Philippine Literature During Colonial Period Notes PDF

**NOTES ON MODULE 3 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING COLONIAL PERIOD** 1. The Spaniards successfully colonized the Philippines for more than 300 years having **evangelization** as its main thrust. 2. The **nationalistic consciousness** of the Filipinos began when **world trade took place in...

**NOTES ON MODULE 3 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING COLONIAL PERIOD** 1. The Spaniards successfully colonized the Philippines for more than 300 years having **evangelization** as its main thrust. 2. The **nationalistic consciousness** of the Filipinos began when **world trade took place in the Philippines** as a result of **exchanging of liberal ideas with the other countries among children of middle class Filipino families** who were sent to Europe. 3. American period of colonialism officially took place after **Emilio Aguinaldo** surrendered. 4. The setting of public schools during the American period became a necessary tool for: a. **popularizing democracy in our country** b. **training Filipinos for citizenship** c. **and embracing the English language.** 5. The last colonizers to enter the Philippines were the **Japanese** who failed to gain the trust of Filipinos and only lasted for less than five years. 6. Philippine literature had been polished by **colonial experiences of Filipinos during Spanish Period, American Period, and Japanese Period.** 7. Foreign encounters with neighboring countries were also **significant parts of Filipinos\' lives.** 8. All of these **Eastern (Asia and Middle East)** and **Western influences (Europe and North America)** have uniquely shaped the geopolitical, as well as economic conditions of the Philippines. 9. Eastern culture is more **conservative and traditions**. 10. Western culture is **liberal, open, and blunt**. 11. **Great consideration and respect for the elders** is emphasized among Asian countries. 12. **Europeans and North Americans** are quite expressive and have high regards for one\'s own decision-making. 13. An emphasis on **Christian doctrine** was manifested through various types of texts which replaced stories about heroes and animated creatures to Biblical characters and saints as evidenced by **novenas, prayer books, and other printed materials.** 14. Other than books, **plays and dramas emerged for recreational purposes.** 15. Plays and dramas were **poetic in nature and were intended for public performances**. 16. Privileged **Filipino men from middle class families were given access to education**, they also became fluent in Spanish language which paved the way to production of literary texts by our own natives. 17. This led to reforms in the government **through underground newspapers and revolts.** 18. Threatened by the presence of other colonizers, the transition between Spanish Period and American Period was not smooth due to resistance among **Emilio Aguinaldo** who was the appointed president at that time and our fellow countrymen. 19. American colonizers used **democratic approach as manifested by allowing a Filipino to lead the country through elections where Manuel Quezon won over Aguinaldo.** 20. Public education was then emphasized during this period where the English language was introduced and embraced by many Filipinos resulting in various literary works in English which were mostly imitative at first. 21. Some notable Filipino writers later on adapted and developed their **own theme, styles, and conventions making their works recognizable both nationally and internationally.** 22. **Watching foreign films** replaced the popularity of theatrical shows and novels. 23. The cruelty of the Japanese occupation was evidenced by **strong resistance** among the majority of Filipino people. 24. The attempt to **erase Western influences was shown when they tried to ban the use of English language during their reign.** 25. **Freedom of the press and of expression was also suppressed**. 26. The Tagalog language was favored by the Japanese which **made Tagalog stories and dramas flourish at the time.** 27. **Love for music was evident** through exposure to opera and classical music. 28. **Life struggles, nationalism, and patriotism** were the common themes and subjects but were secretly published. 29. **Only those Filipinos who were living abroad** could freely write and express their opinions. 30. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1565-1898) ✔ This can be divided into two major periods: Early Spanish Period (1565-1863) and Later Part or Revolutionary Period (1864-1896). ✔ Early Spanish Period can be categorized as either religious or secular. 31. Dimensions of Philippine Literature ✔ The type of literature produced during this period used Spanish, Tagalog, and the vernacular form of languages. ✔ Spanish was introduced as the medium of communication and later shifted to Tagalog when a sense of nationalism arose during the revolutionary period. ✔ The introduction of the printing equipment called xylographic press by the Dominicans resulted in publication of various religious materials and earliest books. ✔ Poetically inclined writers led by Tagalog versifiers called Ladinos (natives who were also fluent in Spanish) such as Fernándo Bágongbantâ and Tomas Pinpin tackled mostly morality and religion. ✔ Folk songs still existed. ✔ Drama, as another type of literary genre, as well as metrical tales based on European origin (such as awit and corrido) flourished. ✔ Diaryong Tagalog (1882), a Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, published bulk of Filipino writings. The publication signaled the open campaign for reforms. ✔ In 1889, the La Solidaridad, an underground newspaper, became the mouthpiece of the Reform Movement. 