IPCC Report PDF

8. 10/15 10. 1.IPCC report IPCC - the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis Signed by 195 countries The most important conclusion: human-made chan...

8. 10/15 10. 1.IPCC report IPCC - the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis Signed by 195 countries The most important conclusion: human-made changes in uenced climate 2. Anthropocene geological division of the Earth history Cenozoic ○ Neogene ○ Quarternary (2,8 mln years) ◆ Epochs: ◇ Pleostocene (2,6 mln years) ◇ Helocene (0,01 mln years) Human’s activities in uence the state of Earth Antropocene New era in our planet development Planetary crisis Existence risks and growing uncertainties Human epoch (fast changes) Challenges on onthological level ○ Nature - culture ○ Human - non-human ○ Biology - technology ○ Alive - not alive ○ Economy - ecology 3. 9 barrier of Earth resilience climate change Biosphere integrity Stratosperic ozone depletion Ocean acidi cation Biochemical ows (nitrogen and phosphorus ows to the biosphere and oceans) Land system change Fresh water consumption Atmospheric aerosol loading Chemical pollution and release of novel entities Since 2009. Three boundaries crossed (CO2, biosphere, nitrogen and phosphorus) 4. Climate change Proofs: rapid increase of CO2 level in the atmosphere (1950 - today) Greenhouse effect Increase of average temperatures Warming of ocean waters Decreasing size of glaciers fi fl fl fl fl  Higher waters level Extreme weather Ocean waters aciddation Climate change as an effect of human activities - 97% of scientists Paris agreement - 2015 196 countries CO2 emission below 1,5C Most visible effect: Kiribati 4m above sea level Ocean tides Water level and effects 5. IPCC report main info extreme climate disruption: oods, res, hurricanes, droughts, higher level of oceans’ waters Change impossible to revers between 100 and 1000 years Necessity for stopping the changes Information for local governments 6. COP 2021 (COP26) Main aims: nd the solution for keeping the temperature rise by 1.5C ○ Reducing use of fossil fuel ○ Satopping deforestation ○ Development of electronic solutions in transport ○ Investing in renewable energy sources Protection of societies and nature Mobilizing nancing ($100bn) Common cooperation ○ Finalizing Paris Rulebook (for operating purposes of Paris Agreement) ○ Cooperation between governments, businesses and societies 7. COP 2022 (COP27) UN climate change conference Sharm el-sheikh, 7-8 November 2022 main topic: to agree on policies to limit global temperature rises and adapt to impacts associated with climate change. The conference led to the rst loss and damage fund being created Issue: since 2015 majority of countries did not comply with emissions reduction plan Financing for poorer countries - unresolved Promise of stopping deforestation (100 countries) till 2030 ○ (13.09.2022 - UE parliament established a law that enables stopping corporations and banks from earning money through deforestation) Methane emissions - decreasing by 30% by 2030 (issues with Russia, India, China) Promise of creating a market of new technologies Clean energy (funds for coal abandonment) fi fi fl fi fi 8. COP 2023 28th conference of parties on climate change Dubai, 20 november - 28 december 2023 Aims: ○ More inclusive conference ○ Push for mitigation solutions to raise amlaition ○ Advence in operationalization of the loss and damage fund ○ More equitable access to climate nance 9. COP 2024 Baku, Azerbaijan, Nov. 11-22 Idea: „in solidarity for a green world” Main: nances Increasing loss and damage fund Adaptation to climate change Climate change migration 10. UN - other actions UNDP - united nations development programme Redd+ - reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ○ deforestation as main cause for co2 emissions ○ Forests as main protection aim ○ Indigenous and tribal people rights as crucial for protection of nature ○ Local projects ○ „Saving forests to keep our climate safe” 11. Scale climate crisis - climate catastrophe crisis of imagination - imagination catastrophy 12. Actions knowledge and consciousness Activity in macro- micro-scale pressure on people with power for change Education 11. Beyond Anthropocene the idea of anthropocene as disorder in human and nature relations The idea of nature as something „beyond us”, „there” The need for different thinking about nature (as of active creation, for which we are partially