Science 5: Properties of Matter PDF

ENGLISH ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT 3RD GRADING PERIOD SY 2024-2025 SCIENCE 5 Note 15 - Properties of Matter Matter Scientists use the ter...

ENGLISH ELEMENTARY DEPARTMENT 3RD GRADING PERIOD SY 2024-2025 SCIENCE 5 Note 15 - Properties of Matter Matter Scientists use the term matter to refer to all the substances in God’s Creation. It can be described as anything that takes up space and has mass and weight. Material things are made up of matter; they are physical things that you can touch, taste, feel, see, or smell. Ex.: wood, animals, human body, water, and air Some things that are not made of matter are said to be immaterial. Your thoughts and your feelings are immaterial. Ex.: friendship, loyalty, happiness, sadness, triumph, ideas, love, faith States of Matter Matter commonly exists on Earth in three forms: solid, liquid, and gas. These three forms are called the three states of matter. The arrangement of molecules in the three states of matter Properties of Solids Have a definite shape Have a definite volume Difficult to compress Particles are very close together; vibrate in fixed positions Have texture Have color Malleable- Some solids can be hammered into thin sheets such as silver. Ductile -Some solids can be drawn into wire. For example, copper is drawn out into wire for the electrical industry. Flexible- Some solids are flexible. Flexibility refers to how bendable an object is. Rubber and plastics are flexible Conductive-Some solids can conduct heat and electricity Solids – The molecules in solids are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern. They do not change shape easily. They keep their shape unless some force is applied to them. They can change their shape when they are pressed, squeezed, hammered, twisted, cut, or bent. The molecules of solids are strongly attracted to each other. They cannot be compressed since the molecules are already touching each other and cannot be squashed anymore. Examples of solids are paper, wood, rubber, computer, and chair. Properties of Liquid Take the shape of their container Have a definite volume Difficult to compress Particles are close together; move freely Called fluids because they can flow from one place to another. Fluidity refers to the ability of a substance to flow. Can diffuse if they are mixed with other liquids; For example, a drop of food coloring diffuses throughout the water in a glass so that, eventually, the entire glass would be colored Science Five, Page 1 of 7  Liquids- Liquid molecules are close together but not necessarily touching. There is no pattern as they move in all directions at random. Liquids do not retain their shape; instead, they take on the shape of the container in which they are placed. Because the particles can easily move past each other, they flow easily. When you compress a liquid, the molecules end up touching each other, retaining volume and making compression difficult. Examples of liquids include alcohol, oil, syrup, water, and vinegar. Properties of Gases Have no definite shape Have no definite volume (fills any container) Easy to compress Particles far apart Called fluids because they can flow from one place to another Can diffuse – Diffusion is the tendency of gases to float away and spread out thinly in their surroundings. For example, carbon dioxide bubbles diffuse from an open soda. When perfume is sprayed in one part of the room, the perfume diffuses. People who are inside the room can smell the perfume because of diffusion. Diffusion takes place because of the movement of the particles of matter. Gases - Gases are made up of very loosely packed molecules that are widely dispersed and moving all throughout. Gases do not keep their shape because there is no force holding them together, and they completely fill the container they are in. Because their molecules move so randomly, gases flow very easily. Because the molecules in gases are so far apart, the distance between them can be reduced, allowing them to be brought closer together. As a result, they can be easily transferred from a large container to a small container. This property of gas results in compressibility, the ability to be easily squeezed and compacted into smaller containers. For example, a large amount of gas can be compressed in a comparatively small chamber and can be used in LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). Large volumes of gas can be easily transported and placed in a single metal cylinder by compression. Examples of gases include oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, and water vapor. Changes in the States of Matter When matter changes from one state to another it is called a phase transition You've seen matter change states, such as when an ice cube melts from a solid into liquid water or water boils into vapor, but do you know why? This is because energy affects matter. Changing states of matter occurs when matter loses or absorbs heat energy. Heating or cooling can change the state of matter. For example, by adding heat energy, matter changes from being a solid to a liquid. By taking away heat energy, matter changes from being a solid to a liquid. Temperature may cause matter to move from one state to another. Water is the only substance that can exist naturally in