32. **Emergence of Other Types of Literature during Spanish Colonial Period** ✔ **Books.** In 1593, the book written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva entitled \"Doctrina Cristiana\" (The Christian Doctrine) was first printed. Among the other notable books printed are \"Nuestra Señora del Rosario\" by Fr. Blancas de San Jose, \"Barláan at Jósaphát\" (first published in 1708) translated from Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja, and \"Urbana at Felisa\" by Modesto de Castro who is considered as the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. ✔ **Folk Songs.** These were songs modified based on the folkways of Filipinos during this period. ✔ **Recreational Plays.** These were mostly poetic in nature and intended to be performed during the Spanish era. Cenaculo, Carillo, Zarzuela, Moro-Moro, Balagtasan, Duplo, and Karagatan are among the examples. ✔ **Novels**. These are fictitious prose usually lengthy and complex in nature. Pedro Paterno\'s work entitled \"Ninay\" is the first novel published by a Filipino author. This was originally written in Spanish language and translated into English and Tagalog in 1907 and 1908. ✔ **Newspapers.** There has been a debate on whether newspapers should be categorized as literature or not. However, according to Britannica, some high level journalism like articles written in a newspaper such as columns and feature articles can be considered as literature for as long as they achieve a certain level of satisfaction under aesthetic, chronological, and psychological characterization. Bulk of Filipino writings produced were mostly published in Diaryong Tagalog. The underground newspaper La Solidaridad is considered as the mouthpiece of the Reform Movement. 33. **Some Notable Writers** ✔ **Francisco Baltazar** (1788-1862) was hailed as the \"Master of Traditional Tagalog Poetry\". His well-known literary work, Florante at Laura (1838--1861), is regarded as the most famous metrical romance of the country. ✔ **Pedro Paterno** (1857--1911) was the first Filipino who wrote poetry collection in Spanish entitled Sampaguitas y poesias varias (1880). His novel in Spanish Ninay (1885) was considered to be the first Filipino novel. ✔ **Jose Rizal** (1861--1896), a prominent ilustrado and the country's national hero, is famous for the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and the clergy. ✔ **Andres Bonifacio** (1863--1897), the founder of the Katipunan, wrote the poem "Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa" which appeared in the official newspaper of the Katipunan called Kalayaan in March 1896. ✔ **Leona Florentino** (1849--1884), known as the "Mother of Philippine Women's Literature," was a poet in both Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were preserved and exhibited in Europe and were included in the Encyclopedia Internationaldes Oeuvres des Femme in 1889. 34. **AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910-1945)** ✔ American colonial period is divided into two periods: the period of apprenticeship (1910-1930) and the period of emergence (1920-1930). ✔ The surrender of first Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 signified the end of the military struggle for independence. ✔ Aguinaldo promised allegiance to America but still continued to be very vocal of achieving independence for the Philippines. ✔ In 1935, Aguinaldo was soundly defeated by Manuel L. Quezon as the first President of the Commonwealth. Dimensions of Philippine Literature ✔ During the transition period many Filipino writers still preferred to write in Spanish since English was still a foreign language to them. ✔ Filipino writers were into all forms of literature during the period of apprenticeship but most of their works were critiqued as an imitation of English and American models. ✔ Short stories became the most prevalent literary form during the latter part of American colonial period. ✔ The existence of American literary works and periodicals as well as the coming of American teachers encouraged many aspiring Filipino writers to use the English language. ✔ A new type of literature began when American system of education and English language were introduced. ✔ At the beginning, most of the literary works written in English were considered imitative in nature, but then later on evolved to a new variety of subjects, styles, and conventions of writing. ✔ Common theme in plays was all about nationalism. 35. **Other Type of Literature Existed during American Colonial Period** ✔ Short Stories. These are stories that can typically be read in one sitting revolving around one subject and may range between 1,000 up to 20,000 words. The first short story written in English is entitled \"Dead Stars\" by Paz Marquez Benitez. Some Notable Writers ✔ Juan C. Laya. He won first prize for his novel \"His Native Soil\" in the First Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940. ✔ Zoilo M. Galang. His work entitled \"A Child of Sorrow\" in 1921 is considered as the first Filipino novel in English. 