responsible) Humans as part of nature Widening of eco-centric thinking (deep ecology) Anthropology role: to remind that things are - and should be - different Ecozoik (thomas berry; 2009; the beginning of understanding cosmos as „communion of subjects not a „collection of subjects”) fi fi 29 10. Anthropology 1.Idea Anthropology - science about human in all times and all places idea: human as cultural being Anthropology = science about culture Holistic approach: research on biological, social and cultural characteristics of humans Answer to the question: why people are doing what they are doing and why they are doing it this way? 2. Source of anthropology geographic discoveries Research on „other” Research on „self” 3. Anthropology in history dispute about the beginnings: ○ Forerunners ○ Discussions during Enlightment (language, relations between humans and primates) ○ New science discipline - xix century ○ Idea of monogenesis ○ New academic discipline - turn of xix and xx centuries 4. Place in science division of science ( elds and disciplines) Diffusion of disciplines Humanistic and social sciences Relations between sociology, cultural studies, psychology, history,economy, anthropology 5.nomenclature issues french tradition: ○ rationality, progress, cosmopolitism ○ Civilization vs. Barbarity ○ Culture as „ enlightening the barbarians” ○ ethnology British tradition: ○ high and low culture; culture as higher idea ○ Social anthropology German culture ○ nation’s values; culture = nation’s spirit american tradition: ○ biological anthropology ◆ paleoanthropology ◆ Primatology ◆ Development of human species, adaptation, diversi cation ○ Archeology ○ Linguistic anthropology ○ Cultural anthropology Situation in polish science fi fi 6. Subdisciplines of anthropology physical anthropology Cultural anthropology ○ Applied anthropology ○ Academic anthropology ○ Social anthropology ○ Historic anthropology 7. Devision of anthropology Claude levi-strauss: Etnography -> etnology -> anthropology ANTHROPOLOGY IS ADAPTING 8. Perspectivism philosophy - objective cognition is not possible (everything depends on who perceives given phenomenon and who he/she interprets is) - jose ortega Anthropology - objective cognition is even more impossible because it refers to the other person - the one we are researching 9. Point of view anthropology - western science „Belly-button view” 29 10. The idea of culture 1.de nition of culture xix century ○ 1871, edward taylor Xx century ○ The 1950s, a.kroeber, c.klucknohn Conteporary de nition: culture - set of ideas, values and ways of percieving the world shared by a given society, that is used for making order of experiences and generating behaviour 2. Characteristics of culture culture is: ○ Shared ○ Taught ○ Based on symbols ○ Integrated ○ Dynamic 3. Characteristic of cultural events time dimension Space dimension Culture as system culture is regulated Culture is adaptation 4. Human science rules there is only one human species Human is understood in terminology of biology, origin, language, cultural differences and similarities People living in distant groups differ by culture and language but not by biology Culture evolves faster then human biology 5. Contacts between cultures and cultural change contacts: trade, projects, barter, communication, education, migration, tourism, etc. 4 change models: - globalization Macdonaldyzation Hybrydisation Glokalisation 6. Other important issues relations between various elements of culture ○ Holistic approach Center and peripheries Ethnocentrism Cultural relativity fi fi 29 10. Anthropogenesis 1.prehistory idea of history Division of prehistory: 2. Evolution through adaptation evolution (latin: evolutio) - change over time Biology: genetic changes in population over generations Biological adaptation vs. Cultural adaptation (since 2,5 mln y.a.(years ago)) Early and late adaptations Human in animal kingdom (linneus, 1735) Class mammalia - order primates - family hominidea - subfamily homininae - tribe hominini - genus homo Homo sapiens 3. Human ancestors main physical changes through evolution - adaptation Australopithecus - earliest remains 4,2 mln years Homo habilis Homo erectus 4. Homo habilis localization: Tropical climate 2,5 mln to 200 000 y.a. Oldowan tools - 2,5 mln y.a. Skull and brain evolution Life 5. Homo erectus ice age - 2 mln y.a. Origins Biological and cultural adaptations - diversi cation Tools, re, social organization Dispersing over lands: Africa, southern europe, asia, southern china, indonesia, later also northern europe and northern china fi fi 6. Chronological order 4,2 mln till 1 mln y.a. - australopitecus 2,5 mln till 200 000 y.a.