Energy & Matter Notes - Study Notes

Energy & Matter  Monday, November 11th LEARNING TARGET: Identify where food comes from. 1. PHONE IN BOX! 2. Pickup NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 3. Please wait quietly for further instructions… NEW SEATING CHART! Marking Period Ends Monday!  Che...

Energy & Matter  Monday, November 11th LEARNING TARGET: Identify where food comes from. 1. PHONE IN BOX! 2. Pickup NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 3. Please wait quietly for further instructions… NEW SEATING CHART! Marking Period Ends Monday!  Chemical Formulas Molecular formula = represents the TOTAL atoms and TYPE of atoms Ex. water = H2O Structural formula = represents the TOTAL atoms, TYPE of atoms and how they are BONDED together. Ex. water =  Structure of Atoms Subatomic Charge Location in particle Atom proton + Nucleus neutron No Charge Nucleus electron - Around the nucleus in orbitals  Energy Level Rules 1st Energy Level – 2 electrons maximum 2nd Energy Level – 8 electrons maximum  Periodic Table of Elements Atomic number: number of protons Atomic mass (mass number): number of protons and neutrons How to determine: 1. number of protons: atomic number 2. number of neutrons: atomic mass – atomic number 3. number of electrons: atomic number  element atomic # atomic # protons # electrons # neutrons mass hydrogen 1 1 carbon 12 6 oxygen 8 8 8 potassium 19 20 iron 56 26  element atomic # atomic # protons # electrons # neutrons mass hydrogen 1 1 1 1 0 carbon 6 12 6 6 6 oxygen 8 16 8 8 8 potassium 19 39 19 19 20 iron 26 56 26 26 30  How to draw Bohr Models 1. Look up atomic number. 2. Determine the number of electrons 3. Draw the 1st energy level with appropriate number of electrons (maximum # = 2e-) 4. Continue drawing energy levels until you have all electrons accounted for (2nd energy level max 8e-) 5. Include the number of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus. CARBON: HYDROGEN: OXYGEN: NITROGEN:  Tuesday, November 12th LEARNING TARGET: Identify food and where it comes from. 1. PHONE IN BOX! 2. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 3. Make sure you’re sitting in your assigned seats. 😎 4. Please wait quietly for further instructions… Homework: Chemistry Review Google FORM  What did you eat today? Stop & Jot: Pick a meal - breakfast or lunch. On your notes packet in the corner, write down everything you ate for that meal. Turn & Talk Where did the foods you ate originally come from (way before they got to the grocery store or cafeteria)? What originally made the food? Where does the food we eat come from? Stop & Jot: Look at your list of foods. In your notes - write the question, “Where does our food come from?” 100% from Plants Mixture/Not Sure/Other 100% from Animals Categorize which of the foods you ate came from the following: Plants, Mixture/Not Sure/Other, and Animals. Non-conventional food? Insects?  Wednesday, November 13th LEARNING TARGET: Explain how nutrition influences metabolism. 1. PHONE IN BOX! 2. Pickup LAB HANDOUT - Health Assessment 3. Please wait quietly for further instructions. Homework: Finish Nutrition Lab Marking Period Ends Monday!  O R K HO MEW  YOU GAIN WEIGHT 400 1 Percent Daily Value 20% 2,000  Thursday, November 14th LEARNING TARGET: Identify & describe the properties of water. 1. PHONE IN BOX! 2. Turn in your Health Assessment Homework! 3. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 4. Please wait quietly for further instructions… Homework: Biomolecules EdPuzzle Marking Period Ends Monday!  Covalent Bonds Covalent Bonds = sharing of valence electrons in the outer energy level. Ex. water  Polar Bonds Polar bonds = a molecule with a different charge at opposite ends. Ex. water  Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen Bonds = weak bonds between TWO molecules. Ex. water molecules Properties of Water 1. Water is considered the universal solvent. DISSOLVES MOST SUBSTANCES 2. Water expands as it freezes (allowing life to exist under an insulated ice sheet). 