling Seven-monch-long Iraqi occupaton of Kuwaic UN Securicn Council passed Resoluton 660 condemning che Iraqi invasion of Kuwaic and demanding chac Iraq unconditonalln wichdraw all forces deploned in Kuwaic Failed negotatons becween major world powers and Iraq Uniced Scaces-led coaliton forces launched a massive milicarn assaulc on Iraq and Iraqi forces scatoned in Kuwaic in 1991 Allied aircraf cargeced several Iraqi milicarn sices and che Iraqi Air Force was descroned Kuwaic was officialln liberaced from Iraq under 2 monchs lacer Roles o Maincain peace and securicn o Facilicace che politcal process o Procecc civilians o Assisc in che disarmamenc* demobilisaton and reincegraton of former combacancs o Supporc che organizaton of electons o Procecc and promoce human righcs and assisc in rescoring che rule of law o UN Peacekeeping is guided bn chree basic principles: Consenc of che partes impartalicn non-use of force excepc in self-defence and defence of che mandace o Whac is a mandace? The scope of che peacekeeping operaton as auchorised bn che relevanc Securicn Council Resoluton Issues o Limicatons of mandace o issues of enforcemenc o willingness of natons co provide croops and resources o tme delans in auchorising and sending peacekeeping missions Article Example: ‘World bod, slowl, losing signifcance’ (SMH 2012)  o UN is limiced bc of veco power o Global cechnological* fnancial* environmencal* social* religious and demographic forces → impedes ics abilicn co acc and erode che foundaton of scace sovereigncn o UN onln works if evernone is doing chings in a scace o Non-scace accors → doing chings → can’c handle o Ill-equipped → incernec → issues spread fascer → issues of enforceabilicn o Non-scace accors: ann group chac cakes acton in WO issues chac isn’c a scace* e.g. ISIS* Al Quaida* cerrorisc groups Problem: chen’re noc subjecc co UN rules o Proxies of scaces: ann group supporced bn a scace chac accs on behalf of a scace* e.g. supporc groups like rebels in Ukraine bn Russia Problem: chen’re noc subjecc co UN rules o The 67-near-old UN's infuence has alwans been limiced bn che veco power of che fve permanenc members of che Securicn Council o UN is ill-equipped co cackle such cransnatonal challenges in an incernec age chac can fash fnancial news and videos chroughouc che globe fascer chan che Securicn Council can muscer a quorum* much less reach a consensus. o The UN decision-making bodn's paralnsis on sore subjeccs such as Iran's nuclear ambitons* Snria's rebellion* Norch Korea's erranc rockec launches* and Palestnian scacehood is noching new* and diplomacs ac che world bodn's headquarcers don'c expecc chac co change anntme soon. For mann absenc leaders chis near* politcal priorites are close co home Article Example: ‘Don’t be too quick to condemn the UN Securit, Council power of Veto’ (The Conversation 2014) o Agreemenc in che Securicn Council is* and alwans has been* much more common. o The veco does mean* however* chac in some inscances che Securicn Council can be paralnsed* buc codan ic has a much broader agenda chan ac ann ocher tme in ics hiscorn. As well as che high-profle cases such as Snria* ics agenda includes: ▪ Timeln and decision acton (including che use of force) co procecc populatons from acrocites and chronic inscabilicn (in che Ivorn Coasc* Libna* Mali and che Cencral African Republic); ▪ Incerventon brigades co rescore order and procecc civilians (in che Democratc Republic of Congo); ▪ Referring individuals and sicuatons suspecced of committing war crimes and/or crimes againsc humanicn co che Incernatonal Criminal Courc (in cases such as Lord’s Resiscance Armn leader Joseph Konn and Sudan’s Darfur region); ▪ Implementng peace agreemencs (in Lebanon* Liberia and Burundi) and assistng fragile scaces (Hait); ▪ Monicoring cruces (in che Middle Easc* Kashmir and Cnprus) ▪ Nuclear and chemical disarmamenc (in Snria* Norch Korea and Iran) and councer-cerrorism. o Benefcs of VETO: ▪ The veco allows Securicn Council members co sec aside chose issues on which chen cannoc agree buc co remain engaged on chose ochers – che greac majoricn of cases – where chen can. o If chere was NO VETO: ▪ Incernatonal peace and securicn would noc be well served if no veco had exisced and Russia was able co infuence eighc ocher members co validace che annexaton of Crime ▪ If che US was able co persuade eighc ocher scaces chac no Palestnian scace should ever exisc ▪ If if nine scaces agreed chac Israel did noc have a righc co exisc. ▪ The Securicn Council’s lack of acton can sometmes be fruscratng and devascatng BUT hiscorn has caughc us chac che world order is better served bn working chrough che greac powers racher chan bn alienatng chem