- homo habilis 2 mln till 110 000 y.a. - homo erectus Other homo sapiens Hominidae vs. Homininae 7. Homo sapiens homo erectus -> homo sapiens Archaic homo sapiens: ○ Neanderthal - about 125 y.a. ○ Other - jawa, africa, china ○ Adaptations, cultural development, language, rituals ○ Biologically modern human: upper Paleolithic (40 000 y.a.) ○ Settlements in americas and australia 8. Origins of humans multiregional theory „out of africa” theory Spreading of human species on the globe Coexistence of various archaic homo species during Paleolithic era 5 11. 1.Antropogenesis - clari cation homo sapiens - about 300000 y.a.a 40000 y a - cultural explosion and disappearing other archic homo sapies Homo sapiens contemporary in terms of biology - 40000 y a (out of africa) 2. Anthropogenesis in europe settlement about 1 mln years ago Theories: ○ Migration in africa ○ Migration from asia ○ Europe as one of these plces of homo sapiens evolution Paleolothic times Neolithic (basks, ugro- nnish group) Indoeuropean migration 5000 ya Later authoethnic groups (greeks, celts, slavic, germans, trak, balts) 3. Physical diversity idea of race in biology Human species and race „Race” as a social construct: ○ History of atropology ○ Johann blumenbach (xviii-xix century) ○ idea of race: „causian”, athopian, mongoloid, malayan ○ consequences 4.diversity? all human belong to the species homo sapiens No human group is more related to animals than others There is no difference in inteligence between different groups People differ phisically and these differences are the effect of adaptation to various enviromental and social conditions Some physical differences are proof of human ability to adapt to the enviroment Some physical differences are an effect of cultural selection (not adaptation) (eg through a sense of beauty) 5. „Race” in anthropology description of changes in human groups (instead of description of research unit - race) issue with race 6.neolithic revolution independent from biological adaptations 8000 to 12000 ya Main idea: transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture Effect of neolithisstion: ○ space and time ○ Social structure ○ Population ○ Specialization fi fi 7. Mechanisms of neolithisation climate change Agriculture Animal domestication 8. Neotithisation in europe, asia and americas europe and paert of asia - settlements about 7000 ya ○ jarmo, jerycho ○ agriculture of africa - 4000 ya Americas ○ mexico - 4000 ya ○ Agriculture 9. COP 2023 effects: ○ loss and damage fund - decision ○ Fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty - less extration of non-renewable resources ○ Food and agriculture declaration - sustainable food production ○ Declaration on climate, relief, recovery and peace ○ Prognosis: 3,2 st C 10. COP 2024 baku, azerbaijan nov,11-22 Idea: in solidarity for a green world main: nances Increasing loss and damage fund Adaptation to climate change fi 19 11. 1.Ecology and anthropology ecosystem Ecology Cultural ecology - research on interactions of given cultural groups with their enviroment 2.Cultural adapation people are adapting to their enviroment through their culture Types of cultural enviroment ○ Convergent evolution - the development of similar cultural adaptations top similar enviroment conditions by different people with different ancestral cultures ○ Parallel evolution - the development of similar cultural adaptations top simialr enviroment conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were somewhat alike 3. Characteristics of food-foraging societies small groups Simple techniques and economy Social ties Lack of writing system stability Stability Ahistororicity 4.Food foraging economy contemporary economy division ○ absorptive (hunter- gatherers) ○ Productive (food producres) Types of primary economy ○ non-specialized gathering and hunting ○ Specialized gathering and hunting ○ Horticulture (hoe-based farming) ○ Advanced agriculture ○ pastoralism 5. Hunter-gatherers communities hunter-gatherers communities - approximately 1 million people; marginalized regions historically - all groups used this mode of subsistence until the neolithic revolution characteristic Mobility Small population In uence on the community: emphasis