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What is the age group for the 'old' category according to the DRIs?
What is the age group for the 'old' category according to the DRIs?
What is the study of chronic diseases associated with aging, including diagnosis and treatment?
What is the study of chronic diseases associated with aging, including diagnosis and treatment?
What is the term for the ability to perform daily activities, which may differ from chronological age?
What is the term for the ability to perform daily activities, which may differ from chronological age?
At what age does menopause typically occur in women?
At what age does menopause typically occur in women?
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What is the title of the chapter that this lecture is based on?
What is the title of the chapter that this lecture is based on?
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What is the traditional retirement age, which is used to define older adults?
What is the traditional retirement age, which is used to define older adults?
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What is the primary factor that influences people's health and physiological age?
What is the primary factor that influences people's health and physiological age?
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What is the primary benefit of regular physical activity in old age?
What is the primary benefit of regular physical activity in old age?
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What is the expected human life span?
What is the expected human life span?
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What happens to fat-free or lean body mass from age 30-70?
What happens to fat-free or lean body mass from age 30-70?
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What is the consequence of normal aging on physiological systems?
What is the consequence of normal aging on physiological systems?
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What is the trend of BMI with age?
What is the trend of BMI with age?
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What is the effect of aging on senses?
What is the effect of aging on senses?
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What is the consequence of sarcopenia?
What is the consequence of sarcopenia?
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What percentage of Saudis used herbal supplements according to a study by Alzaben et al. in 2022?
What percentage of Saudis used herbal supplements according to a study by Alzaben et al. in 2022?
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What is the main purpose of the MNA screening tool?
What is the main purpose of the MNA screening tool?
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Which of the following is a psychological factor that affects food selection in older adults?
Which of the following is a psychological factor that affects food selection in older adults?
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What is polypharmacy?
What is polypharmacy?
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According to one study, what percentage of older adults used 1-3 prescription drugs?
According to one study, what percentage of older adults used 1-3 prescription drugs?
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What is a potential concern with the use of drugs in older adults?
What is a potential concern with the use of drugs in older adults?
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What is one of the physiological factors that affects food selection in older adults?
What is one of the physiological factors that affects food selection in older adults?
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What is one of the developmental tasks for elderly described by Havighurst?
What is one of the developmental tasks for elderly described by Havighurst?
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What can medications do to nutrient uptake during digestion?
What can medications do to nutrient uptake during digestion?
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Why are older adults more susceptible to dehydration?
Why are older adults more susceptible to dehydration?
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What is an important factor in assessing the health status of older adults?
What is an important factor in assessing the health status of older adults?
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What is a common effect of medications on nutrient status in older adults?
What is a common effect of medications on nutrient status in older adults?
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What is the 'use it or lose it' principle related to in older adults?
What is the 'use it or lose it' principle related to in older adults?
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Why is it important to check for medication interactions in older adults?
Why is it important to check for medication interactions in older adults?
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Study Notes
Nutrition and Older Adults
- Older adults are defined as individuals 65 years and older, based on traditional retirement age
- Age groups for Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): 19-30 years, 31-50 years, 51-70 years, and >70 years
Ageing
- Ageing is a natural, heterogeneous process
- Theories of ageing include:
- Chronological age vs. functional status/physiological age
- Causes of death have changed over time, with cardiovascular disease now a leading cause
- Behaviors that influence health and physiological age:
- Following a healthy, plant-based eating pattern
- Engaging in physical activity daily
- Not smoking or using alcohol in moderation
- Maintaining a healthy body weight
- Sleeping regularly and adequately
- Having a sense of purpose
- Relieving stress
- Belonging to a community of loving family and friends
Life Expectancy and Life Span
- Life expectancy: average number of years of life remaining for persons in a population cohort or group
- Life span: maximum number of years someone might live; human life span is projected to range from 110 to 120 years
Physiological Changes
- Normal ageing is associated with changes in most physiological systems, which may eventually lead to functional and structural deterioration
- Body composition:
- Decline in fat-free or lean body mass of 2-3% per decade from age 30-70
- Increase in fat (gradual) – visceral fat provides some advantages
- Muscles: regular physical activity, including strengthening and flexibility exercises, contributes to maintenance of functional status
- Weight gain:
- BMI peaks at 50-59 years and starts decreasing at 70 years
- Decreased resting metabolic rate
- Sensory changes:
- Taste
- Smell
- Sight
- Hearing
Psychological Changes
- Appetite and thirst: hydration issues
- Keep using the brain to maintain cognitive function
Supplements Use
- When to use supplements
- Why use supplements
- Who uses supplements
- What supplements to use
- How much to take
- Older age is associated with herbal supplement use in Saudi Arabia (all under 60 years)
Nutritional Screening and Assessment
- Screening tools are available:
- Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)
- Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)
Psychological Changes
- Developmental tasks for the elderly, according to Havighurst:
- Adjusting to decreased physical strength and health
- Adjusting to retirement and decreased income
- Adjusting to death of spouse
- Establishing an explicit affiliation with one's age group
- Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements
Food Selection
- Factors affecting food selection:
- Psychological factors:
- Loneliness
- Bereavement
- Social isolation
- Food aversion
- Food symbolism
- Physiological factors:
- Age
- Gender
- Appetite
- Sense of taste
- Dental health
- Socioeconomic factors:
- Ethnicity
- Income
- Cooking facilities
- Daily schedule
- Retirement/leisure time
- Education
- Distance to store
- Transportation
- Food availability
- Social interaction
- Psychological factors:
Drug Use
- Common among the elderly, with 77% of those 65+ using one drug and usage increasing with age
- Polypharmacy (use of multiple medications) is common, with potential for toxicity and interactions
- Most common prescription drugs:
- Cardiovascular medications
- Tranquilizers and sedatives
- Diuretics
- Analgesics
- Vit/min supplements
- Use of over-the-counter drugs is substantial, mainly analgesics, laxatives, and supplements
- Reasons for concern:
- Chronic conditions require long-term medication use
- Potential for toxicity and interactions due to multiple medications and OTC medications
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Description
Understanding nutrition for older adults, including physiological and psychological changes, and factors affecting food selection. Based on Chapter 18 of Nutrition Through the Life Cycle, 6e by Judith E. Brown.