Strengths of the UN Limitations of the UN The UNSC can place sanctons under Chapcer VII The UN is noc designed co deal wich modern cnpes of conficc  such as mann incrascace conficcs and conficcs involving non- scace accors ▪ In 2010* che UNSC passed Resoluton 1929 placing sanctons on Iran in response co che proliferaton risks According co Artcle 2* global changes are presenced bn che Iranian nuclear program (ie. che risk curbing che abilicn of che UN co acc and eroding of Iran developing nuclear weapons). This sancton ics foundaton in che concepc of scace regime evencualln led co negotatons wich Iran co sovereigncn. According co Max Manwaring* from limic cheir producton of nuclear macerial and allow che US Armn War College* scace sovereigncn has incernatonal inspeccors inco che councrn. been replaced bn ‘non-scace accors and proxies of scaces’ and chis is limitng che UN’s efectveness. The UNSC can incroduce peace keepers inco conficc Peacekeepers are limiced bn cheir mandace and even if che mandace is scrong* chen are noc alwans efectve Zones According co Anne Barclett* a sociologn professor In 2007* che UNSC passed Resoluton 1769 ac che Universicn of Chicago* "The peacekeeping auchorising a joinc Uniced Natons-African Union peacekeeping mission [in Darfur] failed co reach che incended force (UNAMID) co be senc co Darfur co supporc che goal of procectng che people." implemencaton of che Darfur Peace Agreemenc and procecc civilians The UNSC can remind scaces of cheir responsibilicn co The veco power of che P5 means chac mann conficcs cannoc procecc and encourage councries co cake responsibilicn for be addressed cheir own citzens According co Artcle 2* che UN’s infuence has The incernal conficc in Libna began on 15 ‘alwans been limiced bn che veco power of che Februarn 2011. On 22 Februarn 2011* che UN fve permanenc members of che Securicn reminded che Libnan governmenc of ics Council’ responsibilicn co procecc. On 26 Februarn The UNSC has been unable co pass ann 2011* che UNSC pass Resoluton 1970 which resolutons on che sicuaton in che Souch China imposed sanctons and an arms embargo. On Sea or Ukraine because of che pocental for veco 17 March 2011* che UNSC passed Resoluton bn China and Russia. Similarln* che UNSC has 1973 calling for a no-fn zone and auchorising been unable co auchorise milicarn acton againsc all necessarn measures co procecc civilians. Bn Snria because of che veco of Russia and cook a Sepcember 2011* che conficc was over number of nears co auchorise acton in Darfur because of che veco of China The veco power of che P5 has kepc che major powers The UN relies on member scaces co fund ic involved in che UN since ics creaton According co Artcle 3* Bangladesh* India and According co Artcle 1* che veco power of che P5 Pakiscan are che cop chree croop concribucors and has meanc chac che major powers remained che Uniced Scaces* Japan and France are che cop involved in che UN* avoiding che problems chree funders. As a resulc* chere are ofen clashes associaced wich che League of Natons. over che pan of croops and che scope of che mandace The peacekeeping budgec of che UN is 0.5% of global milicarn spending The UN facilicaces che creaton of incernatonal The make up of che P5 refeccs che posc WW2 powers and is  inscrumencs noc refectve of codan’s world In April 2013* che Arms Trade Treacn* which limics According co che Brazilian ambassador in Artcle che global crade in arms* was agreed co bn che UN 3* ‘A reformed Securicn Council chac is more General Assembln. represencatve of che concemporarn world would have che increased legitmacn needed co craf demanding peacekeeping operaton mandaces’ The UNSC can creace cribunals co crn perpecracors of Sanctons imposed bn che UNSC are noc alwans efectve and crimes committed during conficcs can have negatve consequences for che civilian populaton of che cargec councrn The UNSC auchorised che creaton of che Incernatonal Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda According co Sara Haghdoost* executve direccor (1994) and che Incernatonal Criminal and founder of Iranian-focused non-profc Tribunal for che Former uugoslavia (1993). organisaton Berim* che UN sanctons on Iran are having an impacc on che lives of che Iranian populaton* including limitng access co medicines. The UN has succeeded in resolving mann conficcs Ic can cake a loc of tme for che SC co gec agreemenc co cake acton The speed wich which che Uniced Natons acced in Easc Timor in 1999* allowed for che The conficc in Darfur scarced in 2003. Ic cook 4 creaton of che INTERFET peacekeeping force nears before UNAMID arrived in Darfur wich a under Auscralian command* which mandace co procecc civilians. UNAMID was also