each of the three states of matter.Water is referred to as ice in its solid state, water in its liquid state, and water vapor in its gaseous state. Processes Change in the Examples State of Matter 1.Melting solid to liquid Ice to water- The ice cubes from the freezer melt when they are placed in a warm room. 2. Freezing liquid to solid Water to ice- When liquid water is placed in the freezer, the liquid water is changed into solid ice. Science Five, Page 2 of 7  3.Condensation gas to liquid Water vapor to liquid water-As warm air cools, the molecules in the water vapor move close together, and the vapor becomes liquid. Another example is the droplets on your can of soda. The cold surface of the can cause moisture in the warm exterior to condense on the outside of the can. 4.Evaporation liquid to gas Water to water vapor- If the water is hot enough, it starts to boil. Boiling hot water will evaporate quickly as steam. Drying clothes under the sun is another example of evaporation. 5. Sublimation solid to gas Dry ice to Carbon dioxide- Dry ice is the solid (skipping liquid phase) form of carbon dioxide. When dry ice is placed in contact with air, it is transformed into gaseous carbon dioxide which appears like a fog. When room, car, or bathroom fresheners come into contact with air, the odor spreads throughout the space with the movement of air particles. 6. Deposition gas to solid Water vapors in the air during winter fall in the form of snow, a solid. Another example, is when warm moist air inside a house comes in contact with a freezing cold windowpane, water vapor in the air changes in the air changes to tiny ice crystals. Properties of Matter All matter has physical and chemical properties. Solids, liquids, and gases can be characterized by their properties such as volume, shape, density, and the movement and spacing of particles. Physical Properties of Matter Are those properties of a substance that can be determined without changing it into a different substance Can be seen or measured without changing the substance into something else These properties enable us to choose what material is appropriate for furniture, housing, jewelry, clothing, and a thousand other things we use in our daily life. Temperature, weight, mass, volume, color, odor, hardness, density, shape, elasticity, electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility are only some of the physical properties of matter. 1. Temperature –refers to the hotness or coldness of a substance. Quantification-the systematic process of accurately measuring the things of nature and their parts. The numerical measurements obtained through quantification are always reported with their appropriate units. Ex: degrees (°) for temperature - 212°F or 100°C meters for length -1 meter or 100 centimeters Freezing point- the temperature at which a liquid change into a solid (0 °C or 32 °F) Boiling point-the temperature by which a liquid changes to a gas (100 °C or 212 °F) Melting point - the temperature by which a solid change to liquid (0 °C or 32 °F) Thermometer The tool that is used to measure temperature. Scientists quantitatively describe the freezing and boiling points of liquid using a thermometer. It is divided into units called degrees. The two most common temperature scales are Fahrenheit (°F) scales and the Celsius (°C) Scale. Science Five, Page 3 of 7 2. Transparency - the ability to let light pass through the material completely Transparent- materials that allow light to pass through Translucent - light can pass through the matter but is diffused making the object on the other side blurred or not clearly seen. Opaque - light cannot pass through the material. Shadow is created when the object blocks the light. 3. Solubility- the ability of a substance to be dissolved. It is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent. Solute- the substance that is dissolved Solvent- the substance in which the solute is dissolved. Ex. When you dissolve salt in water, the salt is the solute. Water is the solvent. Water is called the universal solvent because more substances dissolve in water than in any other chemical. One factor that affects solubility is temperature. Some substances will not dissolve in water no matter how much you raise the temperature. Oil and sand have the physical property of being insoluble or unable to be dissolved in water. 4. Mass- a measure of the quantity or amount of matter an object contains. The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). A kilogram is 1000 grams. Milligrams and grams are used for small quantities. Milligrams are used to measure the amount of vitamins, medications, and other small objects. Some food products are measured in grams. Gravity does not affect it, that is why the mass of an object is always constant at any place and at any time. Pan balance, a triple-beam balance, lever balance or electronic balance are instruments used to measure mass. A large object has more matter than a small object made of the same material. 