on peaceful relations Division of labor, cultural adaptations, technology, food-sharing 6. Division of labor male work Female work Time required work Energy expenditure fl  7.food sharing Access to various food sources Principles of food distribution Socialization 8. Cultural adaptations mobility in harmony with natural resources (e.g. water, fruits, nuts) Diversity of hunting techniques 9.Egalitariansm few possesions(due to mobility) small status differences (only based on gender or age) Equal status for women and men lack of food surplus storage Importance of family ties 10. Contemporary gathering mushroom picking shing 11. Food producing communities originating from neolithis revelution Sedentary life in settlements changes in social organization and structure Extensive cultivation intensive cultivation Mixed cultivation 12.development of cultivation depending on climate southwest asia(seasonal changes) - wheat, buckwheat, ax, rice, millet Southeast asia (wetlands) - rice, yams, taro America (dry areas) - maize, potatoes, pumpkin America (tropics) - 13. Pastoralism adaptation to speci c enviroments (mailny in africa and southwest asia) Animal husbandry and gazing 21 million people involved Transhumance (seasonal pastoralism) 14. Pastoral life Nomandic life in mongolia: vhanges after the fall of communism Approximately 2.2 million people and 2 million animals 79% of the territory Normandic life in iran (bakhtiari shepherts) grazing of goots and sheeps Enviroment fi fi fl  divition pf the year Seasonal migrations up to 350 km Devision of labor Contemporary changes in pastoral life 15. Development of cities development of settelments Advancement of crafts Emergence of new social orders (inequality) urbanization (writing, trade, exchange, metallurgy, etc.) Around 4000 bce, mesipoitamia uruk ( sumerian unug) Sumerians and their city-states City featrure: defensive walls, temples, streets, squares centers for trade, worship and administratin 16.develompent of civilization de nition Main elements: signi cant population, heirarchial structure, role specialization, state organization Civilization as distinct entities geographically, society 17.mechanisms for emergence of civilization Produce: surplus food production Social differentiation Administration and writing Urbanizatin Theory: conquest concept Managemant of irrigation systems Social con ict concept Others 18. Aztec city of tenochtitlan aztec embire from 14th to the 16th century Capital located in an island, 2000 meters, above sea level, with 200, 000 inhibitants Society: ○ class divisions ○ role of markets ○ City organization Technologies Decline during the conquest period fi fl fi 19 11. 1. production and resources main resources: materials, technology, labor Rules for resource control Rules for labor Principles of division of labor: ○ gender ○ Age 2. Division of labor based on gender cultural diversity Women’s work - around the home, easily reasumed after a break Men’s work - requiring more strength, mobility, and risk-taking hunter gathering cultures vs. Agricultural and pastoral societies 3. Division of labor based on age involvement of childersn and elderly in labor ○ hunter- gatherers societies ○ agricultural societies ○ industrial societies contemporary issues: 15 million children at work 4. Other work- related issues cooperation ○ production of goods in households/ families ○ Changes in industrial communities specialization Scope - all groups emergence of craftsmen after neolithization 5. Technology tools, materials, and knowledge Diversity of required technologies and ownership ○ Hunter gather groups ○ Horticulturalists ○ Agricultural groups 6. Compensatory mechanisms cultures with egalitarian social structures Mechanisms preventing the accumulation of wealth 7. Distribution and exchange traditional household - no intermediaries between labor and produced goods Complex societies - mechanism of goods exchange ○ reciprocal exchange ○ redistribution ○ trade 8. Reciprocal exchange value of exchanged goods Varieties: ○ general reciprocal exchange ◆ tempoprary aspect of exchange ◆ Impact on social bonds ○ Balanced exchange ◆ rules of exchange ○ Negative exchange 9. Redistribution original of exchange Social effect - prestige Contemporary usage 10. Trade buying and selling goods and services Marketplace: ○ negotiating process ○ Social rule Contemporary varieties Money 11. 26 11. 