Biology Chapter on Cellular Energy

A chemical formula representing the total number of atoms and types of atoms present in a molecule.

A chemical formula representing the arrangement and bonding of atoms in a molecule.

The positively charged particle located within the nucleus of an atom. Plays a key role in chemical bonding.

The neutral, uncharged particle found in the atom's nucleus. Contributes to the atom's mass.

The negatively charged particle that orbits the atom's nucleus in specific energy levels or shells.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It defines the element's identity.

Represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Indicates the atom's mass.

A visual representation of an atom that shows the arrangement of electrons in energy levels around the nucleus. It helps understand how atoms interact.

A type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share valence electrons in their outer energy level.

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, resulting in oppositely charged ends.

A weak bond between two molecules, usually involving a hydrogen atom.

Water is a solvent that can dissolve a wide variety of substances.

Water's ability to absorb a large amount of heat before its temperature changes significantly.

Water's unique property where it expands when it freezes.

Water can exist as a solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).

Molecules with unequal sharing of electrons, leading to a partial positive and partial negative charge.

A solution or chemical substance that is used to detect the presence of a specific molecule, such as a sugar or a protein.

A chemical reaction that occurs within a living organism to maintain life.

The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.

A type of biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up specific chemical reactions in living organisms.

A chemical reaction in which molecules are broken down into smaller units, often releasing energy.

A chemical reaction in which smaller molecules are combined to form larger molecules, often requiring energy.

The sum of all chemical reactions that take place in a living organism, including the building up and breaking down of molecules.

A molecule found in all living organisms that stores and releases energy. It's like a rechargeable battery for cells.

The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, typically ADP, converting it to ATP. It's like charging a cell's battery.

Organisms that can produce their own food using sunlight or other energy sources. They are like self-sufficient food factories.

Organisms that cannot produce their own food and must obtain it by consuming other organisms. They rely on others for their energy.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

Enzymes are specific, meaning they only work on certain molecules called substrates. They have a unique shape that fits the substrate like a lock and key.

The active site on an enzyme is where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction occurs.

The rate at which an enzyme works increases as temperature increases, until a certain point. After that point, the enzyme denatures, meaning its shape changes and it stops working.

Enzymes work best at a specific pH level. A change in pH can cause the enzyme to lose its shape and become less effective.

As enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction also increases. More enzymes mean more collisions with substrates, leading to faster reactions.

As substrate concentration increases, the rate of reaction also increases, but eventually plateaus. More substrates mean more enzymes are occupied, but there's a limit to how fast they can work.

Enzymes are essential for many life processes, including digestion, energy production, and cellular communication.

The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, that converts glucose into pyruvate. This process is anaerobic, meaning it does not require oxygen. It produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

An anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm after glycolysis. In animal cells, it converts pyruvate into lactic acid, while in plant cells (yeast), it converts pyruvate into alcohol. It produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

A process that occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and uses citric acid to produce carbon dioxide. This cycle turns twice per glucose molecule. This process is aerobic and requires oxygen. It produces 1 ATP molecule per cycle, along with electron carriers NADH and FADH.

The final stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria. This process uses oxygen and high-energy electrons to produce water and ATP energy. It is the most efficient stage of cellular respiration, producing 34 ATP molecules from the electron carriers NADH and FADH.

The process of converting glucose into ATP energy. This process occurs in all living organisms and is divided into three main stages: glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.