5. Weight –the measure of the gravitational force (downward pull of an object). Gravity pulls harder on objects that contain more matter. For example, a giraffe weighs more than a kitten because a giraffe contains more matter than a kitten. The weight of an object changes from place to place because gravity is stronger in some places than others. For example, a man who weighs 150 lbs. on earth’s surface would weigh 25 lbs. on the moon. (The moon’s gravity is about 1/6 of Earth’s.) It is measured using a spring balance and is expressed in newton (N) The International System of Units uses newtons as the unit of weight because it measures force rather than mass. Weight is often measured by the gram in the metric system, and by the ounce and pound in the American and British systems. 6. Density- the amount of matter (mass) in one unit of volume; it is the mass of a substance divided by its volume. Density is often measured in grams per cubic centimeters (g/cm 3) Density explains why some objects float while others sink in water or another liquid or substance. If an object is denser than water, it will sink when placed in water. If an object is less dense than water, it will float. An object must be less dense than water to float. Example: Oil is less dense than water, so it floats on water. mass Density = ____________ 10,000 grams = _____________________ = 5g/cm3 volume 2,000 cubic centimeters Science Five, Page 4 of 7  Densities of Common Substances Material Density (g/cm3) State of Matter Look at the Table of Densities of Common Substances. Which of these substances will hydrogen 0.00009 gas float in water? helium 0.000178 gas Benzene carbon monoxide 0.00125 gas Ice nitrogen 0.001251 gas Oak wood air 0.001293 gas Coal carbon dioxide 0.001977 gas What do you think happens to those oak wood 0.6-0.9 solid substances that are less dense than water lithium 0.534 solid when they are placed in water? What happens ethanol (grain alcohol) 0.810 liquid to those objects whose density is greater than that of water? benzene 0.900 liquid ice 0.920 solid water 1.000 liquid seawater 1.03 liquid milk 1.03 liquid coal 1.1-1.4 solid blood 1.600 liquid Material Density (g/cm3) State of Matter magnesium 1.7 solid granite 2.6-2.7 solid aluminum 2.7 solid 7. Volume- the amount of space that an object takes up. The volume of a liquid is measured in milliliters (ml) and the volume of a solid in cubic centimeters (cm3) Volume includes three dimensions: length, width, height. V= l x w x h (length x width x height) Example: Find the volume of a cube-shaped piece of wood with the following measurement: Length- 8 cms ; Width – 8 cms : Height – 8 cms Volume= L x W x H = 8x8x8 = 512 cm3 8. Electrical Conductivity is the ability of matter to allow the flow of electric current through its particle. It is the measure of the amount of electrical current a material can carry or its ability to carry a current. It is also known as specific conductance. Most metals conduct electricity to certain extent. Copper, silver, gold, aluminum, steel are common conductors of electricity. 9. Elasticity is a physical property of a material whereby the material returns to its original shape after having been stretched out or altered by force. Rubber bands and other stretchy materials demonstrate elasticity. 10. Malleability is a physical property of metals that defines their ability to be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, silver, aluminum, and steel. Iron is used as a roofing material. 11. Hardness is the ability of the material to resist deformation, which is determined by a standard test where the surface resistance to indentation is measured. The hardness of a material refers also to its ability to withstand scratches. For example, according to Moh’s scale of hardness, Diamond is the hardest known material while Talc is the softest known material. 12. Fluidity refers to the ability of a substance to flow. The substances which demonstrate fluidity are called fluids. Liquids and gases are called fluids because they can flow from one place to another. Science Five, Page 5 of 7 Chemical Properties of Matter Chemical properties are used by scientists to predict whether a sample will take part in a chemical reaction. Chemical properties can be used to classify compounds and identify potential applications for them. Understanding the chemical properties of a material can aid in its purification, separation from other chemicals, or identification in an unknown sample. The chemical properties are the properties of a substance that describe how it changes while being converted into a different substance. The chemical properties of a substance determine its ability to unite with other substances to form new substances A chemical property is any characteristic that gives a sample of matter the ability/inability to undergo a change in its composition. Examples: Gasoline, solvents, and corrugated cardboard are flammable Some Chemical Properties of Matter 1. Reactivity is the ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances. Some kinds of matter are extremely reactive; others are extremely unreactive. For example, potassium is very reactive, even with water. When a pea-sized piece of potassium to a small amount of water, it reacts explosively. 