Chapter 15 Part I PDF

Winslow Homer’s 1876 painting A Visit from the Old Mistress depicts an imaginary meeting between a southern white woman and her former slaves. Their stance and gaze suggest the tensions arising from the birth of a new social order. Despite the clear class...

Winslow Homer’s 1876 painting A Visit from the Old Mistress depicts an imaginary meeting between a southern white woman and her former slaves. Their stance and gaze suggest the tensions arising from the birth of a new social order. Despite the clear class difference suggested by their clothing, Homer places his subjects on an equal footing, yet maintains a space of separation between them. He exhibited the painting to acclaim at the Paris Universal Exposition in 1878. Chapter 15: “What Is Freedom?”: Reconstruction, 1865-1877 handinhand TEST KKK summary rthunion southConfederacy factories win 0 Plantations blaring 0 Effe KEITH ba Freelabori officer slavelabor Immigrants southernhierarchy freakaco Oldhabits IrishGerman plantation masterozoy diehard Holelite deoma 9 Nast, Thomas, "The Union as it was, The lost cause, worse than slavery," 1874 codes conn713710P1an Period 5: 1844-1877 CH 15: Guiding Questions Guiding Questions: 1. What visions of freedom did the former slaves and slaveholders pursue in the postwar South? 2. What were the sources, goals, and competing visions of Reconstruction?  The Ordeal of Reconstruction “The work does not end with the abolition of slavery, but only begins.” offitude of - Frederick Douglas needsto country formerslavewholearnedto change readandwrite abolitionist What is the “ Lost Cause ?” southwasnot gnarrativethatthe wrong tomakesouthlookgood “The architects of the Lost Cause acted from various motives. They collectively sought to justify their own actions and allow themselves and other former Confederates to find something positive in all-encompassing failure. They also wanted to provide their children and future generations of white Southerners with a 'correct' narrative of the war.” -Historian Gary W. Gallagher  Blacks and the Meaning of Freedom: The Social Sphere African-Americans’ understanding of freedom shaped by experiences of slavery Escaping injustices of slavery Sharing in the rights and opportunities of American citizens Free travel and association Families in Freedom The family was central to the post Five Generations of a Black Family is an emancipation black community. 1862 photograph that suggests the power Efforts to locate missing family members don'tseek of family ties among emancipated slaves. Emancipation also brought the idea of separate “spheres” for men and women. THE IT Church and School Rise of independent black churches Churches housed schools, social events, and political gatherings. Desire for education All ages flocked to schools. Creation of nation’s first black colleges Marriage of a Colored Soldier at Vicksburg, a sketch of a wedding ceremony by Alfred R. Waud soon after the end of the Civil War. Political Sphere & Freedom Political Freedom The right to vote became central. Political action demanding full citizenship Land, Labor, and Freedom Ideas of freedom directly related to land ownership Many insisted that through their unpaid labor, they had acquired a right to the land.  Masters without Slaves Loss of life affected all classes of southerners. Plantation Agriculture Uprooted Planter families faced profound changes including poverty and some having to perform physical labor for the first time. formffertatiffing Most planters defined black freedom in the narrowest manner. Did not think economic autonomy or civil/political equality applied to former slaves alotchosetocontinue working slave The Free Labor Vision standina The Republican North had its own version of conditi freedom. working Central was free labor The Great Labor Question from a Southern Point of If former slaves were free to labor as whites, View, a cartoon by the artist Winslow Homer, they would be more productive and the published in Harper’s Weekly, July 29, 1865 southern economy would flourish, leading to a “free society” resembling the North. Homer satirizes the attitudes of many white southerners. While blacks labor in the fields, an idle planter warns a former slave, “My boy, we’ve toiled and taken care of you long enough—now you’ve got to work!” alreadybeendoing that Let’s Review: Liberty & Freedom 1763-1865 For Each group list the concepts and Ideas each Native group held about freedom WASPS AA/Blacks Immigrants Americans and liberty. American fromBritain freedom from wantedlandto landt owningland Revolution slavery teepidentifute opportunity Antebellum North free labor equalrights wantedlandto landt caciunwar keepidentify're free soil freesoil labor oppurtunit wantedlandto Antebellum South owningproperty freedomfromslavery landt in civilwar slaves peepidentifffre opportunity wantedlandto Post-Civil War preservingunion landt reunifyingcountry the choice repidentifute opportunity  The Freedmen’s Bureau 1865 to 1870 Experiment in government social policy offers education jobs Labor Hopes and Realities Achievements in education and health care, opportunity etc but not successful in economic relations helpingthemgetontheirfeet The Failure of Land Reform Idea of free labor was promising, but blacks wanted land of their own, not jobs on plantations Counter to Republican hopes that like the North, blacks would become wage laborers. Forty Acres and a Mule getting landfrom Oldplantations Military directive to allot land and sell confiscated plantations to freed slaves. President Johnson would order return and seizure of land allotted under this system.blocksthis measure Afreedmen Freedmen's Bureau agent stands between armed groups of whites and in this 1868 drawing from Harper's Weekly Former slaves and the Freedmen’s Bureau’s hopes of land distribution were crushed The vast majority of rural freedpeople remained poor and landless. Johnsonpardons plantationowners so slavesgoto workforformermasters butnowwithpaid Toward a New South New systems of labor emerge. Sharecropping88958 slaverybyanothername The White Farmer Losses during the war led to the crop-lien system. Many farmers remain in debt. Sharecropping not isolated to black farmers Presidential Reconstruction: Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson Strong defender of the Union, although from Tennessee Republicans nominated him as vice president to extend the party into the South. After Lincoln’s death, Johnson’s stubbornness and inability to compromise caused major issues. He held deeply racist views and did not think that African-Americans should play any role in Reconstruction. The Failure of Presidential Reconstruction Johnson’s plan Pardon to nearly all white southerners Appointed provincial governors to establish loyal governments in the South These governments only had to abolish slavery and refuse to pay Confederate debt —otherwise free to manage local affairs. Plan backfires when old Confederate elites return to power. Presidential Reconstruction: Old Habits Die Hard Just as reconstruction begins, the lenient idea of allowing the South back with open arms begins to backfire as the old planter class and other Southern elites (many of whom directed the South to leave in the first place) begin to push back against the North and plans for black liberty/freedom in Southern society….. The Black Codes instead of Laws passed by new southern slave codes governments to regulate the lives of former slaves Restricted voting, serving on juries, and testifying against whites Vagrancy laws and labor restrictions The death of slavery did not mean the automatic birth of freedom.  Florida Constitution of 1865: Examples of Black Codes For each paragraph write the main idea and what aspect of society the codes are trying to regulate. Why do you think Southerners want these areas of life restricted? ARTICLE IV. regulatepoliticalfigures Legislative Department. towhitemen especially 4. No person shall be a Representative unless he be a in office or elections white man, a citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of the State two years next preceding his election.... SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and the House white woman cannot of Representatives of the State of Florida in General Assembly convened, That if any white female resident be withany man of within this State shall hereafter attempt to intermarry, another ethnicity or shall live in a state of adultery or fornication with any negro, mulatto, or other person of color, she shall be deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined in a sum not exceeding one regulatingwho woman ca thousand dollars, to be confined in the pubic jail not be with exceeding three months, or both, at the discretion of the jury, and shall moreover be disqualified to testify as a witness against any white person. SECTION 14. Be it further enacted, That if any negro, mulatto, or other person of color, shall intrude himself Peopleofcolor are not into any religious or other public assembly of white allowedto be in religious persons, or into any railroad car or other public vehicle set apart for the exclusive accommodation of white groups with white people people, he shall be deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to stand in the pillory for one hour, or be whipped, not exceeding thirty-nine stripes, or both, and the discretion of the jury; nor shall it be lawful for any regulating theirfaith white person to intrude himself into any religious or other public assembly of colored persons, or into any railroad car or other public vehicle, set apart for the exclusive accommodation of persons of color, under the same penalties.  