Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121) PDF

PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2010 RA 10121  emergency Is a situation generated by a real or imminent occurrence of n event that requires immediate action - Derived from the latin roots dis and astro meaning away from the stars - A seriou...

PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2010 RA 10121  emergency Is a situation generated by a real or imminent occurrence of n event that requires immediate action - Derived from the latin roots dis and astro meaning away from the stars - A serious distraction of the functioning of society causing wide spread of human, material, or environmental looses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only its own resources. - Causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services from outside the affected community or area  Adaptation - The process of modifying natural or human systems in response to actual or anticipated climate impacts, aimed at reducing harm or taking advantage of beneficial opportunities Capacity - The combination of resources, strengths, and abilities within a community, society, or organization that helps reduce disaster risks or mitigate their effects. This includes infrastructure, institutions, coping mechanisms, human skills, knowledge, and social structures like leadership and relationships. Definition of terms Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) - Non-governmental, non-profit groups that work toward advancing public goals and interests without seeking profit or political power. They include organizations like NGOs, community groups, labor unions, and faith-based groups, and operate based on values such as ethics, culture, science, religion, or philanthropy.  Climate Change - A long-term alteration in the climate's properties, such as temperature or precipitation patterns, which can be caused by either natural variability or human actions, typically observed over decades or longer. Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM) - A participatory approach to disaster risk management where at-risk communities are actively involved in identifying, assessing, and addressing risks to reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen resilience. The community plays a central role in decision-making and implementing risk-reduction activities. Complex Emergency - A type of crisis, often human-made, where the causes and the relief efforts are deeply complicated by political factors, making it difficult to address and resolve the situation effectively. Contingency Planning - A planning process that prepares for potential emergencies or situations that could pose threats to society or the environment. It involves pre-emptively establishing strategies and arrangements to ensure a prompt, effective, and appropriate response to such challenges.  Disaster Mitigation – The process of reducing or limiting the negative impacts of hazards and disasters. This includes both structural measures, such as engineering solutions and hazard-resistant construction, as well as non-structural approaches like improved environmental policies and raising public awareness. Disaster Preparedness – The development of knowledge, skills, and resources by governments, response organizations, communities, and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from imminent or ongoing hazards. Preparedness actions are part of disaster risk reduction and aim to build the capacity to manage emergencies efficiently, ensuring smooth transitions from response to recovery. It involves activities such as contingency planning, stockpiling, evacuation coordination, and public communication, underpinned by strong legal, institutional, and budgetary frameworks. Disaster Prevention – Actions taken to completely avoid or eliminate the risks and impacts of hazards. This includes measures like constructing dams or embankments to prevent flooding, enforcing land-use regulations that restrict settlement in high-risk zones, and applying seismic engineering to ensure buildings can withstand earthquakes. Disaster Response – The immediate provision of emergency services and assistance during or just after a disaster to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure safety, and meet the basic needs of affected individuals. The focus is on addressing immediate needs, sometimes referred to as “disaster relief.”  Disaster Risk – The potential for losses in lives, health, livelihood, assets, and services that could occur to a community or society over a specified period due to a hazard event. Disaster Risk Reduction – The practice of minimizing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the factors that contribute to disasters. This includes reducing exposure to hazards, minimizing vulnerabilities, promoting sustainable land management, and improving preparedness for adverse events. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management – A comprehensive process of using organizational and operational skills, policies, and strategies to reduce the impacts of hazards and prevent the escalation of disasters. This includes both proactive risk management (addressing existing risks) and prospective risk reduction (preventing the creation of new risks).  Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Information System – A specialized database that contains data on past disasters, their impacts (human, material, economic, and environmental), risk assessments, mapping, and information about vulnerable groups. Early Warning System – The infrastructure and processes needed to generate and deliver timely warnings about hazards to communities, enabling them to prepare and take appropriate actions to minimize harm. A people-centered early warning system includes four key components: understanding risks, monitoring and forecasting hazards, disseminating warnings, and building local capacity to act on those warnings. An "end-to-end warning system" emphasizes the importance of covering all steps from detection to community response. Emergency Management – The organization and coordination of resources and responsibilities to address all phases of an emergency, focusing on preparedness, response, and initial recovery efforts. Exposure – The extent to which elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of varying magnitudes.  