2. Flammability is the ability of a chemical to burn or ignite resulting in fire or combustion. When matter burns, it combines with oxygen and changes to different substances. Some examples of flammable materials include: Gases — Natural gas, propane, butane, methane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Liquids — Gasoline, many solvents such as acetone, alcohols and toluene, paints and paint thinners, adhesives, degreasers, cleaners, waxes and polishes Solids — Some types of coal, pyrophoric metals (metals that burn in contact with air or water, such as sodium and potassium) solid wastes that are soaked with flammable liquids (rags, paper, spill clean-up products), gunpowder, matches. Wood is flammable and burns easily resulting in ash and smoke as by-products 3. Toxicity- Toxicity is an essential chemical property because it informs us about the harm that a substance can cause to other organisms and to the environment. Mercury and various acids are examples of common toxic substances. This includes household products containing ammonia. Different bottles of highly toxic chemicals in a chemistry lab bear the symbol of skull and crossbones. By determining a substance's toxicity, we can determine whether it is a chemical toxicant (those that can poison you), a biological toxicant (those that can cause disease), or a physical toxicant (those that can cause damage to your body if inhaled) and take the necessary precautions to use and store it safely. Some Common Properties of Certain Substances Substances Physical Properties Chemical Properties Paper Smooth Flammable Iron Malleable Combines with oxygen to form mass Silver Conductor of heat and Can convert ethylene to ethylene oxide; Reacts with electricity sulfur in the air Zinc Ductile and malleable Reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas Physical and Chemical Changes in Matter Matter can undergo change physical and chemical changes. Physical Change in Matter Matter undergoes a physical change when its form changes but its substance remains the same. It does not produce a new substance. Some types of physical changes include changes of state (examples: changes from a solid to a liquid or liquid to gas, and other, physical deformation (cutting, bending, stretching) and separation of mixtures. A change in the size, shape, or state of matter is a physical change. Science Five, Page 6 of 7  Examples:  Chopping/cutting of wood  Cutting/tearing/ripping/shredding/folding of paper  Melting of ice cubes/wax  Boiling of water  Crumpling a sheet of aluminum foil  Evaporation of alcohol  Mixing sand with water  Freezing of water Chemical Change in Matter Matter undergoes a chemical change when some of its substance reacts with other substances and results in the formation of new material. In a chemical change, bonding patterns change, and new substances form. The new substances do not have the same chemical properties as the original one. A chemical change takes place when two or more substances unite or break apart chemically. A new substance is formed from a chemical change. Chemical changes occur during chemical reactions. A chemical change occurs when one or more substances (the reactants) change into one or more new substances (the products). For example, the formation of water. The reactants are hydrogen and oxygen, and the product is water. Each molecule of water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom chemically combined. Indicators of chemical change  Appearance of gas bubbles- For example, when you drop an antacid in a glass of water, a chemical takes place, and bubbles appear.  Color Change- An example of a color change because of a chemical reaction is when half-eaten apple turns brown after it has been exposed to air. In a chemical reaction, a change in color indicates that a reaction is occurring.  Formation of a precipitate- Precipitate is a solid that forms after two solutions are combined. For example, when magnesium and calcium oxide mix with water in plumbing and form deposits that clog the pipes. Chemical changes occur when something burns, rusts, decomposes, ferments, and undergoes other chemical reactions. Examples of chemical changes:  Burning of wood  Cooking of egg  Souring of milk  Burning of candle  Digestion of food  Baking a cake  Rusting of iron  Rotting of fruits References: *Gregory Richard,et.al 2010. Observing God’s World, 4th Edition. Pensacola Christian College USA *Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "What Are the States of Matter?" ThoughtCo, Apr. 2, 2021, thoughtco.com/states-ofmatter-p2- 608184. *Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Physical Properties of Matter." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/physicalproperties-of- matter-608343. *https://sciencenotes.org/chemical-and-physical-changes-of-matter/ *https://www.dkfindout.com/us/science/solids-liquids-and-gases/what-is-matter/ *https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/matter/353444# *https://study.com/academy/lesson/properties-of-matter-lesson-for-kids.html *https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/matter/?utm_source=BibblioRCM_Row *https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/changes-matter-physical-vs-chemical-changes/?utm_source=BibblioRCM_Row *https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zkgg87h/articles/zsgwwxs *Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Table of Densities of Common Substances." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/table-of- densities-of-common-substances-60397 https://www.uregina.ca/hr/hs/assets/docs/pdf/Employee-Safety/Handling-and-Storage-of-Flammable-Materials.pdf Science Five, Page 7 of 7