Reconstruction Goes RADICAL In THREE….. The Radical Republicans Called for the dissolution of new southern governments “No government can be “rebels” be excluded from power free that does not allow all Supported black male suffrage its citizens to participate Thaddeus Stevens firebrand leader of in the formation and the Radicals and major supporter of execution of her laws.” freedmen's rights resisian -Thaddeus Stevens The Origins of Civil Rights becausewantedAA Civil Rights Bill of 1866tobemorefree All persons born in the United States sotheytry were citizens. Equality before the law Vetoed by Johnson who argued that N national government should not have authority over state affairs and that blacks did not deserve the rights of citizenship Congress gets the necessary two-thirds majority, and the bill is passed over the presidential veto. The Fourteenth Amendment Birthright citizenship recentlyfreedslaves Reduced proportionately representation of getrights a state in Congress and Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot Disqualified from federal and state office, former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn “to History in the Present!!! support the Constitution of the United States” addthistoblockfromreturning Guaranteed federal debt, while repudiate Confederate debt (see text of Fourteenth Amendment in Appendix)  Reconstruction Goes RADICAL In TWO…... The Reconstruction Act The Plan in Action Divided the South into five military 20,000 Troops sent into the South districts Each district controlled by Union Called for new state governments General Temporarily remove voting power from Black male suffrage Confederate leaders/supporters. Started period known as Radical Reconstruction Impeachment and the Election of Grant Tenure of F Office Act Barred the president from removing certain officeholders without consent of the Senate Johnson’s impeachment places him on trial. Republicans nominate Grant, the Union’s most prominent military hero, for the next president. Elections & Outcomes: 1868 Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour Republican Democratic “Waving the Bloody Shirt”- Revive memories of Union glory in Civil War Most white voters chose Seymour ○ Estimated 500,000 former slaves tip the balance towards Grant. While Grant was a strong leader, his leadership and administration was rife with corruption…  womenor Reconstruction Goes RADICAL In ONE…... furious The Fifteenth Amendment allowingAAmales the to vote t.fi itiyifffidf Josiah T. Walls: Prohibited the federal andright state First African governments from denying any American elected citizen the right to vote because to Represent of race reconstruction Florida in any Us male ideals Congress 1871 Left the door open to suffrage restrictions including literacy tests and poll taxes Did not extend the right to vote to women Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: ○ Worked wholeheartedly for cause of black emancipation ○ Woman’s Loyal League gathered 400,000 signatures on petitions asking Congress to pass constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery ○ Frustrated and dejected when 14th inserted “male” into the qualifier South would ridicule North over voting The Second Founding hypocrisy… Principle of equality of the law ○ Many states in North denied vote to blacks Transformed the relationship between the federal government and the states Transformed the Constitution into a vehicle for seeking freedom and protection Transferred the power to define citizen’s rights to the national government Reconstruction is a RADICAL shift n usbecause it changes from LIFTOFF! slave life industrial life Reconstruction , an elaborate allegory of national reconciliation, equality, and progress, designed by Horatio Bateman and printed in 1867. The overall message is that Reconstruction, grounded in liberty and equality, will restore good will between the sections and races. The structure at the center symbolizes the federal government; it is being rebuilt as black and white men carry new pillars, representing the states, to support it. ‘ The old bases of some of the columns, called “Foundations of Slavery,” are being replaced by new ones representing Liberty, Justice, and Education. Under the dome, former rivals shake hands, including Generals Grant and Lee, and Republican editor Horace Greeley and Jefferson Davis. Scenes surrounding it include a schoolyard, men and women voting, and Indians and whites sitting together. At the top are the heads of great figures of American history, as well as other historical characters including Joan of Arc, John Milton, and Jesus Christ. The eagle at the center carries a streamer reading: “All men are born free and equal.”