36. **JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1942-1945)** ✔ Japan invaded the Philippines on December 8, 1941 which was strongly opposed by the Guerillas. ✔ Captured soldiers and American deportees were forced to have \"Death March\" to a prison camp where they walked for 100 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died here. ✔ Aguinaldo cooperated with the Japanese to end Filipino and American opposition. ✔ Japanese colonizers failed to gain the trust of Filipinos. ✔ The resurgence of World War II forced former President Manuel L. Quezon and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña Sr. to immediately leave the Philippines and sought residence in the United States as the Commonwealth government was suddenly in exile. ✔ There was a great tension between the two major groups: HUKBALAHAP (unified guerilla army against Japanese invasion) and KALIBAPI (political party approved by the Japanese). ✔ Jose P. Laurel was appointed as the President of the Philippines under the Japanese-sponsored Republic. ✔ In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but promised to return which he did in 1944. The US victory in the battle of Leyte gulf signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese. 37. **Dimensions of Philippine Literature** ✔ All forms of writings were censored during this time because there was no freedom of speech and of the press. ✔ Only those who were living in the United States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L. Quezon could write freely. ✔ The use of English language was stopped in almost all publications and only Tagalog and the vernaculars were permitted. ✔ Few literary works were printed and mostly considered as pessimistic and bitter according to the author Victoria Abelardo. ✔ Another type of poetry that emerged is the Haiku consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or 17 syllabic poetry in all. ✔ Tagalog short stories flourished and some of the best works were compiled by the Liwayway magazine editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories were "Lupang Tinubuan" by Narciso G. Reyes, "Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa" by Liwayway Arceo, "Nayon at Dagatdagatan" by N. V.M. Gonzalez, and "Suyuan sa Tubigan" by Macario Pineda. ✔ Opera and classical music gained popularity. ✔ Among the other types of literature emerged were essay (e.g. \"Literature and Society\" by Salvador P. Lopez) and autobiography (e.g. \"The Good Fight\" by Manuel Quezon). 38. **Some Notable Writers** ✔ Carlos P. Romulo. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his notable works such as \"I Saw the Fall of the Philippines\", \"I See the Philippines Rise\", \"Mother America\", and \"My Brother Americans\". ✔ Narciso Reyes. He won first prize with his short story \"Lupang Tinubuan\". Module 4: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Post-colonial Period 1. Literary works of Filipino authors started to be recognized through the initialization of Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in 1950 and realization of the need to grant National Artist Awards in 1972 under the former President Ferdinand Marcos. 2. The influences of **Spanish and American cultures** can be observed. 3. More and more Filipino writers continued to write more fluently using the English language since gaining independence from the Japanese occupation in 1945. In fact, many of the literary works in both Palanca and Order of National Artists were **written in English.** 4. Most of these writers were considered as **social realists.** 5. **Short stories** became the most popular form of literary expression and more novels were published which mostly dealt with freedom from both economic and political bondage. 6. Social issues such as **poverty, survival, gender inequalities, justice system and domestic conditions** have been prevalent themes and subjects in literature. 7. The leaders of the country have to deal with issues concerning **economic stability, new and contrasting ideas, and morality** to name a few. 8. The most significant period that great influences many Filipinos is the period of **Martial Law** during the Marcos regime. 9. The **writers\' experiences, aspirations, and feelings** reflect the literary works they produce. 10. Nowadays, people are turning into their **social media accounts** to express their deep thoughts and feelings. **POST-COLONIAL PERIOD (1945-present) AFTER THE WAR** 11. ✔ In 1944, Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. assumed the presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon while the Philippine Commonwealth government was in exile in the U.S. ✔ Manuel A. Roxas defeated Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. as the President in April 1946 for the Independent Second Republic of the Philippines. ✔ Elpidio R. Quirino assumed the remaining term of Roxas when the latter died of a heart attack in 1948. ✔ In 1953, Ramon F. Magsaysay was elected as the new president but died in an airplane crash on March 16, 1957. ✔ Magsaysay\'s position was assumed by Carlos P. Garcia who was re-elected and served until 1961. ✔ Diosdado P. Macapagal became the President after Carlos P. Garcia. He changed the date of Philippine Independence from July 4, 1946 (Liberation from America) to June 12, 1896 (Liberation from Spanish by the revolutionists). He also recognized the presidency of Jose P. Laurel. 