Phonology and Phonetics PDF

**PHONOLOGY & PHONETICS NGỮ ÂM VÀ ÂM VỊ HỌC** **Ms: Lê Ngọc Tú Quỳnh** **Session 1- PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS** **Phonetics (ngữ âm học) → PHONE (physical sound)** - - - - - - - → **Phonetics: the study of speech sounds** - how we **make** them, **hear** them, and their **physical...

**PHONOLOGY & PHONETICS NGỮ ÂM VÀ ÂM VỊ HỌC** **Ms: Lê Ngọc Tú Quỳnh** **Session 1- PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS** **Phonetics (ngữ âm học) → PHONE (physical sound)** - - - - - - - → **Phonetics: the study of speech sounds** - how we **make** them, **hear** them, and their **physical properties**. **It focuses on the sounds themselves**, no matter which language we are speaking. **Phonology (âm vị học) → PHONEME (abstract unit of sound)** - - - - - - - → **Phonology:** the study of **how sounds work within a specific language** **to create meaning**. It looks at how sounds are **used** and how they **change depending on context,** rather than how they are physically made. **Session 1: ARTICULATORS** - - - - - The oral cavity includes hard palate, soft palate, lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge. - - - - - - → **Sounds** we use for talking. We use our **tongue, teeth, lips** and **other** **articulators** to **create different speech sounds**. Besides having physical properties, speech sounds also have **distinctive functions** when used as **distinctive units** of sounds in a language. **Session 1: PHONEMES** - - - **For examples:** sheep→ 3 phonemes book→ 3 phonemes school→ 4 phonemes pencil → 5 phonemes camel→ 4 phonemes phoneme→ 5 phonemes **Practical Application Exercises:** \_\_\_deals with how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. → **Phonetics** The term \_\_\_\_\_\_ is applied for the study of the more abstract, the more functional, or the more psychological aspects of speech → **Phonology** Besides having the physical properties, the speech sounds also have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ function when they are used as distinctive units of sounds in a language → **distinctive** The oral cavity includes\_\_\_\_\_\_ → **lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, tongue** What is the difference between a vowel and a consonant? → **Vowels** are produced with **a relatively open vocal tract**, while **consonants** are produced with **a relatively constricted/obstructed vocal tract**. **Session 2: CONSONANT PHONEMES** - - - I\) **Manner of articulation: The way airflow** is **modified** or **obstructed** in the vocal tract to produce different consonant sounds. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **II) Place of articulation:** airflow restriction **occurs** during the production of a consonant sound 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. - - - - - - **Practical Application Exercises/ Review** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Session 3: MONO, DIPTH AND TRIPH.** **MONOPHTHONGS: involve a single vowel sound** Monophthongs are further divided into **2 parts: short vowels** and **long vowels.** - - **DIPHTHONGS:** **Involve two vowel sounds** and **a gradual change in tongue position.** It consists of **a glide** **from one vowel to another**. **TRIPHTHONGS:** **Involve three vowel sounds.** Is **a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third**, produced **rapidly** and **without interruption.** **Session 3: KEY CHARACTERISTICS** **I) TONGUE POSITION**: whether the tongue **is closer to** the front or the back of the mouth. **The horizontal placement of the tongue** in the mouth during vowel production. - - - **II) TONGUE HEIGHT**: **how high or low the tongue is** in the mouth during vowel production. **The vertical position of the tongue** in the mouth during the production of a vowel sound. - - - **III) LIPS ROUNDING:** whether the lips are **rounded or unrounded** - - **IV) TENSENESS:** the level of **muscle tension** and **effort** in producing the vowel. **The degree of muscular effort or tension** in the tongue during vowel production. - - **V) SYLLABLES** **Phonetically,** **syllables** **consist of** **a centre** which **has little or no obstruction to airflow**; and **before and after this centre**, there will be **greater obstruction to airflow.** 1. Cat /k æ t/ → CVC At /æ t/ → VC Sky /s k aɪ/ → CCV Eye / aɪ / → V → **A syllable must have** **one vowel**. → **A single vowel in isolation** is called a **minimum syllable** Consonant {C} = Onset = initial consonant - - - - - - - - - - Vowel {V} = Nucleus Consonant{C} = Coda = final consonant - - - - - **Strong and Weak syllables:** - - - - - - - **Centring and Closing:** - - - **SYLLABLE DIVISION RELAY** **for examples:** Water / wɔː.tə/ Winter /wɪn.tə/ Triumph /traɪ.əmf/ Butterfly /bʌt.ə.flaɪ/ Sentence /sen.təns/ Sixteen /sɪk.stiːn/ **PRACTICAL APPLICATION EXERCISES:** 1.\_\_\_\_is a part of a syllable and is made up of one or more consonants preceding the nucleus→ **An onset**. 2.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a part of a syllable and is made up of one or more consonants following the nucleus→ **A coda**. 3\. A single vowel in isolation is called a/an\_\_\_→ **minimum syllable** 4\. An impossible syllable structure in English is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_→ **Onset and Coda.** 5\. What is a schwa sound? → **A type of vowel sound that is pronounced with the tongue in a neutral position.** 6\. Pre-initial consonant can only be\_\_\_→ **/sl/, /r/, /w/, /j/.** 8\. Pre-final consonants can only be \_\_\_→ **/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, and /ss/, /z/, /t/, /d/ and /θfɪŋ.ɡəek.strə/** 12\. What is the difference between a long vowel and a short vowel? → Long vowels are always pronounced for **a longer duration than** short vowels. 13\. What is a diphthong? → A type of vowel sound that involves **a gradual change** in tongue position. 14\. Vowels are categorized according to\_\_: **Neither** place of articulation **nor** manner of articulation. 15\. What is tongue height? **The vertical position** **of the tongue** in the mouth during the production of a vowel sound. 16\. What is tongue position? **The horizontal placement** of the tongue in the mouth during vowel production. 17\. What is tenseness? **The degree of muscular effort** or **tension** in the tongue during vowel production **MORE MATERIAL REFERENCES BELOW FOR INFORMATION** **I) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOWELS AND CONSONANTS** Consonants and vowels are different from each other in Manner of articulation and Distribution: a. - - b. - - **Manner of articulation & Place of articulation** 24 English consonants can be described or classified based on three criteria: **Place of articulation:** which speed organs are involved in the sound production. **Manner of articulation:** how the airflow is obstructed and restricted through the speed organs. **Voicing:** the vibration of the vocal cords. - - **II) DEFINITION** Vowels - - - Description/ Classification of simple vowels 1. \> Close/High \> Mid \> Open/Low The degree of mouth openness distinguishes high, mid, and low vowels. 2. \> Front \> Central \> Back 3. \> Spread \> Neutral \> Rounded i\) Rounded: where the corners of the lips are bought towards each other and the lips pushed forwards. ii\) Spread: with the corners of the lips moved away from each other, as for a smile. iii\) Neutral: where the lips are not noticeably rounded or spread. 4. \> Long/ Tense \> Short/ Lax - - - DIPHTHONGS - THE PRODUCTION OF SPEED SOUNDS The production of speech sounds depends upon 3 factors: - - - The airstream going out from the lungs through the windpipe (trachea) will go past the larynx (voice box/ Adam's apple) in which are located two vocal bands. -