3. Water is a natural substance that is found in all three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. 4. Water has a high specific heat that requires a tremendous amount of energy to change temperature. * The ocean takes a long time to heat up in the summer → hurricanes in September 5. Water is a polar molecule. a molecule with a charge at each end Adhesion: attracted to other substances a r y p i ll Ca on Cohesion: attracted to itself ct i a Transport of water through small tubes  Surface Tension Surface tension of a liquid - results from an imbalance of intermolecular attractive forces, the cohesive forces between molecules.  Mixtures Homogeneous Mixture: mixture that has the Heterogeneous Mixture: mixture that can be same uniform appearance throughout separated Solution - two or more substances that are Suspension - each part remains distinct (easy to mixed uniformly. tell them apart). Ex. Tea, Coffee, Kool-Aid Ex. Italian dressing, mayo, sand Solvent - a substance that dissolves another Colloid - particles do not settle out. Ex. Milk, blood, smoke Solute - a substance that is dissolved by another  Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions: energy requiring process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are changed into different substances. Reactants: substance that exists before a chemical reaction starts, located on the left side of an arrow in a chemical equation Products: substance formed after a chemical reaction, located on the right side of an arrow in a chemical reaction  Law of Conservation of Mass Mass cannot be created or destroyed. Chemical equations must be balanced.  Hydrolysis LARGER molecules are broken apart into SMALLER molecules by ADDING WATER. Water is ADDED, making it a reatant in the chemical reaction. An everyday example would be DIGESTION. Hydrolysis (Digestion) of a Disaccharide  Dehydration Synthesis SMALLER molecules bond together to form a more LARGER molecule. Water is REMOVED making it a product. Formation of a Disaccharide  Friday, November 15th LEARNING TARGET: Identify organic compounds and biomolecules using indicators. 1. PHONES IN THE BOX! 2. Pickup GIZMO HANDOUT & LAB HANDOUT! 3. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 4. Please come in quickly and quietly and sit in your seats. Marking Period Ends Monday! Homework: Complete Molecules & ph Gizmo  Organic Compounds Four Most Abundant Elements Found in Cells CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, and NITROGEN Organic compounds contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and often oxygen. Circle the one inorganic compound from the following list: Sugar / DNA / fat / water / amino acids / cellulose So many ways to say the same thing… Macromolecule Polymer Biomolecule Organic Compound  O monosaccharides Energy Source Structural support: cell walls of plants & chitin (fungi) Fatty Acids Stores Energy O Cell Membranes Structural Support (muscles) Amino Communication: Antibodies, Acids N hormones, & receptor molecules Nucleotides P Chemical Shape (DNA vs RNA) DNA (double helix) If the focus of our discussion is a functional group, we don’t want to get distracted by all of the carbons, hydrogens, or anything else in the parent chain. I like to think of the ‘R’ simply as Instead, we replace the entire parent the ‘REST’ of the molecule. chain with the letter R and attach the functional group to it. For example, if I want to show you that OH is an alcohol, I will write that as R-OH. R = rest of the molecule, OH = the group we’re looking at attached to the ‘rest’ of the molecule.  R groups act as placeholders for any generic alkyl group. Monday, November 18th LEARNING TARGET: Identify organic compounds and biomolecules using indicators. 1. You need your LAB HANDOUT: Murder & a Meal 2. TURN IN YOUR GIZMOS! 