12. **PHILIPPINES DURING THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD** ✔ Ferdinand E. Marcos took office for presidency in 1965 who got re-elected in 1969 making him the first to win two presidential terms. ✔ He declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972 and led the country into what he calls \"The New Society\" against lawlessness which incited a lot of opposition. ✔ Marcos was forced to hold an election in 1978 and 1981 to stabilize the country\'s chaotic condition where he won again. ✔ The death of Benigno Simeon \"Ninoy\" Aquino, Jr. became the beginning of calling for Marcos\' removal. ✔ EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless revolution) through the initiative of Maria Corazon C. Aquino and her supporters erupted which marked a significant national event. ✔ Snap election was conducted in 1986 which seated Corazon Aquino- the widow of Benigno Simeon \"Ninoy\" Aquino, Jr. as the 11th President of the Philippines and ended the 21 years of what many claimed as the tyrant rule. ✔ Marcos went on exile in Hawaii, where he died on September 28, 1989. 13. **PHILIPPINES AFTER THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD (5TH REPUBLIC TO PRESENT)** ✔ The political and economic condition of the Philippines during Cory Aquino\'s administration was described as chaotic. ✔ Monopolization of the agricultural industry took place after the International Monetary Fund (IMF) forced the Philippines to pay its debt amounting to 27.2 billion dollars which they claimed to be inherited from Marcos administration. ✔ Fidel V. Ramos (also known as \"Centennial President\") took office in 1992 where he immediately worked on the country\'s recovery. He was awarded the Peace Award by UNESCO in his effort to achieve a Peace Agreement with MILF. ✔ Film actor Joseph Ejercito Estrada won presidency with his pro-poor campaign in1998 but was ousted in 2001 because of corruption and gambling issues. ✔ Maria Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed office in 1998, got re-elected, and served until 2010. During her term, many impeachment complaints were filed against her due to corruption and electoral sabotage where she got hospital arrest for her spinal surgery. ✔ Former Senator Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III (aka PNoy or Noynoy Aquino) seated as the next president in 2010. ✔ Next to him is our current President- Rodrigo Roa Duterte who is both a lawyer and politician. 14. **Dimensions of Philippine Literature** ✔ Filipino writers began to develop new themes, styles, and techniques. The first notable work that appeared right after the second world war under Japanese occupation in the Philippines is a novel written by Macario Pineda entitled Ginto sa Makiling which was considered as a narrative of the Philippines' social, political, and moral aspects (Macansantos, et al, n.d.). It was noted for its resemblance to the work of Rizal and more on the work of Balagtas in terms of plot and style. ✔ The rise of English writers began after exposure to American language and culture, although there were still many Filipino writers observed using the vernaculars. Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following factors contributory to the flourishing of Filipino literature: 1\) establishment of the University of the Philippines in 1908 where English was primarily used as the medium of instruction, 2\) the founding of the Philippine Writers' Association in 1953, and 3\) the establishment of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award in 1955 to name a few. ✔ According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), among the common literary themes in novels and short stories were war experiences which can be seen in the works of Stevan Javellana's Without Seeing the Dawn (1947) and Edilberto Tiempo's Watch in the Night for the English category. While for Filipino literature that used the vernaculars, the works of Lazaro Francisco were profoundly noted for his style associated to Rizal's influence such as Bayaning Nagpatiwakal (1932), Sugat sa Alaala (1950), Maganda pa ang Daigdig (1956), and Daluyong (1962). The influence of both Spanish and American styles could be observed in the work of Nick Joaquin where his flashback technique was highly appreciated by critics. Some writers attempted to incorporate a taste of folk tradition especially in poetry such as epic and other oral forms of literature which still existed like Balagtasan. However, oral tradition became less popular as people became more interested in short stories. 15. The 21st century literature (sometimes called \"contemporary literature\") is viewed as the literature of the new generation. Specifically, this refers to literary piece or diverse postmillennial texts that have been produced since 2000 or 2001 up to the present. 16. The shift from paper to the screen first took place in this type of literature and the use of technology for human expression such as e-book, blog, digi-fiction, etc. has been very common. 17. **CHARACTERISTICS OF 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE:** -written by contemporary authors within the last decade -deals with current issues and themes -reflects technological culture -literature of emerging genres -often breaks traditional writing 18. How the novel gave way to short stories as life became busier and more **fastpaced** after the Industrial Revolution in the Western World would also explain the emergence of new genres which complemented dependence on the internet and the gadgets required to access them. 19. The 21st century learners were born with the computer already as part of the daily life essential. Some literary genres which the computer and internet helped create are the following: