American History Unit 3 Test - Civil War PDF

Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 American History Unit 3 Test...

Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 American History Unit 3 Test Civil War Slavery - Slave trade came to US in 1619 - Slave trade ended in 1808 - Slavery started till 1865 - Slaves attempted revolts against their captors - Slaves would be auctioned off to potential buyers - A slave’s value was depended on their teeth - This was so they could see if they were healthy, could work well and for a long period of time. - Slaves outnumbered white people in some US states before the Civil War - South Carolina and Mississippi - Slaves were not allowed to read - Fearing that black literacy would prove a threat to the slave system - The average slave would work on average 14 hours a day in the summer months - Sometimes longer when there was a full moon - Female slaves were expected to have children as young as 12 years of age - Females outnumbered male slaves 2:1 - Because then the females could have children to be slaves - George Washington’s teeth were not made of wood, but rather the teeth from slaves - Thomas Jefferson was a father of children from slaves - The Civil War started because the Southern States feared that their state rights to continue slavery was in jeopardy with the election of Abraham Lincoln.  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Comparison of 2 Societies North South Life & Technological - Large urban centres & industry - Mostly rural with some cities Changes - Population in 1860: 22 million - Population in 1860: 12 million - Growing working & professional social classes - Slaves population = 4 million & outnumber whites in some - Immigration bustling states - 35,000 km of railway - Less than 15,000 km railway - Massive shipping industry - Cotton Gin (1793) invented by Eli Whitney - Machine separate cotton seeds from fibres - 1 slave = kg of work a day to separate seeds - Cotton Gin = 400 kg a day - Created a need for slaves to plant, pick, & clean cotton Economies - Produced 90% of U.S manufactured goods - Produced cotton, tobacco, rice & sugar & sent to North - 118,000 factories employ 1.2 million workers manufactures - 20,000 factories employ 100,000 - Cotton’s values led to dependence on slavery Slavery - 1808 (international slave trade abolished) - 75% of population were small/poor farmers who didn’t own - Attitudes - 1820: most states end slavery slaves - Economy didn’t need it - Poor whites believed they were superior to blacks - Against COnstitution (right of life, liberty…) & human - Slavery protected races from each other dignity - Referenced history to justify slavery - Fear freed slaves would flood job market & undercut white salaries  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Testing the Union (Sectionalism) Event Issue North Response South Response Result Missouri Compromise Missouri enters Union No, it sets a resident for Yes, it is important for the - Mississippi enters as a slave 1820 expansion & upset balance south to keep balance. state *Should slavery be permitted in between slave & free - Slavery new states? states. (If slaves states outnumbered free states then they couldn’t make rules about no slaves) Compromise of 1850 Wave of Settlers moving - Harassed people who Denounced Northern people - California=Free westward into former Mexican wanted to capture slaves response’s & grew - Mexico territories decide both territories & California gold rush that have escaped disillusioned with power, of violated mississippi compromise - Freed imported slaves & federal government to - For slave act federal government *Should slavery be allowed to doubled efforts to help protect their property use its power to appear med expand westward in new slaves escape escaped slaves & return to owners territories? & protect everyone Kansas-Nebraska Act 2 states want slavery (riots occur) - No, it contravenes - Yes, federal government Kansas = Free 1854 mississippi compromise has to much power Nebraska = Slave *Should slavery be allowed - John Brown (anti-slavery - States should be allowed - Mississippi compromise above the 36°30 line? protester) killed 5 southern to make their own decisions overturned men at pro-slavery riot Dred Scott Decision Dred scott (slave) accompanied his master Free. If they are not African Americans were not - South Carolina ruled him NOT a from Missouri to Illinois (free state). 1857 Master dies & Scott sues for freedom *claims considered free, then it citizens & cannot legally US citizen & had no right to he was free when he lived in the free states). only legitimised slavery sue for freedom appeal discussion Is a slave free if they move to a free state? - Scott returned to Mississippi & slavery reinforced as legal. Are African Americans US citizens?  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Map of Southern States  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Ken Burns Civil War handout John Brown (Northerner) - What did he do? What happened? Why was he important: - He led 5 blacks to apalations to free slaves - He was killed for treason against a state - He was hung - He wanted to free slaves (tried) - Killed because he was pro-slave Secession (withdrawal/separation) of the USA Identify 1 interesting stat in the 1860 election. - Lincoln won with only 40% of votes - His name wasn't on ½ ballets Which states seceded between December 20, 1860 - February 18, 1861) - South Carolina - Mississippi - Florida - Alabama - Georgia - Louisiana - Texas - Virgina Who became President of the Confederate States of America - General Jefferson Davies What was President Lincoln’s position on secession? - Denied people to seceded Fort Sumter (April 1861) Why was this event important in history? What happened? - Cannons being fired April 4th 1861 at night - Edom gave the okay to fire the first blow - Bloodiest war in American History  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Nathan Bedford Forrest Who was he and why would he later be important? - Put up posters for anyone who wanted to kill yankees, saying to go with him Robert E. Lee Who was he and what was his personal dilemma? - From Virgina - Had a mansion - Wrote his letter of recognition - Chose strite over nation President Lincoln What problems did the Union Army face? - Blacks tried to sign up - Very untrained/unprepared What questionable and controversial actions did Lincoln undertake - Waging war without congressional consent - Disregarded the constitution - Jailed people without trial Masassas (Battle of Bull Run) - July 1861 What happened? - Rebels ran from gunshots - Civilians came & watched - The first big battle, of civil war - The south won Who was Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson? - He stood like a stone wall “the name stuck” Union Army Generals Why was McClellan important? - He saw what the North needed - Laid tiny camps for new officers - Trained & made them a better army Which two Union Generals, later in the war, would prove to be most effective? - Grant & Sherman  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Battles timeline (significance or something important that happened) Battle Date State What Happened Fort Sumter April 1861 South Carolina - Confederate Artillery open fire on the federal fort. - Union forces surrender the fort to Confederacy. - The Civil War begins Bull Run July 1861 Virgina - First major battle of the war sends Union army reeling back to Washington Ironclads March 1862 Virgina - First battle between ships Union and Monitor & Confederacy Merrimac ends in a draw Shiloh April 1862 Tennessee - Union General Grant, despite suffering heavy losses in a 2 day battle, secures control of the Mississippi valley for Union New Orleans April 1862 Louisiana - Union Admiral Farragut leads a flotilla in storming the defences of New Orleans & occupies the city Antietam September 1862 Maryland - Bloodiest single-day battle of the war forced Confederate General Lee to retreat, abandoning his first major attempt  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 to invade the North. Gettysburg July 1863 Pennsylvania - Three-day battle turns back Confederate General Lee’s final attempt to invade the North Vicksburg July 1863 Mississippi - After a six-week siege, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi surrenders to Grant. - The river is now controlled by the Union & the Confederacy is split in two Morris Island July 1863 South Carolina - Union Colonel Robert Gould Shaw leads 54th Massachusetts Black Regiment into battle at Charleston Harbor Sherman’s March to the Sea May-December 1864 Georgia - Union General Sherman destroyed everything in his path (Georgia, burning of Atlanta, & captured Savannah). - He disrupts and dest the South’s economy Carolinas January-March 1865 South Carolina - Sharman occupies the Carloinas. The Confederacy is redacted to Virginia. Appomattox April 1865 Virgina - Surrender of the Confederate army by General Lee after he abandons Richmond. The Civil War ends.  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Abraham Lincoln - Emancipation Proclamation - Lincoln favoured gradual emancipation of slaves. - He sought to calm Southern fears about slavery during his election. - Early in the war, the Union faced multiple defeats against the South. - Lincoln faced pressure from Congress to abolish slavery. - Four loyal border states to the Union still practised slavery. - There was a looming threat of European intervention in favour of the Confederacy. - Lincoln introduced a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his Cabinet in July 1862. - He delayed public introduction until Union fortunes improved. - In a July 22 editorial, Lincoln stated his priority was saving the Union, not freeing slaves. - The timing of emancipation was crucial; a losing war would diminish its impact. - The Battle of Antietam in September 1862 marked a turning point with a Union victory. - Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation five days after the Battle of Antietam. - The Proclamation took effect on January 1, 1863. - Lincoln aimed to frame the Civil War as a crusade against slavery for international support. - The Proclamation allowed for the enlistment of black soldiers in the Union Army. - Over 180,000 black soldiers served in the Union Army by the war's end. - The South experienced labour shortages as slaves began to flee plantations. - Confederate morale weakened as soldiers questioned the war's purpose and their sacrifices. - In December 1862, Lincoln proposed a constitutional amendment to gradually abolish slavery and compensate slave owners.  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Assassination of Lincoln Known Facts: - A plot to assassinate: - President Abraham Lincoln (achieved) - Vice President Andrew Johnson (aborted) - Secretary of State William Seward (attempted) - Secretary of Defense Edwin Stanton (aborted) - General Ulysses S. Grant (aborted) - Assassination happened at Ford's Theater, Washington D.C - Booth enters the State Box after John Parker, Lincoln’s bodyguard, goes for a drink - Shot to the back of the head with a single shot pistol - Struggle occurs and Booth leaps from box & falls to stage breaking his fibula - Booth yelled “Sic Semper Tyrannis” (As Always to Tyrants) & exits out back door - Booth’s Escape: - Ford’s Theater April 14, 1865 - 10:15pm - Surratt Tavern, got weapons, April 14, 1865 - Midnight - Dr. Muds home, leg set, April 15, 1865 - Home of Samuel Cox, Help sought, April 16, 1865 - Stayed in Woods, April 16-21, 1865 - Home of Col. Hughes (accidently) April 22, 1865 - Lucas’ Farm, slept in cabin, April 23, 1865 - Garrett's Farm, Arrived April 24, Killed April 26 - The Conspirators - Lewis Powell/Paine - Attacked Seward in his bed & knifed & pistol whipped 5 others in the household - No one died - Hanged July 7, 1865 - David Herold - Guided Powell to Seward’s home  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 - Assisted Booth on his 12 day run from the law - Apprehended with Booth at Garrett’s farm (surrendered) - Hanged July 7, 1865 - Edman Spangler - Ford’s Theatre stagehand - Told Ford’s Theatre employee that guarded the stage door, to go and hold Booth’s horse outside - Opened door for Booth to escape - Sentenced to 6 years in prison & pardoned by President Andrew Johnson in 1869 - Later lived on some land granted to him by Dr. Mudd - Samuel Arnold - A letter found in Booth’s possession from Arnold stated his willingness to participate in Lincoln’s kidnapping - He backed out of the scheme - Sentenced to life in prison & pardoned by President Andrew Johnson in 1869 - Michael O’Laughlen - Abandoned his earlier plans, like Arnold, to kidnap Lincoln - On assassination night, he entered the Secretary of War Edwin Stanton’s home and was asked to leave - Went on a night of drinking at Lichau House - Sentenced to life in prison - Died of yellow fever in prison in 1867 - George Atzerodt - Assigned the job of killing Vice President Andrew Johnson - Rented a room at the hotel in which the Vice President was residings - Day of assassination, he showed up at a stable to procure horses - Day after assassination, his hotel room had a bowie knife, revolver, & a map of Virginia - Did not attempt to kill Johnson - Hanged July 7, 1865 - Mary Surratt - The keeper of the boarding house in Washington in which the conspirators met numerous times before the assassination - Ran errands for Booth to aid in his escape - Hanged July 7, 1865 - Dr. Samuel Mudd  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 - Set Booth’s broken leg at his home - Sheltered Booth during his escape - Sentenced to life in prison, but President Andrew Johnson pardoned him in 1869 John Wilkes Booth - Went on a 12 day run from the law - Refused to surrender at Garrett’s farm - Barn set afire - Booth shot to death - - Mastermind behind the assassination - And attempted assassination of Secretary of State William Seward - Became an active member in the Know-Nothing Party - Wanted to preserve America for native-born white citizens - Strong supporter of the South and slavery - Invested money in a northern oil business - it was illegal - He hated Licoln and it grew as the war raged on the South’s attention to win diminished - He thought that Lincoln being assassinated would stir up the Federals and create a comeback for the Confederacy. - He was a Confederate Secret Agent - they plot terrorist attacks on the North - August 1864 he began making plans to kidnap Lincoln in exchange for Confederate prisoners - On his inauguration in March 1665 he considered killing him - Started recuiting idivialus for a plot to kidnap him on March 17, 1685 - He tried to convince a number of people to join his attempt to kill Lincoln but only a few were willing to join Vice President Andrew Johnson - He was Lincoln Vice President - Booth was at his house right before the assassination - He wasn’t home so Booth left a note that said “Don’t wish to disturb you. Are you at home?” - Him and Booth were always meeting  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 - He lost his favour with Lincoln during his second inauguration, March 5 1865, because Johnson made an embarrassing drunk speech - He was not