3. Quietly read directions on the Starch, Protein, & Lipid Tests. Then wait quietly for further instructions… SUGAR PROTEIN STARCH LIPIDS WATER No Cross Contamination  Protein Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids SUGAR TEST STARCH TEST Biuret’s Reagent Benedict’s Solution Lugol’s Iodine solution Sudan IV Negative Test = Blue Negative Test = blue Negative Test = Negative Test = red amber/yellow Brown Paper Towel Negative Test = opaque (can’t see through) Turns purple for a positive Turns orange for a positive test Turns black or dark violet Forms pinkish clumps for a test when heated. when target molecule is positive test. present. Turns translucent (“see through”) when target molecule is present Primarily protein, starch, and lipids. Primarily protein, sugar, and lipids. Primarily starch, sugar, and lipids. Amber Opaque Translucent Blue These are just Lavender Purple examples! Orange Bluish Blue Black Tuesday, November 19th LEARNING TARGET: Identify organic compounds and biomolecules using indicators. 1. You need your LAB HANDOUT: Murder & a Meal 2. Quietly read directions on the Sugar & Lipid Tests. Then wait quietly for further instructions… Homework: Finish Lab Analysis!  Protein Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids SUGAR TEST STARCH TEST Biuret’s Reagent Benedict’s Solution Lugol’s Iodine solution Sudan IV Negative Test = Blue Negative Test = blue Negative Test = Negative Test = red amber/yellow Brown Paper Towel Negative Test = opaque (can’t see through) Turns purple for a positive Turns orange for a positive test Turns black or dark violet Forms pinkish clumps for a test when heated. when target molecule is positive test. present. Turns translucent (“see through”) when target molecule is present Wednesday, November 20th LEARNING TARGET: Explain how chemical reactions influence metabolism. 1. PHONE IN THE BOX! 2. Turn in your Murder Labs! 3. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 4. Please wait quietly for further instructions… Homework: Enzymes EdPuzzle  Enzymes Regulate chemical reactions in cells Used in all cells to help chemical bonds form and break apart. 79  Activation Energy All chemical reactions require energy to begin. This energy is called activation energy. 80  Enzymes as Catalysts Catalyst – substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction, speeding up the reaction. 81  Characteristics of Enzymes 1. Organic compound: Proteins 2. Are used over and over. (catalyst) 3. Names describe what they do. a. Example: amylase breaks down amylose, b. which makes up a part of starch. 4. Many times the names of enzymes end in “ase.” 82  Characteristics of Enzymes 5. They are specific – only work on SPECIFIC types of compounds with complementary shapes. 6. Have an active site, place where the chemical reaction occurs on the enzyme. Reactants that bind to the active site are called substrates, which are either broken down or put together. 83  Lock & Key Model P S S + + P E + S ES complex E + P 84  Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: Temperature As temperature increases, enzyme rate of reaction decreases. Denaturation – shape of the enzyme is changed. 85  Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: pH Most enzymes in living cells work best between a pH of 6-8 (7 is neutral) All enzymes have an optimal pH at which they work best. 86  Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: Enzyme Concentration As the concentration of enzymes increase, enzyme rate of reaction increases. More enzymes will collide with substrates. 87  Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: Substrate Concentration As the concentration of substrates increase, enzyme rate of reaction increases. 88  Thursday, November 21st LEARNING TARGET: Simulate a model of enzymes using pennies. 1. Pickup LAB HANDOUT - Modeling Enzymes 2. Please wait quietly for further instructions… Friday, November 22nd LEARNING TARGET: Analyze data from your model of enzymes using pennies. 1. You need your LAB HANDOUT - Modeling Enzymes. 2. Open up the Data Sheet on Google Classroom. 3. Please wait quietly for further instructions once you’re ready! Homework: Finish Part 1 of Enzyme Lab Analysis  Monday, November 25th LEARNING TARGET: Investigate conditions that affect enzyme activity in liver. 1. You need your LAB HANDOUT - Enzyme Modeling. Part 1 with Pennies should be FINISHED! 