Neuroanatomy Video Assignment PDF
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Uploaded by ValiantTeal5315
University of Wisconsin - La Crosse
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This document appears to be a student assignment or notes on neuroanatomy. It lists different brain structures, their locations, and functions. The document details the various components of the brain.
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Structure Location Function Frontal lobe Mia eparated by temporal lobe s ersonality, emotion,...
Structure Location Function Frontal lobe Mia eparated by temporal lobe s ersonality, emotion, p by lateral sulcus, and from motivation, voluntary parietal lobe by central movement, and other higher sulcus. level executive functions Precentral gyrus Mia rostral to the central sulcus initiating voluntary movements, made up of primary motor cortex neurons Precentral sulcus Mia rostral to the precentral gyrus P lays a crucial role in motor control, made up of primary motor cortex neurons Parietal lobe Mia audal to the frontal lobe, c ensory integration, spatial s separated by the central awareness, coordinating sulcus motor actions, supporting cognitive functions like memory, attention, and language processing. Postcentral gyrus Mia caudal to the central sulcus ade up of the primary m somatosensory cortex, which is responsible for proprioception. It also perceives touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Temporal Lobe Ellyn Inferior to the lateral sulcus. esponsible for hearing and R language. Also involved in memory and emotion. Includes Wernicke’s area responsible for language comprehension. Occipital Lobe Ellyn uperior to the cerebellum; S esponsible for processing R caudal to the parieto-occipital visual information. sulcus. Cerebellum Ellyn Inferior to the occipital and esponsible for balance, R temporal lobes but superior to postural maintenance, the brainstem. coordination, and movement. Cerebellar Hemispheres Ellyn P arts of the cerebellum ateral cerebellar L divided through the midline hemispheres are primarily by the vermis. involved in motor planning, while intermediate zones contribute to the coordination of movement. Diencephalon Ellyn eep in the brain, D ontains the hypothalamus, C surrounding the third thalamus, epithalamus, and ventricle, just superior to the subthalamus. It is involved in brainstem and between the many crucial bodily functions two hemispheres of the including coordinating with cerebrum. the endocrine system to release hormones, relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulating circadian rhythms (the sleep wake cycle). Thalamus Grace ocated near the center of L egulates sleep, alertness, R the brain, and superior to the and wakefulness. Relays midbrain. information between different subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex. Processes sensory information as well as relay it. Hypothalamus Grace ocated deep in the brain, L egulates thirst, water intake, R between the cerebral hunger, food intake, hemispheres. It creates the autonomic nervous system, floor and the inferolateral circadian rhythms, body walls of the third ventricle, temperature, blood pressure, and is inferior to the breastfeeding, learning and thalamus. memory, sexual drive, and emotional expression. Can send direct signals to the brain as well as other parts of the body to regulate internal processes. And send hormones to the pituitary. Epithalamus Grace he epithalamus is the most T ecretion of melatonin from S dorsal portion of the the pineal gland, regulation of diencephalon and forms the motor pathways, emotions, roof of the third ventricle. maintaining circadian rhythms, and how energy is conserved in the body. Midbrain Grace ost rostral/top part of the M Involved in motor control, brainstem that connects the particularly eye movements pons and cerebellum with the and processing of vision and forebrain. Shortest part of the hearing. brainstem. Pons Grace iddle portion of the M oordinates face and eye C brainstem. movements, facial sensations, hearing, and balance. Medulla Sam Inferior most part of the brain H elps control vital processes connecting to the spinal cord like your heartbeat, breathing through the foramen magnum and blood pressure Spinal cord Sam egins at the bottom of the B end motor commands from S brainstem (connecting to the the brain to the body, send medulla) and runs the length sensory info from the body to of the spine the brain, and coordinate reflexes Longitudinal fissure Sam he deep groove that T eparates the human brain S separate the two cerebral into two hemispheres hemispheres Central sulcus Sam groove between the frontal A efines the primary motor