1.sexual relations regulated by culture ○ Western culture (judeo- christian tradition) ○ Other possibilities (nayar, Indie) 2. Marriage de nition - cultural sanctioned union of two or more people that established rights and obligations between these individuals, between them and their children, and between them and their families Rights and obligations: work, sex, property, raising children, exchange, status, etc. 3. Incest taboo complete prohibition of sexual contact between certain reletives Dependent on culture and variable over time Usually involves parents and children, siblings 4. Mariage in relation to the group endogamy Exogamy Cultural differences (Egyptian pharaohs, Inca kings) 5. Form of marriage monogamy Polygamy ○ polygyny ◆ 80% of all societies ◆ Asia, Africa, North America ◆ Women’s position ◆ Sororat polygamy ○ polyandry ◆ relative rare ◆ Franternal polyandry ◆ symmetrical and asymmetrical polyandry 6. Others form of marriage group marriage Levirate - widow marries deceased husband’s brother Sororate - widower marries deceased wife’s sister Serial monogamy 7. Spouse selection free choice Arranged marriages Cultural prescriptions: ○ marriage with parallel cousins ○ Marriage with cross-sousins ○ egamples: ◆ huarani,ecuador - cross-cousin marriage ◆ Maria and Joseph - parallel cousins marriage (and descent of the levirat) fi  8. Wedding Culturally regulated Often associated with the exchange of goods or „payment” Bride service Dowry 9. Same sex marriages accepted and legal in some countries (nandi, kenia) 10. Divorce usually discouraged Various reasons for divorce ○ infertility (gusii, kenia) ○ violence against the spouse, etc. (Yahgsn, patagonia) Forms of divorce Western culture ○ 50% of marriages end in divorce ○ 75% of current marriages will end in divorce 10. Family de nition: two or more people in relationships resulting from blood ties, marriage, or adoption 11. Function of family raising children Economy Security 12. Types of families Main division: ○ Conjugal family - formed based on marriage ○ Consanguineal family - comprised of women, their brothers, and children Nuclear family (small, basic) - a group consisting of one or more parents and their child/ children ○ Widespread in western culture since the 4th century AD Extended family - a group consisting of simblings, their parents, spouses and children 13. Marital residence cultural order Patrilocal residence (china) matrilocal residence Ambilocal residence Bilocal residence Avunculocal residence (triobrands) natolocal residence 14. Challenges of different family forms nuclear family ○ Isolation ○ Little family support fi  ○ Limited time for children extended family ○ decision-making ○ Adaptation of young spouses ○ co-living rules/ raising children for communal living Polygamous family 10 12. Kinship and descent 1.the need for regulation issues related to economy and cooperation between genders - raising children, regulating sexual activity Methods of regulation: ○ In industrial communities ○ In non-industrial communities 2. Unilinear descent also known as unilateral descent Descent traced exclusively through one of the two possible kinship lines - either female or male Practiced in most societies Varieties: ○ matrilineal descent ○ Patrilineal descent 3. The need for regulation issues related to economy and cooperation between genders - raising children, regulating sexual activity Methods of regulation: ○ in industrial communities ○ In non-industrial communities 4. Unilineal descent also known as unilateral descent Descent traced exclusively through one of the two possible kinship lines - either female or male Practiced in most societies varieties: ○ matrilineal descent ○ Patrilineal descent 5. Patrilineal descent also known as agnatic descent (agnatic) More common male members trace their descent from a common ancestor through the male line Authority over children - father or his brother Women belongs to the father’s line, but her children belong to the husband’s line ○ China, rural areas until 1949 ○ Basic unity: extended family ○ Patrilocal residence ○ Lineage - tsu, consisting of men from the male line (5 generations) ○ Ancestor worship, temples ○ Breakdorn of lineages - formation of clans ○ Exogamy ○ Social relations: ◆ obedience to the father, arranged marriages, care for the elderly parents, inheritance Social consequences: ○ Role of men perceived as more important ○ Inheritance through the male line  ○ Patriarchy ○ Sometimes speci c expetations regarding