2. Please read over procedure quietly and wait quietly for further instructions… Homework: Finish Enzyme Lab! DUE TOMORROW!  Tuesday, November 26th LEARNING TARGET: Be successful on my quiz. 1. CELL PHONE in the BROWN BOX! 2. TURN IN YOUR ENZYME LABS!!! Bring tomorrow at the latest if needed. You’re welcome. 3. Take out table dividers! 4. Double Click the Lee SEB FILE on your MACBOOKS, click link for quiz and wait for further instructions and the super secret password. 5. When you have completed the quiz , remain quiet and work on something quietly. Phones and headphones are okay AFTER YOU HAVE SUBMITTED QUIZ. Wednesday, November 27th LEARNING TARGET: Explain how chemical reactions influence metabolism. 1. You need your NOTES HANDOUT: Matter & Energy 2. Please wait quietly for further instructions.  TEST RESULTS - Class Averages Ecology Biodiversity Energy & Cells & Reproduction Genetics Evolution Unity of Matter Homeostasis Life UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 5 UNIT 6 UNIT 7 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 8 3rd Period 91 81 -10 4/5 Period 91 89 - 2 8/9 Period 90 80 -10 11th Period 93 83 -10 Last Year 91 88 Quarterly Exam 82 (3rd Period) 85 (8th/9th Period) Averages 90 (4th/5th Period) 86 (11th Period) TEST RESULTS - Multiple Choice ONLY TEST RESULTS - Item Analysis TEST RESULTS - Item Analysis TEST RESULTS - Item Analysis 312 - 318 is the RANGE TEST RESULTS - Written Part Before - Disease After - habitat loss, predation, availability of food (carrying capacity alone is not an acceptable answer)  TEST RESULTS Ecology Biodiversity Energy & Cells & Reproduction Genetics Evolution Unity of Matter Homeostasis Life UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 5 UNIT 6 UNIT 7 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 8 2nd 93 88 -5 89 +1 89 +0 85 -4 88 +3 87 -1 86 -1 Period 11th 90 88 -2 91 +3 86 -5 86 +0 91 +5 86 -5 85 -1 Period 12th 91 88 -3 90 +2 84 -6 87 +3 88 +1 85 -3 85 +0 Period 4/5 70 66 -4 67 +1 63 -4 66 +3 67 +1 75 +8 70 -5 Period 6/7 72 67 -5 64 -3 64 +0 66 +2 68 +2 72 +4 69 -3 Period 3rd Period 8th/9th Period 4th/5th Period 11th Period  Monday, December 2nd LEARNING TARGET: Explain how ATP energy influences metabolism. 1. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 2. Please Wait quietly for further instructions… How was Thanksgiving?  Living cells are sites of constant activity! (NYC ☺) Macromolecules are assembled and BROKEN DOWN. Substances are transported across CELL MEMBRANES. GENETIC instructions are transmitted. Cellular activities require ENERGY! All of the chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as 125  Cell Activities that require 1. energy: Muscles Contracting 2. Digestion 3. Breathing 4. Cell Division 5. Active Transport 6. Production & Storage of Proteins 7. Cilia & Flagella Movement 8. Growth & Development  ATP - Adenosine What is ATP? Triphosphate Nucleic acid that STORES energy. Is the most abundant energy-carrier molecule in cells Found in all types of organisms. Where is the energy? Energy is stored in the phosphate BONDS formed when ADP receives a phosphate group and becomes ATP (this is called phosphorylation ). 127  ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Where is ATP made? ATP is made from Glucose in the body during a process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals Glucose vs. ATP? Glucose is a monosaccharide (C6H12O6) 1 molecule of glucose stores 90 times more chemical energy than 1 molecule of ATP. Think of ATP as cash in your pocket and Glucose as money in the bank! 128 ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Where does glucose come from? FOOD 129  Autotrophs Autotrophs include organisms that make their Euglena own food and can use the sun’s energy directly 130  Heterotrophs Heterotrophs are organisms that can NOT make their own food – cannot directly use the sun’s energy and must CONSUME food to get their ATP! 131  Trophic Relationships Food Chain – Simple Energy path through an ecosystem Food Web – More realistic path through an ecosystem made of many food chains 132 Trees → Squirrel → Fox Trees → Squirrel → Fox → Mountain Lion Squirrel, Beaver, Rabbit, Grasshopper, Mice (omnivore) Mountain Lion, Fox, Hawk, Owl, Frog, Bird, Snake 133 Cycles of Energy & Matter 134  Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis Combustion increases the amount of atmospheric CO2 Cellular Respiration Burn less fossil fuels to decrease CO2 CO2 will Respiration increase as by animals decomposer decompose s Nonrenewabl e - b/c they get used up 135  Tuesday, December 3rd LEARNING TARGET: Explain the process of photosynthesis. 1. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 2. Please Wait quietly for further instructions… HW - Photosynthesis EdPuzzle PARENT TEACHER CONFERENCES TONIGHT! Photosynthesis 139 Turn on the Light Switch! Prior Knowledge - Pathway of Energy Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration 141  REDOX Reactions The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. Two types: 1. Oxidation is the loss of electrons (e-) and a gain of oxygen. 2. Reduction is the gain of electrons (e-) and a loss of oxygen. 142  All we know in science began with a question …. In 1634, Jan Baptist van Helmont had a question: Where do plants get their mass when they grow? Where do plants get their mass when they grow? Ingenhousz 1779 144  Pathway of Energy Photosynthesis – pathway in which SOLAR energy from THE SUN is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell. Occurs in large organelles called CHLOROPLASTS that contains the pigment CHLOROPHYLL. Most photosynthesis occurs in the LEAVES of a plant. 146  Photosynthetic Pigments Light absorbing molecules called The effect of wavelength of PIGMENTS are found in the light on the amount of light THYLAKOID MEMBRANES in the absorbed chloroplasts. They absorb specific wavelengths of light. Light contains a mixture of wavelengths with different wavelengths having different COLORS. Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light. Photons of light “excite” ELECTRONS in the plant’s pigments which carry the absorbed energy. 147  Photosynthetic There are 2 types ofPigments chlorophyll: – CHLOROPHYLL A – CHLOROPHYLL B During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced due to temperature decrease and less photosynthesis revealing the other pigments. Carotenoids are the red, yellow, and orange pigments. 148 Chlorophyll a and b 149  Stomata & Guard Cells Stomata - Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO2 & O2) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere. Oxygen (O2) Stoma Guard Cell Guard Cell Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Found on the underside of leaves 150  Stomata & Guard Cells Guard Cells – Change shape to open and close the stomata. 151  Wednesday, December 4th LEARNING TARGET: Explain the process of photosynthesis. 1. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 2. Please Wait quietly for further instructions…  The Process of Photosynthesis WHAT GOES IN: CARBON DIOXIDE & WATER (...through the Stomata) WHAT COMES OUT: OXYGEN into the Atmosphere, GLUCOSE stored in the plant for Food. Plant tissues XYLEM (transports water) and PHLOEM (transports sugar) transport water and nutrients through plant. This process is called TRANSPIRATION. 154 The Process of Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen Light Energy Chlorophyll Enzymes  Let’s Label! Sunlight Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Glucose Water 156 Let’s Color! 157  Thursday, December 5th LEARNING TARGET: Explain the process of photosynthesis. 1. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 2. Please Wait quietly for further instructions… HW - Photosynthesis Questions (pgs. 18-19 1-22)  LIGHT DEPENDENT RXN (Electron Transport WHERE? Chain) Occurs in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of the chloroplast in Photosystems - proteins that convert light energy to chemical energy. WHAT? Photolysis uses light to SPLIT WATER and fuel the whole process with electron carriers (NADPH) and ATP energy. Each rectangle is a plant cell. Each green circle is a chloroplast.  INPUTS Energy in the form of LIGHT WATER OUTPUTS OXYGEN from the water ATP energy for the next stage 161 NADPH (electron carrier) for the next stage  LIGHT DEPENDENT RXN (Electron Transport Cyclic Phosphorylation A metabolic pathway Chain) Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. that uses energy Noncyclic Phosphorylation Occurs in the thylakoid membrane released by the Uses Photosystem II and Photosystem I oxidation of Uses Photosystem I only nutrients to produce P680 reaction center (PSII) - chlorophyll P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a adenosine a triphosphate (ATP). Uses Electron Transport Chain P700 reaction center (PS I) - chlorophyll (ETC) a l ec t r ons Generates ATP only Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) E Generates O 2, ATP and NADPH 2 have o s s i ble P o u t es! R  LIGHT DEPENDENT RXN (Electron Transport CHEMIOSMOSIS Chain) Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme) Metabolic pathway that has H+ ions move down their concentration gradient through channels of ATP synthase forming ATP from ADP powering ATP Synthesis.  Photorespiration Occurs on hot, dry, bright days Stomata close Fixation of O2 instead of CO2 Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar molecules Produces no sugar molecules or no ATP Because of photorespiration, plants have special adaptations to limit the effect of photorespiration: C4 & CAM Plants  C3 Plants C4 Plants CAM Plants 1st Carbon Molecule made 1st Carbon Molecule made Crassulacean acid metabolism in Cycle has 3 carbons in Cycle has 4 carbons (periodic dryness) Most Plants (89%) Tropical Grasses (< 1 %) Succulents (10%) Cool & Wet Environments Warm Grasslands Tropical & Humid Fix Carbon in Calvin Cycle - Fix Carbon in Cytoplasm - Fix Carbon at Night Only - attach CO 2 to RuBP attach CO 2 to PEP Stomata are closed during day Fix it to Organic Molecules Enzyme: Rubisco Enzyme: PEP-ase Enzyme: PEP-ase Most Energy Efficient Method HALF WAY between these two BEST Water Conservation Loses Water through Loses Less Water Loses Least Water Photorespiration (when plants do cellular respiration/wasteful) Wheat, Barley, Fruit, Corn & Sugarcane Pineapple & Agave Pepper, Tomatoes  LIGHT INDEPENDENT RXN (Dark Reaction) Also called Carbon Fixation or C Fixation 3 - process incorporating CO2 into an organic molecule. Also called the Calvin-Benson Cycle. To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH. Rubisco - Carbon Fixing Enzyme of the Calvin-Benson Cycle WHERE? Occurs in the STROMA of the chloroplast. WHAT? Includes the CALVIN CYCLE that converts PGA - Phosphoglycerate inorganic CO2 into organic compounds like G3P - Glyceraldehyde glucose. 3-Phosphate INPUTS - CARBON DIOXIDE from the atmosphere RuBP - Ribulose BisPhosphate 167  Friday, December 6th LEARNING TARGET: Explain the process of photosynthesis. 1. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Energy & Matter 2. Please Wait quietly for further instructions…  H 2O CO 2 Light Energy C 6H 12 O 6 O2 170  Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis TEMPERATURE Amount of available WATER. Amount of available LIGHT ENERGY 171 172 173 174 175 Monday, December 9th LEARNING TARGET: Use chromatography to separate pigments and analyze results. 1. Pickup LAB HANDOUT - Chromatography 2. Please Wait quietly for further instructions… HW: Finish Chromatography Lab! Due TOMORROW! 177  Tuesday, December 10th LEARNING TARGET: Explain the process of cellular respiration. 1. PHONE IN THE BOX! 2. Turn in your Chromatography Labs! 3. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Cycles of Energy & Matter 4. Please wait quietly for further instructions… Homework - Cellular Respiration EdPuzzle 182 Now’s let’s talk about EVERY LIVING THING, & what they do … 183  Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration – pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to RELEASE ENERGY for use by the cell. Occurs in ALL LIVING THINGS that require energy to live – this includes plants! ☺  Mitochondria & Cellular Respiration Review of Structure Smooth outer Membrane Folded inner membrane with folds called Cristae Space inside cristae called the Matrix Location in 3 Parts 1. Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm. 2. Krebs Cycle occurs in the Matrix (Mitochondria). 3. ETC occurs in the Cristae (Mitochondria).  Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix  Anaerobic Respiration ( Glycolysis) WHERE? Occurs in the CYTOPLASM of the cell. WHAT? First stage is an ANAEROBIC process, meaning it does not require OXYGEN. Inputs: Outputs: Glucose 2 Pyruvate (Glucose splits!) 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ 4 ATP (net of 2 ATP) 2 NADH  Anaerobic Respiration WHERE? (Fermentation) Occurs in the CYTOPLASM of the cell. WHAT? Second stage is an ANAEROBIC pathway that follows glycolysis in the ABSENCE OF OXYGEN. Animals and Some Bacteria Plants, Fungi (Yeast), and Some Bacteria INPUTS: Pyruvate INPUTS: Pyruvate OUTPUTS: LACTIC ACID & 2 ATP OUTPUTS: ALCOHOL & 2 ATP …when we exercise and feel SORE. …allows for production of cheese, yogurt, & sour cream Fermentation  Animal vs. Plant Fermentation LACTIC ACID ALCOHOL  Aerobic Respiration (Krebs Cycle/Citric A cid Cycle ) WHERE? Occurs in the MATRIX of the mitochondria WHAT? Cyclical Process that uses citric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Turns TWICE per Glucose molecule. INPUTS: Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA OUTPUTS: Carbon Dioxide and 1 ATP per cycle, in addition to 1 FADH and 3 NADH (electron carriers).  Hans Krebs (1937) Discovered Cycle in 1937! He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish  Aerobic Respiration ( Electron Transport Chain ) WHERE? Occurs in the CRISTAE of the mitochondria WHAT? Process that uses oxygen and high energy electrons to produce water and ATP energy INPUTS: Oxygen Uses coenzymes (NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose. OUTPUTS: Water (from the final Oxygen Acceptor) and 34 ATP from H+ ions.  Cellular Respiration Glucose Cytoplasm 4 ATP (net 2) 2 ATP 2 ATP Oxygen 6 CO2 36 ATP 6 H2O  Wednesday, December 11th LEARNING TARGET: Compare cellular respiration with photosynthesis. 1. You need your NOTES HANDOUT - Cycles of Energy & Matter 2. Please find pg. 22 in your notes and begin answering questions and finish the notes! Homework: Make sure you are studying!  INPUT OUTPUT Where it When it Energy Energy Occurs Occurs Source Result Oxygen & In the CO2 & Water Glucose presence of (C6H12O6) Chloroplast LIGHT Energy Photosynthesi Sunlight STORED s as Glucose Oxygen & All the CO2 & Water Mitochondria Glucose & Time (C6H12O6) Cytoplasm Chemical Energy Cellular Bonds RELEASED Respiration as ATP 199 200 C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP C6H12O6 O2 201  Glucose Cytoplasm Glycolysis 36 ATP 2 NADH Mitochondrial 2 ATP Oxygen Cristae Pyruvate CO2 Electron Transport Chain Acetyl-CoA 6 NADH Fermentation 2 FADH 2 ATP Mitochondrial Lactic Acid Matrix Krebs Cycle Alcohol 202  Water CO2 Sunlight NADP+ ADP Stroma Thylakoids Light Light Dependent Reaction Independent Reaction NADPH ATP Grana Chloroplast Oxygen Glucose 203  Beaker with Light O2 A product of photosynthesis is oxygen from carbon dioxide, so the bubbles are oxygen. 30cm increases decrease The bubbles in the dark would be carbon dioxide, since plants also undergo respiration. The mouse is making carbon dioxide from the glucose it ate. That is a product of cellular respiration which is the process that is happening here. oxygen The scientist will be looking for a pink to clear color change from phenolphthalein, which is an indicator solution for carbon dioxide. The cricket would still be undergoing cellular respiration. The cricket is a smaller organism thus the concentration of carbon dioxide is in smaller amounts. The mouse has a larger concentration thus providing substantial amounts of atoms to change the color. The mouse exercising on a hamster wheel would produce the most carbon dioxide since more gas exchange from oxygen is happening.