D and parietal lobes running cortex anteriorly and the from the longitudinal fissure primary sensorimotor cortex to the lateral fissure posteriorly Lateral sulcus Sam eep groove on the lateral D eparates the temporal lobe S surface of the brain from the parietal lobes separating the frontal and parietal lobes superiorly from the temporal lobe Corpus callosum Mia ocated in between the left L Integrate and transfer and right cerebral information from cerebral hemispheres hemispheres to process sensory, motor, and high-level cognitive signals Parieto-occipital sulcus Mia deep groove that separates S A tructural marker to the parietal and occipital differentiate the parietal and lobes. occipital lobes Cingulate gyrus Ellyn In the medial aspect of the art of the limbic system P cerebral hemisphere just involved in emotion superior to the corpus processing, learning, and callosum. memory. Also contributes to motivation, decision making, and pain modulation. Calcarine sulcus Ellyn In the medial surface of the ontains the primary visual C occipital lobe, running cortex and processes visual horizontally from the information, specifically the parieto-occipital sulcus. contralateral visual field. Fornix Grace undle of white matter fibers B rimary outgoing pathway P that arches around the from the hippocampus, thalamus. Originates in the important for its involvement hippocampus then stretches in episodic (personal around the thalamus toward experiences and events) the front of the brain. memory. Key part of the limbic system, important for memory and cognition. Septum pellucidum Grace hin triangular membrane T cts as a relay station A found in the midline septal between the hippocampus area of the brain positioned and hypothalamus, helps between the two cerebral regulate emotional behaviors, hemispheres and separates social behaviors, and the anterior horns of the integrate emotional and lateral ventricles. memory-related information. ateral ventricles Sam L c-shaped cavity situated A -shaped cavity filled with C Anterior horns within each cerebral cerebrospinal fluid to cushion Body hemisphere the brain Inferior horns Posterior horns 3rd ventricle Sam arrow vertical cavity of the N roduce, secrete and covey P diencephalon situated cerebrospinal fluid between the right and left thalamus 4th ventricle Mia iamond-shaped ventricle D rains CSF from ventricular D that is caudal to the pons and system to the subarachnoid upper medulla, and rostral to space, allowing it to circulate the cerebellum and absorb around the CNS. Interventricular foramen Ellyn S pace that connects the llows cerebrospinal fluid to A lateral ventricles to the third flow from the lateral ventricle ventricle found near the to the third ventricle to ensure midline of the brain between proper drainage into the the thalamus and fornix. ventricular system to the subarachnoid space. arahippocampal gyrus P ocated in the medial L orms part of the limbic F Grace temporal lobe and runs system and plays a crucial parallel to the long axis of the role in spatial navigation, hippocampus memory consolidation, emotional processing, and visuospatial processing. ptic nerves and chiasm O t the base of the brain A he optic chiasm is formed T Sam inferior to the hypothalamus when the optic nerves come and superior to the pituitary together in order to allow for gland within the suprasellar the crossing of the fibers from cistern the nasal retina to the optic tract, enabling the brain to process visual information from both eyes to create a single image. Spinal dura mater Mia utermost meningeal layer of o ontains rural venous sinuses c the spinal cord that allows blood to leave brain and CSF to re-enter circulation. Spinal arachnoid mater Mia located between dura and protect spinal cord and CSF pita mater. Spinal pia mater Mia eepest meningeal layer, d rotects the spinal cord and p clings to the spinal cord. enclose venous sinuses Denticulate ligaments Mia thin, triangular-shaped tabilize spinal cord within the s structures made of pia mater vertebral canal. that extend from spinal cord to dura mater. Cervical cord Sam from the base of your skull rotects the spinal cord, p through the cervical vertebrae supports the head, and allows for head and neck movement Thoracic cord Sam oused within the thoracic h ontrols lumbosacral function c vertebral canal and is involved in visceral and autonomic regulation Lumbosacral cord Sam where the lumbar spine ontains the necessary c transitions into the sacrum circuitry to independently drive locomotor behaviors Ventral rootlets Sam merge from the ventrolateral transmitting somatic motor e sulcus of the spinal cord in output from the brain and the anterior root exit zone spinal cord to