the appearance of women (beauty standards, decisions about marriage)(shoes that are not designed for the „natural” shape of foot) 6. Matrilineal descent membership in the group according to the female line Not necessary matriarchy - power sharing Often weakness ties between husband and wife Strong bond between sister and brother Inheritance through the female line (e.g., a man’s property inherited by his sister’s son, not his own son ○ Hopi, Arizona ○ Clan-based community with matrilineality ○ main unit: lineage (with the oldest woman) ○ In the household - women from the lineage with husbands and children (including unmarried sons) 7. Double descent also known as double unlineal descent Relatively rare ○ Yakurr (Yaku) in Nigeria ○ Rights to permanent property (e.g., land) are inherited through the male line ○ Rights to variable property (cattle, money, rituals) are inherited through the female line ○ Double descent enables full participation in the culture 8. Ambilateral/ bilateral descent also known as cognatic descent, bilateral descent or non-unilinear descent A member can choose af liation based on either lineage Usually allows af liation with only one lineage ○ e.g., Samoa, Northwest Native American groups ○ Jews in New York ◆ Migrants from Eastern Europe ◆ Strong family ties ◆ Changes in descent lines since the early 20th century 9. Functions of descent groups economy Support for members Care for the sick and elderly Emotional support Sense of belonging 10. Bilateral kinship incorrectly called bilateral descent Members include close relatives „by blood” through both parents’ lines (four grandparents) A person is equally connected to all relatives on both sides of the family Issues with scale - reduction to a small group of relatives from both the father and mother sides fi fi fi 11. Kinship categories in linguistics difference between individuals of the ssame generation and different generations Difference between collateral and lineal kinship Age difference within one generation Gender of the relative Gender of the speaker Gender of the person through whom kinship is established Distinguishing blood kinship from af nal relationships Marital status of the person through whom kinship is established English language - 4 categories, native american languages - 6 to 8 fi 10 12. SOCIAL DIVISION AND SOCIAL GROUPS 1.Divisions and groups dependent on social order: ○ Due to kinship ○ Due to descent ○ Due to gender ○ Due to age 2. Division due to age mainly connected with division of work Various cultural models Power dependent on work division Various models: parents-children, elders-youngsters, etc. Signi cance of elders Cult of youth Age group - organized group of people in similar age ○ Luhya (Tiriki), Kenia ◆ new group every 15 years ◆ 7 age groups ◆ Meaning of the age group for the member 3. Division of common aim af liation ○ free will ○ Conscriprion 4. Division due to social standing social strati cation - people are ranked into different social tiers and do not share resources equally Strati ed societies vs egalitarian ones Social class - a group in the society that has the same rights/ prestige Caste - closed social class, usually endogamous ○ India ◆ Casts connected with jobs and lifestyle ◆ Contamination ◆ Belonging through birth ◆ Laws of manu and karma ◆ 2000 casts, 4 groups, varna system: brahmins, kshatriyas, vaisyas, shudra ○ USA, until XXI century ○ Ecuador - mixed marriages ○ RPA and other 5. Ways of manifesting social division verbal evaluation (what people are saying about other groups in given society) Behavior patterns (who with whom, how, in what context) Symbolic indicators (activities and possessions characteristic for given social group - status indicators) fi fi fi fi 17 12. THE ARTS 1.Various approaches Art - the creative use of humen imagination for interpreting, expressing, celebrating, and enjoying life Western culture Other cultures 2. Main forms of art visual art Verbal art Musical art Performing art 3. Visual art one of the oldest forms of art Present in all cultures Symbolic, abstract, or literal Art history 4. Verbal art western culture ○ Folklore - 19th century division into „high art” and „folk art” Forms of verbal art: stories, dramas, poetry, proverbs, riddles, word games, nicknames, insults, complimants, etc. Traditional folklore: magic tales, animal tales, legends, myths, proverbs, riddles, songs, chants, etc. 5. Musical art universality Research