invited to the inauguration ball that evening - He was for slavery - but stayed with Union during Civil War - In 1869 he pardoned some of the people caught for Lincoln’s assassination - He did not give condolences to anyone after Lincoln died Confederate Plot - Coded letters from Davis’ State Department in Richmond were found in the back of Booth’s trunk at the National Hotel. - Booth was a Confederate secret agent - Lincoln and his cabinet were seen as legitimate targets, especially because it was known the Lincoln had approved the attempt to assassinate his opponent Jefferson Davis - Davis knew of an earlier Lincoln kidnapping plot - Judah Benjamin was a Confederate Secretary of State, he was deeply involved in the plot to kill Lincoln. - He burned all his records before the evacuation of Richmond and fled to England - The Confederacy was involved in multiple terrorist plots against the Union - Booth might have been a rebel agent working for the Confederate agents in Canada. - Multiple witnesses had identified Booth, Jacob Thompson, and Clement Clay, among lots of the Confederates in Montreat, Halifax, St. Catharines, and Toronto before 1865. British Financiers & Businessmen - Lincoln decided to not take money from the British Financiers when they needed money for the War. - Confederate agents and British financiers starting meeting in Canada and to use Canada from launching terrorist attacks Secretary of War Edwin Stantion - He was against Lincoln’s policy of trading with the South during the war starting publically  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 - “Any man who crossed the line of war to buy cotton on Richmond should be shot dead” - He was against Lincoln’s mild Reconstruction policies and wanted him out of office - He asked General Ulysses S. Grant to change his plans so Lincoln would be alone at the theatre that night - He did not alert anyone after Lincoln was shot allowing Booth to get away  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Reconstruction handout President Andrew Johnson’s Views He didn’t care to help Black people after the Civil War 13th Amendment (1865) Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States Black Codes Restricted black people's right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public space 14th Amendment (1866) Addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law Reconstruction Act (1867) Established military rule over Southern states until new governments could be formed. 15th Amendment (1869) Prohibits the federal government and states from denying a citizen's right to vote based on: Race, Color, and Previous condition of servitude (slavery)  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 Ku Klux Klan Prevent black people from voting and people who supported Reconstruction. Would kill, linch. Wore Masks and white clothes Sharecropping A legal arrangement where a landowner allows a tenant to use their land in exchange for a share of the crops grown on that land What was a: Carpetbagger - North businessmen see opportunity in South Scalawag - Southerners who made money with Republicans after reconstruction Mississippi - What are the arguments for and against keeping the Confederate flag? The Confederate battle flag is a controversial symbol in Mississippi, with arguments for and against keeping it on the state flag: Heritage - Some people see the flag as a symbol of heritage and a way to honor sacrifices. - Some white people in the South and beyond see the flag as a symbol of historic pride. - Most Black Americans see the flag as a symbol of white supremacy and racial violence. The flag has been used by the Ku Klux Klan and other extremist groups to intimidate Black citizens.  Hannah Nieuwland 11/21/24 Mr. Thaur American History P4 - Some Mississippians believe that the state flag is a symbol of the state and its residents, and that it's an issue to be resolved by the state's residents. - The Mississippi Baptist Convention says that the flag is a relic of racism and a symbol of hatred. - In November 2020, more than 70% of voters approved a new flag for Mississippi, which was raised in 2021. Should any state be allowed to keep the Confederate flag, names of Confederate army bases, or display of Confederate war heroes? The display of Confederate symbols is controversial, and many believe that they should not be allowed: Confederate battle flag - The flag is associated with racism, slavery, white supremacy, and the Lost Cause. After incidents like the Charleston church shooting, the Unite the Right rally, and the murder of George Floyd, the public display of the flag has been mostly retired in the United States. - Bases named after Confederate soldiers and officers are a reminder of systemic oppression and damage the culture of inclusivity needed to accomplish the mission. The history of naming Army installations after Confederate officers is deeply intertwined with America's long history of racism. - Some say that naming a Southern military base for a Black hero would be a highly visible way of breaking with the cult of the Confederacy.