the body's skeletal muscles. Dorsal rootlets Ellyn ithin the dorsal spinal cord W hey are part of the dorsal T lateral to the midline. root which carries sensory information from the body to the CNS. Ventral nerve root Ellyn nterior root of the two roots A ransmits motor output from T that emerge from the spinal the CNS to the body via cord via the ventrolateral motor neurons. sulcus. Dorsal nerve root Ellyn osterior root of the two roots Transmits sensory input from P that emerge from the spinal the body to the CNS via ord via the posterolateral c sensory neurons. sulcus. Dorsal root ganglion Ellyn t the base of each spinal A ollection of sensory neuron C nerve near the spinal cord on cell bodies that transmit the posterior side. sensory information like pain, temperature, and touch from the PNS to the CNS. Ventral rami grace nterior branches of spinal A arry sensory and motor C nerves and formed when a fibers for the innervation of spinal nerve splits into a muscles, joints, and skin of ventral and dorsal ramus. the lateral and ventral body walls and the extremities. Dorsal rami Grace Branch of a spinal nerve A rovides motor innervation to P that runs along the back of muscles of the back. the body (posterior) and Provides sensory innervation backward from the to the skin of the back, neck, intervertebral foramen. and posterior head. Carries visceral motor, somatic motor, and somatic sensory information to and from the back. Conus medullaris Grace ocated at the very bottom of L rovides a point of P the spinal cord, typically attachment for the filum around the L1-L2. Before the terminale which helps cauda equina. stabilize the spinal cord within the spinal canal. Gives rise to the lumbar sympathetic, sacral somatic and sacral parasympathetic nerves which continue downward within the cauda equina. Cauda equina Grace bundle of nerve roots that A he primary function is to T resemble a horse’s tail. send and receive messages Before the filum terminale. between the lower limbs and the pelvic organs; enables movement and sensation in the legs and bladder. Filum terminale Mia t the very end of the spinal A nchor the spinal cord to the A cord, extending from the tip of coccyx, which provides the conus medullaris and stability and prevents attaching to the posterior excessive movement. surface of the coccyx. Mamillary bodies Mia two small structures located recollective memory in the posterior portion of the hypothalamus CN II- optic N. Sam xtend from the posterior part transmits visual information e of the eyeball (roughly 2 mm medial to the posterior pole) to the suprasellar space in the middle cranial fossa Optic tract Sam lies along the upper anterior arry visual information from c and then the lateral surface of the optic chiasm to the left the cerebral peduncle and is and right lateral geniculate parallel to the posterior bodies as a part of the visual cerebral artery pathway Midbrain Ellyn Inferior to the cerebral cortex onnects the brain to the C but the most superior portion spinal cord; plays a crucial of the brainstem. role in processing visual and auditory signals. Tetcum Ellyn ear part of the midbrain R ontrols eye movements, C between the forebrain and approach, and avoidance hindbrain. movements. It is also involved in processing auditory information and helps the body respond to environmental cues. Superior colliculus Grace ocated in the dorsal L esponsible for integrating R midbrain on the posterior side sensory information, of the brainstem; wedged particularly visual to direct between the cerebellum and eye and head movements thalamus. towards a stimulus of interest. Allows body to orient itself towards a target based on visual input. Inferior colliculus Grace ocated in the midbrain, on L elays auditory information R the dorsal surface and part of from the inner ear to the the tectum; situated caudal to auditory cortex. Input from the superior colliculus and both ears converge providing rostral to the trochlear nerve. information about horizontal and vertical sounds location. CN III- Oculomotor N. Mia idbrain at the base of the m otor innervation to extra m brain stem. Caudal to the ocular muscles (Inferior mammillary bodies. oblique, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and superior rectus) CN IV- Trochlear N. Mia located just below the inferior m otor innervation to superior colliculus oblique muscle Pons Sam ase of the brain, between B ransmit signals between T the midbrain and the medulla your forebrain and oblongata near the base of cerebellum. It sends the skull information to your body, giving you sensory cues and motor information CN V- Trigeminal N. Sam iddle of the cranial fossa, M rovides sensation to the P near the temple, and in front face, including touch, pain, of the ear. Ophthalmic (V1), and temperature, as well as maxillary (V2), and controlling the muscles used mandibular (V3) for mastication Medulla Ellyn ost inferior part of the brain M egulates vital processes R that connects the brain to the within the cardiovascular, spinal cord. respiratory, digestive, motor, sensory, and autonomic nervous systems. Medullary pyramids Ellyn riangular structures in the T arry corticospinal tracts to C ventral portion of the medulla. their decussation at the medullary spinal junction; provides a pathway for motor signals from the brain to the spinal cord. Ventral median sulcus Grace n the front surface of spinal O rimarily to divide the spinal P cord, separates the left and cord into two distinct halves, right halves of the spinal organization of neural cord. Deep groove found pathways within the cord. directly in the center of spinal cords anterior surface. osterior median sulcus P hallow groove in the spinal S rimarily to divide the spinal P Grace cord that separates the left cord into two distinct halves, and right halves of the organization of neural posterior side. pathways within the cord. osterior intermediate sulcus P lateral to the gracile ivides the dorsal sensory d Mia fasciculus ascending column into two halves, allowing the gracile ADD OLIVES fasciculus and cuneate Lateral to medullary pyramids fasciculus. Cuneatus fasciculus Mia lateral to the gracile transmits fine touch, fasciculus proprioception, vibration Cuneate tubercle Sam laterally to the gracile transmitting sensory fasciculus in the upper information—including thoracic and cervical (C1 to ibration, conscious v T6) spinal cord segments proprioception, and two-point discrimination—from the upper extremities Gracile fasciculus Sam resentthroughout the length p arries sensory input from c of the spinal cordand vertebral level T6 and below contains afferents from the and ascends into the gracile lower trunk and extremities, nucleus to form the gracile below the T6 spinal cord tubercle segment Gracile tubercle Ellyn ound on the dorsal surface F esponsible for processing R of the medulla at the junction sensory information from the of the brainstem and spinal lower body, such as touch, cord. Visible bump that vibration, and proprioception. corresponds to the location of the gracile nucleus. CN VI- Abducens Ellyn riginates from the superior O esponsible for abduction of R orbital fissure and can be the eye; controls the lateral found at the junction between rectus muscle. the pons and medulla oblongata. CN VII- Facial N. Grace riginates in the pons, travels C O ontrol muscles of facial through a bony canal in the expression, carries taste temporal bone. sensation from anterior two/thirds of the tongue and provides parasympathetic innervation to the salivary and la crimal glands, regulating tear production and saliva secretion. N VIII- Oculomotor N. C Grace N IX- Glossopharyngeal N. C lateral to the ensation from pharynx, s Mia vestibulocochlear N. tonsils, middle ear, carotid sinus, taste to posterior third of tongue. Motor innervation to stylopharyngeus CN X- Vagus N. Sam xits the skull through the e ain nerve of the m jugular foramen, travels down parasympathetic nervous the neck within thecarotid system, controlling sheath, over thepericardium involuntary bodily processes and into the abdomen, giving like digestion, heart rate, off numerous branches breathing, saliva production, and mood N XI- Spinal accessory N. C riginates from the jugular O Innervates the Ellyn foramen at the base of the sternocleidomastoid and skull and runs to the trapezius muscles to control trapezius muscle. head rotation, neck flexion, and shoulder elevation. N XII- Hypoglossal N. C In brainstem from the medulla ontrols the tongues C Grace oblongata, exits the skull muscles, which are used for through the hypoglossal speaking, swallowing, and canal and travels down the chewing neck to the floor of the mouth. Posterior horns: occipital lobe For A: must include the following ID every term on the list, using anatomical terminology and spatial/directional relationships Include clear visuals (ID which terms need visiblebody/specimen/anatomage!) 7-10 minute video One major function for each structure Clinical relevance or real-world example for at least 3 structures Connections between structures when relevant Clear organization that groups related structures together AI-enhanced study tool that incorporates active recall techniques (quiz questions and answers), includes functions and structures, provides feedback to listeners/users 300-500 word reflection on tool’s educational value Clinical relevance or real-world example for 3 structures 1. 2. 3.