issues - based on musicology European music vs. Global music 6. Performing art one of the basic forms of expression Functions similarly to other arts - express human emotions, facilitates acceptance of reality 7. Functions of art determining social status, religious identity, political power, social belonging De ning identity Cultural transmission (myths, stories, traditions, etc.) (polish anthem, emblem 8. History aborigines and torres strait islanders „Discoverers” Dutch, french, Portuguese British after 1788 (james cork - botany bay, terra nulius) colonization 1829 - of cial occupation of Australia by great Britain) Penal colony since 1868 First eet: 11 ships (1000 people including 788 convicts) fi fl fi  a total of 160,000 convicts Con icts with aborigines, land, and resources Assimilatin attempt, genocide 1901 - all colonies as one country 1911 - independence 9.Policy towards indigenous people „terra nullius” - until 1992 Population Diseases Genocide 20th century - policy change: boarding schools Contemporary times: high in ant mortality rate, dif cult conditions, lack of prospects, land issues, educational problems 10. The dreamtime the dreamtime - the relationship between moral, natural, and spiritual elements of the world the world originated in dreamtime/tjukurpa (3 phrases) Transformation of ancestors into land, sky, clouds, all creatures, and in dreamtime Scared places fl fl fi  Globalization 1.Globalization global range of ideas, in uences and changes Common inevitable process Importance of technology Destabilization of center-perifery system Transculturality Beginnings: start of XX century 1995: „intensi cation of economic, social and cuktural relations beyond borders (hans h. Holm i grorg sorensen) Growing connections and interdependence between nations and countries Aspects of globalization: ○ Political ○ Economic ○ Cultural Personal dimension 2. Global corporations 1602-1799 dutch east india company ○ verenigde oost-indische compagnie -VOC ○ Power ○ Trade ○ Signi cance Modern corporatioins - main economic and political power Structural model: many smaller corporations with common administration Internationsl character leader in technological revolution property in hands of a small group Economic power over political power ○ brazil, 1964: ◆ military coup ◆ Plans for industralisation of the amazon region („brazilian miracle”) ◆ Partnership with corporations \road building ◆ Using technologies wrong for the environment ◆ attitude towerds indigenous people 3. Ideas induced on culture supply and demand chain Creating needs Economy 4.Mechanisms of globalization’s beginnings development of international organizations after WWII activities of institutions such as World Bank, International Money Found (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), European Union, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) fi fi fl  5. Corporate greed appropriation of ideas, resources and lands for pro t Example: Coca Cola and water in Mexico: ○ Corporate need for pro t ○ Lack of drinking water ○ Coca-cola plant: 300 000 l of water per day ○ In uence of marketing on cultural practices ○ Government: help through WWF, opening water intake ○ Way to privatization of water intakes Glyphosate, 1950, Monsanto, 1974 ○ Non-selective herbicyd ○ Use in agriculture ○ Glyphosate in water, soil and food ○ Unknown risks Production and distribution of seeds „keeping seeds in people’s hands” Corporate production of food 6. Global cities the global city as a place for corporations Global cities characteristics (saskia sassen) ○ International working class ○ International business ○ International labor market ○ Ethnic economy (migrants) ○ Divided labor market ○ Division on nance and non- nance sectors ○ Polarization in wealth ○ Division on center and periphery ○ Transnational identity ○ Corporate culture 7. 10 main global cities new york London Singapur Hong kong Paris Beijing Tokyo Shanghai Dubai 8. Anti-globalism arguments; ○ monopol ○ Pro ts ober well-being ○ Poor labor conditions fl fi fi fi fi fi  ○ environmental issues ○ Wealth polarization minimal impact Antiglobalists from gobal south: ○ revealing double standards ○ Lack of ideas to change status quo(?) 9. Alterglobalism proposed changes in current globalization processes jan aart scholte: ○ Improvement of public safety (human rights, arms control, environmental protection) ○ Eradication of social injustice ○ Strengthening democracy ○