Geographic Information System (GIS) – A specialized database that contains geographic and hazard-related data, including climate change assessments, risk reduction measures, and climate risk management information Hazard – A dangerous phenomenon, substance, activity, or condition that has the potential to cause harm, including loss of life, injury, health impacts, property damage, economic and social disruption, or environmental harm. Land-Use Planning – A process undertaken by authorities to assess and decide on how land should be used, considering long- term economic, social, and environmental goals. This process involves evaluating the needs of different communities and interest groups and creating plans that define acceptable land uses. Mitigation – A set of measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation, and technological hazards. These measures may be structural (e.g., building safe infrastructure) or non-structural (e.g., planning, policies, awareness, and enforcing safety standards) to minimize the vulnerability of at-risk communities. History of Disaster Management ancient history Starvation Inhospitable elements Dangerous wild life Violence Disease accidental injuries Warning Preparedness Mitigation  3200 BC Iraq Asipu management practice Hazard risk mangement Modern roots Comprehensive approach 1817 Amenemhet III river control project  Destroyed by fire Slaves – fighting fires Emperor Augustus – roman Army “ corps Vagilis” 13 -15 century - Incas th th Started architect ural achievements  PH DRRM history Commonwealth-Post Commonwealth Era Issuance of EO 335 EO 337 National Emergency Commission (NEC) & Civilian Emergency Administration Japanese Occupation Issuance of EO 36 Civilian Protection Service (CPS) World War II 1954-1968 RA 1190 Civil Defense Act of 1954 National Civil Defense Administration → National Civil Defense Council Implementation of EO 159  PH DRRM HISTORY Formulation of the Disaster and Calamities Plan (1970) Creation of a National Disaster Control Center NCDA Abolishment Birth of the Office of Civil Defense (1973) [LOI No. 19 Series of 1972] June 11, 1978 – Issuance of PD 1566 → [National Disaster Coordinating Council] Formal Establishment of the NDCC, RDCC and Local DCC’s June 11, 1978 – Issuance of PD 1566 2009 – Climate Change Act of 2009 2010 – RA 10121 PDRRM Act of 2010 Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act Philippine DRRM Milestones 2010 Disaster Risk Reduction 2009 and Management Act Climate Change Act 2007 Adoption of the Cluster Approach 1991 Local Government Autonomy 1978 Presidential Decree 1566  PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2010 RA 10121 The Philippines’ location on the “Pacific Ring of Fire” and along the Pacific typhoon belt mean that the country experiences many forms of natural disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and fires.  WHAT IS THE DRRM ACT? The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (DRRM Act), also known as Republic Act No. 10121, is a law that transformed the disaster management system in the Philippines. Transitioning from emergency response and assistance to disaster risk reduction (DRR). Approved on May 27, 2010. repealing the Presidential Decree No. 1566, which had been in effect since 1978.  The DRRM Act provides a responsive and proactive manner of addressing disasters through a framework that: PARADIGM SHIFT Prioritizes on community level DRRM focusing on the most vulnerable sectors (i.e., the poor, the sick, people with disabilities, the elderly, women and children) Recognizes the important role and strengthens capacities of local communities Ensures broad‐based and greater participation from Civil Society Addresses root causes of disaster risks SALIENT FEATURES OF THE DRRM ACT Coherence with international framework Adherence to universal norms, principles, and standards of humanitarian assistance Good governance through transparency and accountability Strengthened institutional mechanism for DRRM Integrated, coordinated, multi-sectoral, inter- agency, and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction  SALIENT FEATURES OF THE DRRM ACT Empowerment of local government units (LGUs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) as key partners in disaster risk reduction Integration of the DRRM into the educational system Establishment of the DRRM Fund (DRRMF) at the national and local levels Providing for provisions on the declaration of a state of calamity, remedial measures, prohibited acts and penalties  The Declaration of Policy in Section 2 of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (Republic Act No. 10121) outlines the state's commitment to disaster risk reduction and management. Objectives: oStrengthen the capacity of the national government, local government units (LGUs), and partner stakeholders to build disaster resilience. Institutionalizing DRRM oPromoting disaster resilient and climate change adaptation oStrengthening the national and local response system oEnhance disaster preparedness and Early warning The key components and objectives of RA 10121 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF): outlines the vision, strategic goals, and objectives in reducing disaster risks and managing disaster responses. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC): responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare of the people during disasters or emergencies. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Offices (LDRRMOs): The act mandates the establishment of LDRRMOs in every province, city, and municipality. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund: RA 10121 provides for the creation of a DRRM Fund at national and local levels to finance the DRRM programs, projects, and activities, including the improvement of monitoring, forecasting, and early warning systems. The key components and objectives of RA 10121 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA): The act integrates DRR and CCA in the development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in areas prone to disasters. Capacity Building and Institutional Development: It promotes the development of capacities of communities, local government units (LGUs), and other stakeholders to build resilience to disasters and manage disaster risks effectively. Participation and Involvement of Stakeholders: The law emphasizes the importance of participation from various sectors, including non-government organizations, the private sector, and communities, in DRRM efforts. Rights of the Affected Individuals: ensures respect for human rights and the dignity of individuals, especially the vulnerable and marginalized, during disaster response and recovery. WHO ARE INVOLVED IN DRRM AS MANDATED IN THE DRRM ACT? INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS ESTABLISHED BY REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10121 FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT  National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) Chaired by the Secretary of the Department of National Defense, with vice chairpersons representing various aspects of disaster management (preparedness, response, prevention and mitigation, and rehabilitation and recovery) and members from a wide range of government departments and agencies. Formulates and implements the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP), coordinating disaster management efforts, developing risk transfer mechanisms, and managing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM Fund) The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) Serves as the operational arm of the NDRRMC, focusing on administering comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk reduction and management programs. The OCD is responsible for leadership, development of strategic approaches, and coordination of disaster management efforts. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Organization at the Regional Level Regional Councils (RDRRMCs): responsible for coordinating, integrating, supervising, and evaluating local disaster management activities. The OCD's civil defense officers serve as chairpersons. Organization at the Local Government Level Local Councils (LDRRMCs): Updates existing local disaster coordinating councils to LDRRMCs at the provincial, city, and municipal levels, with disaster management functions integrated into the Barangay Development Councils at the barangay level. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO) set up at provincial, city, and municipal levels, responsible for directing, developing, implementing, and coordinating disaster risk management programs.  Accreditation, Mobilization, and Protection of Disaster Volunteers and National Service Reserve Corps, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and the Private Sector Government agencies, CSOs, the private sector, and local government units (LGUs) are encouraged to mobilize individuals and organized volunteers to support DRRM activities. This includes augmenting personnel for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts. Protection of Volunteers Engagement of CSOs and the Private Sector National Service Reserve Corps Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction Education into School Curricula and Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Program, and Mandatory Training for Public Sector Employees National Service Training Program (NSTP), across both private and public sectors. formal, nonformal, technical-vocational, indigenous learning, and out- of-school youth courses and programs. The NDRRMC, the RDRRMCs, the LDRRMCs, the LDRRMOs, the BDRRMCs and the SK councils shall encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of the SK programs and projects  Coordination During Emergencies Barangay Level: The Barangay Development Council (BDC) takes the lead if a single barangay is affected. City/Municipal Level: City or Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (DRRMCs) take over if two or more barangays are affected. Provincial Level: The Provincial DRRMC steps in if two or more cities/municipalities are affected. Regional Level: The Regional DRRMC is responsible if two or more provinces are affected. National Level: The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) gets involved if two or more regions are affected.  Declaration of State of Calamity The National Council recommends to the President of the Philippines the declaration of a cluster of barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, or regions under a state of calamity and the lifting thereof, based on the criteria set by the National Council. Such a declaration may warrant international humanitarian assistance. The local sanggunian may also issue or lift a state of calamity declaration upon the recommendation of the LDRRMC, based on the results of damage assessment and needs analysis​​.  Remedial Measures After a state of calamity is declared, Section 17 of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (Republic Act No. 10121) mandates the immediate implementation of specific remedial measures by concerned member-agencies Price Control Monitoring of Overpricing/Hoarding Funds Reprogramming. No-Interest Loans  Prohibited Acts Dereliction of Duties Obstructing Relief Distribution Illegal Acquisition of Relief Goods Selling Relief Goods Forcible Seizure of Relief Goods Diverting Relief Goods Misrepresenting the Source of Relief Goods Substitution of Relief Goods Illegal Solicitations Using False Data for Funding Tampering with Disaster Preparedness Equipment  DRRM Fund The Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) allocates not less than 5% of estimated local government revenue for disaster management activities. Thirty percent of this fund is designated as a Quick Response Fund (QRF) for immediate relief and recovery efforts. Unused LDRRMF accumulates in a special trust for up to five years, after which unspent amounts revert to the general fund for other social services as determined by the local council. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund, previously known as the Calamity Fund, supports disaster mitigation, prevention, and preparedness, including training, equipment procurement, and capital expenses. It also funds relief, recovery, and reconstruction for recent and past calamities. Thirty percent of the fund is reserved as a Quick Response Fund (QRF) for immediate disaster response. Agencies receiving funds must report monthly on usage per accounting rules, and government entities are authorized to allocate a portion of their budgets for disaster management activities, following NDRRMC and DBM guidelines. As lead agency to carry out the provisions of this Act, the OCD shall be allocated a budget of One billion pesos (Php1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund  DRRM Priority Areas and Long- Term Goals  THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN (NDRRMP) 2011- 2028 FOR THE PHILIPPINES DELINEATES ITS APPROACH TO DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT INTO FOUR THEMATIC AREAS, EACH WITH SPECIFIC GOALS AND LEAD AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR IMPLEMENTATION: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Overall responsible agency: Department of Science and Technology (DOST) involves activities and measures aimed at avoiding the occurrence of disasters and reducing their potential impacts by controlling hazards and reducing community vulnerabilities. Disaster Preparedness Overall responsible agency: Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) focuses on establishing and strengthening the capacities of communities and individuals to anticipate, respond, and recover from the impacts of disasters. Disaster Response Overall responsible agency: Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) covers the provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery Overall responsible agency: National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) entails restoring and improving facilities, livelihoods, and living conditions of disaster-affected communities Harmonization Efforts for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation RA 10121 integrates climate change adaptation and mitigation into disaster risk reduction and management. It promotes the development, promotion, and implementation of a comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan that strengthens the capacity of the national government and local government units (LGUs) to build the disaster resilience of communities. This plan institutionalizes arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels​​.  The convergence of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Reduces the vulnerability and increases the resilience of communities. The frequency and intensity of weather-related disasters are caused by climate change. Duplication of efforts is avoided which leads to more efficient use of resources. Supports sustainable development goals Most effective when they involve local communities. Understanding the financial impact of climate change and disasters helps to secure funding and investment in resilience, leveraging the financial mechanisms available to both DRRM and CCA. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework 2020-2030 CHANGES IN THE GLOBAL, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND POLICY AGENDA Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction When the NDRRMP was formulated in 2011, the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters was still the global blueprint for disaster risk reduction. When the HFA concluded in 2015, it was replaced by the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030. The SFDRR is focused on four (4) priority areas for action, namely: 1) understanding disaster risk; 2) strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk; 3) investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience; and 4) enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Key updates in the NDRRMP 2020-2030 include: Revised Outcomes, Key Activities, and Agency Responsibilities to better align the government's DRRM and CCA priorities with global policy frameworks and agreements such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015-2030, the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the Paris Agreement, among others​​. Integration with Global and Regional Frameworks Emphasis on Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) enable local government units (LGUs) to assess their contributions to achieving the NDRRMP outcomes Financing the Plan aims to ensure that financial resources are optimized for DRRM-related activities across various sectors​​. National Plans and Policies 1. Ambisyon Natin 2040 2. Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 3. National Climate Change Action Plan 4. National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022 5. National Security Strategy 6. Children’s Emergency Relief and Protection Act- RA 10821  International frameworks SFDRR 2015-2030 - Reduction of Disaster Risk and Losses HFA 2005 – 2015 - Reduction of Disaster Losses Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction  COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS HYOGO SENDAI FRAMEWORK FRAMEWORK 2005 – 2015 2015-2030 “Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters” The new global instrument to manage disaster risk adopted by A global blueprint for disaster the third UN World Conference on risk reduction efforts with a Disaster Risk Reduction in March ten-year plan, adopted in VS 2015. January 2005 by 168 A 15-year voluntary, non-binding Governments at the World agreement and the successor Conference on Disaster instrument to the HFA (2005-2015). Reduction.  COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS HYOGO SENDAI FRAMEWORK VS FRAMEWORK 2005 – 2015 2015-2030 10-year plan TIME FRAME 15-year plan Disaster Losses FOCUS Disaster Risks The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses, in lives, The substantial reduction of disaster losses, in lives EXPECTED livelihoods and health and in the social, cultural, physical, and in the social, economic and environmental assets of economic and environmental assets of persons, business, communities and countries. OUTCOMES communities and countries. “PROACTIVE APPROACH” APPROACH “PEOPLE CENTERED APPROACH” Notes: 2 Billion people have been affected EFFECTS OF Notes: more than 1.5 Billion people have been by disasters over 10 years DISASTERS affected by disasters over 10 years  COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS HYOGO SENDAI FRAMEWORK VS FRAMEWORK 2005 – 2015 2015-2030 States’ own socio-economic PRIMARY States’ are accountable to prevent RESPONSIBILITY development and reduce disaster risks Hazards of natural origin and related SCOPE OF Natural or man-made hazards as well as related FRAMEWORK environmental, technological and biological hazards environmental and technological hazards and risks. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response SCOPE OF ACTION Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Priority 2 and 3 Priority 1 Priority 1 PRIORITIES FOR Priority 2 Priority 4 ACTION Priority3 Priority 5 Priority 4 ROLES OF Agents of change and their empowerment Victims and Vulnerable STAKEHOLDERS References Republic of the Philippines. (2010, May 27). Republic Act No. 10121. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/ Asian Disaster Reduction Center. (n.d.). Philippines National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan 2011-2028. Retrieved March 22, 2024, from https://www.adrc.asia/documents/dm_information/Philippines_NDRRM_Plan_2011-2028.pdf National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. (n.d.). The Updated National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) of the Philippines. Retrieved from https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4147/NDRRMP-Pre-Publication-Copy-v2.pdf