NCERT Class 10 Geography PDF

Contents ❋ ✁✂✄ ✁☎ ✐✐✐ ✶✆ ❘✂✝ ✞✁✟✂✝ ✠✡☎ ☛✂☞✂✌ ✍✎✂✡✏ ✶ ✷✆ ❋ ✁✂✝✏ ✠✡☎ ✑✒✌☎✌✒✓✂ ❘✂✝ ✞✁✟✂✝ ✶✔ ✸✆ ✑✠✏✂✁ ❘✂✝ ✞✁✟✂✝ ✷✸ ✔✆ ❆✕✁✒✟✞✌✏✞✁✂ ✸✔ ✺✆ ▼✒✡✂✁✠✌✝ ✠✡☎ ✖✡✂✁✕✗ ❘✂✝ ✞✁✟✂✝ ✺✘ ✻✆ ▼✠✡✞✓✠✟✏✞✁✒✡✕ ✙✡☎✞✝✏✁✒✂✝ ✻✺ ✼...

Contents ❋ ✁✂✄ ✁☎ ✐✐✐ ✶✆ ❘✂✝ ✞✁✟✂✝ ✠✡☎ ☛✂☞✂✌ ✍✎✂✡✏ ✶ ✷✆ ❋ ✁✂✝✏ ✠✡☎ ✑✒✌☎✌✒✓✂ ❘✂✝ ✞✁✟✂✝ ✶✔ ✸✆ ✑✠✏✂✁ ❘✂✝ ✞✁✟✂✝ ✷✸ ✔✆ ❆✕✁✒✟✞✌✏✞✁✂ ✸✔ ✺✆ ▼✒✡✂✁✠✌✝ ✠✡☎ ✖✡✂✁✕✗ ❘✂✝ ✞✁✟✂✝ ✺✘ ✻✆ ▼✠✡✞✓✠✟✏✞✁✒✡✕ ✙✡☎✞✝✏✁✒✂✝ ✻✺ ✼✆ ▲✒✓✂ ▲✒✡✂✝ ✓ ✚✠✏✒ ✡✠✌ ✖✟ ✡ ✎✗ ✽✶ ❆✍✍✂✡☎✒✛✜✙ ✾✔ ❆✍✍✂✡☎✒✛✜✙✙ ✾✺ ❆✍✍✂✡☎✒✛✜✙✙✙ ✾✼ ✌ ✝✝✠✁✗ ✾✽  ❚✆✁ ♣✂☞✎✁✏✏ ☞✒ ☎✂✠✞✏✒☞✂✍✠☎✝☞✞ ☞✒ ☎✆✝✞✟✏ Can you identify and name the various items used in making life comfortable in our ✠ ✠✝✡✠☛✡✁ ✝✞ ☞✌✂ ✁✞ ✝✂☞✞✍✁✞☎ ✝✞ ☞✡ ✁✏ ✠✞ villages and towns. List the items and name ✝✞☎✁✂ ✲ ✑✁♣✁✞✑✁✞☎ ✂✁✡✠ ☎✝ ☞✞✏✆✝♣ ☛✁☎✇✁✁✞ the material used in their making. ✞✠☎✌✂✁✓ ☎✁✎✆✞☞✡☞✟✄ ✠✞✑ ✝✞✏☎✝☎✌☎✝☞✞✏✖ ♥✌✍✠✞ ☛ ✁✝✞ ✟✏ ✝✞ ☎✁✂ ✠ ✎☎ ✇ ✝ ☎✆ ✞ ✠ ☎✌✂ ✁ ☎✆✂ ☞✌✟✆ ☎✁ ✎✆✞ ☞✡☞✟✄ ✠ ✞✑ ✎✂✁✠ ☎✁ ✝✞✏ ☎✝ ☎✌☎✝ ☞✞✏ ☎☞ ❊ ✁✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✠ ✠✝✡✠☛✡✁ ✝✞ ☞✌✂ ✁✞ ✝✂☞✞✍✁✞☎ ✠✎✎✁✡✁✂✠☎✁ ☎✆✁✝✂ ✁✎☞✞☞✍✝✎ ✑✁ ✁✡☞♣✍✁✞☎✖ ✇✆✝✎✆ ✎✠✞ ☛✁ ✌✏✁✑ ☎☞ ✏✠☎✝✏✒✄ ☞✌✂ ✞✁✁✑✏✓ ❉☞ ✄☞✌ ☎✆✝✞✗ ☎✆✠☎ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✠✂✁ ✒✂✁✁ ✟✝✒☎✏ ♣✂☞ ✝✑✁✑✓ ✝☎ ✝✏ ☎✁✎✆✞☞✡☞✟✝✎✠✡✡✄ ✠✎✎✁✏✏✝☛✡✁✓ ☞✒ ✞✠☎✌✂✁ ✠✏ ✝✏ ✠✏✏✌✍✁✑ ☛✄ ✍✠✞✄♦ ❚✆✁✄ ✁ ✎☞✞ ☞✍ ✝ ✎✠ ✡✡✄ ✒✁✠ ✏✝☛ ✡✁ ✠ ✞✑ ✎✌✡ ☎✌✂ ✠ ✡ ✡✄ ✠✂✁ ✞☞☎✖ ✔✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✠✂✁ ✠ ✒✌✞✎☎✝☞✞ ☞✒ ✆✌✍✠✞ ✠✎✎✁♣☎✠☛✡✁ ✎✠✞ ☛✁ ☎✁✂✍✁✑ ✠✏ ❛✔✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✕✖ ✠✎☎✝ ✝☎✝✁✏✖ ♥✌✍✠✞ ☛✁✝✞✟✏ ☎✆✁✍✏✁✡ ✁✏ ✠✂✁ ✁✏✏✁✞☎✝✠✡ ✎☞✍♣☞✞✁✞☎✏ ☞✒ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏✖ ❚✆✁✄ ☎✂ ✠ ✞✏ ✒ ☞✂ ✍ ✍ ✠ ☎✁✂ ✝✠ ✡ ✠ ✠ ✝ ✡✠ ☛ ✡✁ ✝ ✞ ☞✌✂ ✁✞ ✝✂☞✞✍✁✞☎ ✝✞☎☞ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✠✞✑ ✌✏✁ ☎✆✁✍✖ ❚✆✁✏✁ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✎✠✞ ☛✁ ✎✡✠✏✏✝✒✝✁✑ ✝✞ ☎✆✁ ✒☞✡✡☞✇✝✞✟ ✇✠✄✏ ➊ ✭✘✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✥✧✤★✤✙ ✩ ✢✤✥✚✤✪ ✘✙✫ ✘✢✤✥✚✤✪ ✭✢✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✜✬✛✘✯✣✚✤✢✤✰✤✚✱ ✩ ✧✜✙✜✳✘✢✰✜ ✘✙✫ ✙✥✙✴✧✜✙✜✳✘✢✰✜ ✭✪✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✥✳✙✜✧✣✛✤✵ ✩ ✤✙✫✤✶✤✫✯✘✰✷ ✪✥❝❝✯✙✤✚✱✷ ✙✘✚✤✥✙✘✰ ✘✙✫ ✤✙✚✜✧✙✘✚✤✥✙✘✰ ❋✺✻✼ ✽✼✽✾ ✿❀❁❂❃❁❄❁✿❃❁✿❀ ❂❁❅❆❀❇❈✿❍❇❄ ❏❁❀❑❁❁✿ ✭✫✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✣✚✘✚✯✣ ✥✦ ✫✜✶✜✰✥✵❝✜✙✚ ✩ ✿❆❀▲❂❁▼ ❀❁◆❍✿❈❅❈P◗ ❆✿❃ ❇✿❀❇❀▲❀❇❈✿ ✵✥✚✜✙✚✤✘✰✷ ✫✜✶✜✰✥✵✜✫ ✣✚✥✪✸ ✘✙✫ ✧✜✣✜✧✶✜✣✹ ❋✺✻✼ ✽✼❘✾ ❙❅❆❇❯❇◆❆❀❇❈✿ ❈❯ ❂❁❈▲❂◆❁  ❜✱❛✇✴✧★✲✬✭✦ ✫✬ ✲✧✩❛✬ ❛✧✤❛✦ ❛✧✤ ✭✤ ✮❛✳✪★ Identify at least two resources from each ❛✳✳✤✦✦✫✩✱✤ ✪★ ❛✱✱ ✪✣✤ ❜✤★❜✱✤ ✱✫✰✫✬✴ ✪✣✤✧✤✶ category. ◆❂✕✓✔❘❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✤✳✣✬✫✳❛✱✱✇✵ ❛✱✱ ✪✣✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✩✤✱★✬✴ ✪★ ✪✣✤ ✬❛✪✫★✬✶ ✢✣✤ ✳★✲✬✪✧✇ ❚❨ ✁✂ ❖✄ ✥✁✂❖❊☎✆✁✂ ✣❛✦ ✱✤✴❛✱ ❜★✹✤✧✦ ✪★ ❛✳❤✲✫✧✤ ✤✰✤✬ ❜✧✫✰❛✪✤ ❜✧★❜✤✧✪✇ ✮★✧ ❜✲✩✱✫✳ ✴★★✭✶ ♦★✲ ✯✫✴✣✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✦✤✤✬ ✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✝✑✍✒✍✞ ✧★❛✭✦✵ ✳❛✬❛✱✦✵ ✧❛✫✱✹❛✇✦ ✩✤✫✬✴ ✳★✬✦✪✧✲✳✪✤✭ ★✬ ❇✓✔✕✓✖ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✦✤ ❛✧✤ ★✩✪❛✫✬✤✭ ✮✧★✯ ✮✫✤✱✭✦ ★✹✬✤✭ ✩✇ ✦★✯✤ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱✦✶ P✧✩❛✬ ✩✫★✦❜✣✤✧✤ ❛✬✭ ✣❛✰✤ ✱✫✮✤ ✦✲✳✣ ❛✦ ✣✲✯❛✬ ✩✤✫✬✴✦✵ ❳✤✰✤✱★❜✯✤✬✪ ✸✲✪✣★✧✫✪✫✤✦ ✴✤✪ ✤✯❜★✹✤✧✤✭ ✩✇ ✪✣✤ ✮✱★✧❛ ❛✬✭ ✮❛✲✬❛✵ ✮✫✦✣✤✧✫✤✦✵ ✱✫✰✤✦✪★✳❢ ✤✪✳✶ ✴★✰✤✧✬✯✤✬✪ ✪★ ❛✳❤✲✫✧✤ ✱❛✬✭✶ ✸✱✱ ✪✣✤ ✯✫✬✤✧❛✱✦✵ ✹❛✪✤✧ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✵ ✮★✧✤✦✪✦✵ ✹✫✱✭✱✫✮✤✵ ✱❛✬✭ ✹✫✪✣✫✬ ❆✷✓✔✕✓✖ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✸✱✱ ✪✣★✦✤ ✪✣✫✬✴✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤ ✪✣✤ ❜★✱✫✪✫✳❛✱ ✩★✲✬✭❛✧✫✤✦ ❛✬✭ ★✳✤❛✬✫✳ ❛✧✤❛ ✲❜✪★ ✳★✯❜★✦✤✭ ★✮ ✬★✬❝✱✫✰✫✬✴ ✪✣✫✬✴✦ ❛✧✤ ✳❛✱✱✤✭ ❛✩✫★✪✫✳ ❄❅ ✬❛✲✪✫✳❛✱ ✯✫✱✤✦ ✐❄❩✶❅ ❢✯❈ ✮✧★✯ ✪✣✤ ✳★❛✦✪ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ r★✧ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✵ ✧★✳❢✦ ❛✬✭ ✯✤✪❛✱✦✶ ✪✤✧✯✤✭ ❛✦ ✪✤✧✧✫✪★✧✫❛✱ ✹❛✪✤✧ ❛✬✭ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✪✣✤✧✤✫✬ ✩✤✱★✬✴ ✪★ ✪✣✤ ✬❛✪✫★✬✶ ✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✻✼✠☞✽✌✟✍✾✍✿✍✟❀ ✗✘❘✘❁❂✷❃✘ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ❏❘ ✕✘✛❘❂✕✓✔❘❂❃ ✗ ✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✧✤ ❛✧ ✤ ✹✣✫✳✣ ✳❛✬ ✩✤ ✧✤✬✤✹✤✭ ★✧ ✧✤❜✧★✭✲✳✤✭ ✩✇ ✫✬✪✤✧✬❛✪✫★✬❛✱ ✫✬✦✪✫✪✲✪✫★✬✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ✧✤✴✲✱❛✪✤ ✦★✯✤ ❜✣✇✦✫✳❛✱✵ ✳✣✤✯✫✳❛✱ ★✧ ✯✤✳✣❛✬✫✳❛✱ ❜✧★✳✤✦✦✤✦ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ ✢✣✤ ★✳✤❛✬✫✳ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✩✤✇★✬✭ ❅❬❬ ❛✧✤ ❢✬★✹✬ ❛✦ ✧✤✬✤✹❛✩✱✤ ★✧ ✧✤❜✱✤✬✫✦✣❛✩✱✤ ❢✯ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ❭❪❫❴❵❞❡❣❥ ❭❫❦❧❦♥❡❫ q❦❧❥ ✩✤✱★✬✴ ✪★ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ r★✧ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✵ ✦★✱❛✧ ❛✬✭ ✹✫✬✭ ★❜✤✬ ★✳✤❛✬ ❛✬✭ ✬★ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱ ✳★✲✬✪✧✇ ✳❛✬ ✤✬✤✧✴✇✵ ✹❛✪✤✧✵ ✮★✧✤✦✪✦ ❛✬✭ ✹✫✱✭✱✫✮✤✵ ✤✪✳✶ ✢✣✤ ✲✪✫✱✫✦✤ ✪✣✤✦✤ ✹✫✪✣★✲✪ ✪✣✤ ✳★✬✳✲✧✧✤✬✳✤ ★✮ ✫✬✪✤✧✬❛✪✫★✬❛✱ ✫✬✦✪✫✪✲✪✫★✬✦✶ ✧✤✬✤✹❛✩✱✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤ ✯❛✇ ✮✲✧✪✣✤✧ ✩✤ ✭✫✰✫✭✤✭ ✫✬✪★ ✳★✬✪✫✬✲★✲✦ ★✧ ✮✱★✹ ✐r✫✴✶❄✶❅❈✶ ◆✔❘❉✗✘❘✘❁❂✷❃✘ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✦✤ ★✳✳✲✧ ★✰✤✧ ❛ ✰✤✧✇ ✱★✬✴ ✴✤★✱★✴✫✳❛✱ ✪✫✯✤✶ ❋✫✬✤✧❛✱✦ ❛✬✭ ✮★✦✦✫✱ Do you know that India has got the right to ✮✲✤✱✦ ❛✧✤ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✦ ★✮ ✦✲✳✣ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ ✢✣✤✦✤ mine manganese nodules from the bed of ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✪❛❢✤ ✯✫✱✱✫★✬✦ ★✮ ✇✤❛✧✦ ✫✬ ✪✣✤✫✧ the Indian Ocean from that area which lies ✮★✧✯❛✪✫★✬✶ ★✯✤ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✱✫❢✤ ✯✤✪❛✱✦ beyond the exclusive economic zone. Identify ❛✧✤ ✧✤✳✇✳✱❛✩✱✤ ❛✬✭ ✦★✯✤ ✱✫❢✤ ✮★✦✦✫✱ ✮✲✤✱✦ ✳❛✬✬★✪ some other resources which are international ✩✤ ✧✤✳✇✳✱✤✭ ❛✬✭ ✴✤✪ ✤✺✣❛✲✦✪✤✭ ✹✫✪✣ ✪✣✤✫✧ ✲✦✤✶ in nature. ✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✝❍✞✡✑✌✠✍ ✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✟✠✡ s✟☞✟✽✌ ✎✏ t✡✉✡✿✎✈✡✞✟ ❏❘❑✓▲✓❑✚❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✦✤ ❛✧✤ ❛✱✦★ ★✹✬✤✭ ①✔✕✘❘✕✓❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ②✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤ ❜✧✫✰❛✪✤✱✇ ✩✇ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱✦✶ ❋❛✬✇ ✮❛✧✯✤✧✦ ★✹✬ ✮★✲✬✭ ✫✬ ❛ ✧✤✴✫★✬✵ ✩✲✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✬★✪ ✩✤✤✬ ✲✪✫✱✫✦✤✭✶ ✱❛✬✭ ✹✣✫✳✣ ✫✦ ❛✱✱★✪✪✤✭ ✪★ ✪✣✤✯ ✩✇ ✴★✰✤✧✬✯✤✬✪ r★✧ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✵ ✪✣✤ ✹✤✦✪✤✧✬ ❜❛✧✪✦ ★✮ ▼✬✭✫❛ ❛✴❛✫✬✦✪ ✪✣✤ ❜❛✇✯✤✬✪ ★✮ ✧✤✰✤✬✲✤✶ ▼✬ ✰✫✱✱❛✴✤✦ ❜❛✧✪✫✳✲✱❛✧✱✇ ②❛③❛✦✪✣❛✬ ❛✬✭ ④✲③❛✧❛✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✪✣✤✧✤ ❛✧✤ ❜✤★❜✱✤ ✹✫✪✣ ✱❛✬✭ ★✹✬✤✧✦✣✫❜ ✩✲✪ ✪✣✤✧✤ ✤✬★✧✯★✲✦ ❜★✪✤✬✪✫❛✱ ✮★✧ ✪✣✤ ✭✤✰✤✱★❜✯✤✬✪ ★✮ ✹✫✬✭ ❛✧✤ ✯❛✬✇ ✹✣★ ❛✧✤ ✱❛✬✭✱✤✦✦✶ P✧✩❛✬ ❜✤★❜✱✤ ★✹✬ ❛✬✭ ✦★✱❛✧ ✤✬✤✧✴✇✵ ✩✲✪ ✦★ ✮❛✧ ✪✣✤✦✤ ✣❛✰✤ ✬★✪ ✩✤✤✬ ❜✱★✪✦✵ ✣★✲✦✤✦ ❛✬✭ ★✪✣✤✧ ❜✧★❜✤✧✪✇✶ ♣✱❛✬✪❛✪✫★✬✵ ✭✤✰✤✱★❜✤✭ ❜✧★❜✤✧✱✇✶ ❜❛✦✪✲✧✤ ✱❛✬✭✦✵ ❜★✬✭✦✵ ✹❛✪✤✧ ✫✬ ✹✤✱✱✦ ✤✪✳✶ ❛✧✤ ⑤✘▲✘❃✔⑥✘❑ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ②✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤ ✦★✯✤ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✦ ★✮ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ★✹✬✤✧✦✣✫❜ ✦✲✧✰✤✇✤✭ ❛✬✭ ✪✣✤✫✧ ❤✲❛✱✫✪✇ ❛✬✭ ❤✲❛✬✪✫✪✇ ✣❛✰✤ ✩✇ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱✦✶ ❋❛❢✤ ❛ ✱✫✦✪ ★✮ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ★✹✬✤✭ ✩✤✤✬ ✭✤✪✤✧✯ ✫✬✤✭ ✮★✧ ✲✪✫✱✫✦❛✪✫★✬✶ ✢✣✤ ✩✇ ✇★✲✧ ✣★✲✦✤✣★✱✭✶ ✭✤✰✤✱★❜✯✤✬ ✪ ★✮ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✭✤❜✤✬✭✦ ★✬ ◗✔❙❙✚❘✓✕❯ ❱❁❘✘❑ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✧✤ ❛✧✤ ✪✤✳✣✬★✱★✴✇ ❛✬✭ ✱✤✰✤✱ ★✮ ✪✣✤✫✧ ✮✤❛✦✫✩✫✱✫✪✇✶ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤ ❛✳✳✤✦✦✫✩✱✤ ✪★ ❛✱✱ ✪✣✤ ⑦✕✔✖⑧✜ ❋❛✪✤✧✫❛✱✦ ✫✬ ✪✣✤ ✤✬✰✫✧★✬✯✤✬✪ ✹✣✫✳✣ ✯✤✯✩✤✧✦ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ✳★✯✯✲✬✫✪✇✶ ♠✫✱✱❛✴✤ ✳★✯✯★✬✦ ✣❛✰✤ ✪✣✤ ❜★✪✤✬✪✫❛✱ ✪★ ✦❛✪✫✦✮✇ ✣✲✯❛✬ ✬✤✤✭✦ ✩✲✪ ✐✴✧❛❲✫✬✴ ✴✧★✲✬✭✦✵ ✩✲✧✫❛✱ ✴✧★✲✬✭✦✵ ✰✫✱✱❛✴✤ ✣✲✯❛✬ ✩✤✫✬✴✦ ✭★ ✬★✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✪✣✤ ❛❜❜✧★❜✧✫❛✪✤ ❜★✬✭✦✵ ✤✪✳✶❈ ❜✲✩✱✫✳ ❜❛✧❢✦✵ ❜✫✳✬✫✳ ✦❜★✪✦✵ ✪✤✳✣✬★✱★✴✇ ✪★ ❛✳✳✤✦✦ ✪✣✤✦✤✵ ❛✧✤ ✫✬✳✱✲✭✤✭ ❛✯★✬✴ 2 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II s ✁✂✄✳ ☎✆✝ ✞✟✠✡☛☞✞✌ ✍✠✎✞✝ ✏✑ ✠ ✒✆✡☛✆✓✔✕ ✆✖ ❆✔ ✞✜✓✏✎✠t☞✞ ✕✏✑✎✝✏t✓✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✙✠✑ ✎✍✆ ✏✔✖☞✠✡✡✠t☞✞ ✗✠✑✞✑✘ ✙✚✕✝✆✗✞✔ ✠✔✕ ✆✟✚✗✞✔✌ t✞✒✆✡✞ ✞✑✑✞✔✎✏✠☞ ✖✆✝ ✠ ✑✓✑✎✠✏✔✞✕ ✜✓✠☞✏✎✚ ✆✖ ☞✏✖✞ ✍✙✏✒✙ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ ✠✑ ✠ ✝✏✒✙ ✑✆✓✝✒✞ ✆✖ ✞✔✞✝✗✚✳ ✠✔✕ ✗☞✆t✠☞ ☛✞✠✒✞✳ ❛✖ ✎✙✞ ☛✝✞✑✞✔✎ ✎✝✞✔✕ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞ ❇✓✎ ✍✞ ✕✆ ✔✆✎ ✙✠✛✞ ✎✙✞ ✝✞✜✓✏✝✞✕ ✎✞✒✙✔✏✒✠☞ ✕✞☛☞✞✎✏✆✔ t✚ ✠ ✖✞✍ ✏✔✕✏✛✏✕✓✠☞✑ ✠✔✕ ✒✆✓✔✎✝✏✞✑ ➅✢✔✆✍✣✙✆✍✤ ✎✆ ✓✑✞ ✎✙✞✡ ✖✆✝ ✎✙✏✑ ☛✓✝☛✆✑✞✳ ✒✆✔✎✏✔✓✞✑✌ ✎✙✞ ✖✓✎✓✝✞ ✆✖ ✆✓✝ ☛☞✠✔✞✎ ✏✑ ✏✔ ✕✠✔✗✞✝✳ ❍✞✔✒✞✌ ✏✎ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✒✆✔✑✏✕✞✝✞✕ ✠✑ ✑✎✆✒✢✳ ❜✙✞✝✞✖✆✝✞✌ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞ ☛☞✠✔✔✏✔✗ ✏✑ ✞✑✑✞✔✎✏✠☞ ✖✆✝ ❘✥s✥✦✧✥s ✠✝✞ ✎✙✞ ✑✓t✑✞✎ ✆✖ ✎✙✞ ✑✎✆✒✢✌ ✍✙✏✒✙ ✑✓✑✎✠✏✔✠t☞✞ ✞✟✏✑✎✞✔✒✞ ✆✖ ✠☞☞ ✖✆✝✡✑ ✆✖ ☞✏✖✞✳ ✒✠✔ t✞ ☛✓✎ ✏✔✎✆ ✓✑✞ ✍✏✎✙ ✎✙✞ ✙✞☞☛ ✆✖ ✞✟✏✑✎✏✔✗ ❙✓✑✎✠✏✔✠t☞✞ ✞✟✏✑✎✞✔✒✞ ✏✑ ✠ ✒✆✡☛✆✔✞✔✎ ✆✖ ✎✞✒✙✔✏✒✠☞ ➅✢✔✆✍✣✙✆✍✤ t✓✎ ✎✙✞✏✝ ✓✑✞ ✙✠✑ ✔✆✎ ✑✓✑✎✠✏✔✠t☞✞ ✕✞✛✞☞✆☛✡✞✔✎✳ t✞✞✔ ✑✎✠✝✎✞✕✳ ❜✙✞✑✞ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ ✖✆✝ ✡✞✞✎✏✔✗ ✖✓✎✓✝✞ ✝✞✜✓✏✝✞✡✞✔✎✑✳ ❢✏✛✞✝ ✍✠✎✞✝ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ Sustainable development ✖✆✝ ✗✞✔ ✞✝✠✎✏✔ ✗ ✙✚ ✕✝✆✞☞✞✒✎✝✏✒ ☛✆✍✞✝ t✓✎ Sustainable economic development means ☛✝✞✑✞✔✎☞✚✌ ✏✎ ✏✑ t✞✏✔✗ ✓✎✏☞✏✑✞✕ ✆✔☞✚ ✎✆ ✠ ☞✏✡✏✎✞✕ ‘development should take place without ✞✟✎✞✔✎✳ ❜✙✓✑✌ ✎✙✞ ✍✠✎✞✝ ✏✔ ✎✙✞ ✕✠✡✑✌ ✖✆✝✞✑✎✑ ✞✎✒✳ damaging the environment, and development ✏✑ ✠ ✝✞✑✞✝✛✞ ✍✙✏✒✙ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ ✏✔ ✎✙✞ ✖✓✎✓✝✞✳ in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.’ Prepare a list of stock and reserve, resources that you are familiar with from your local area. Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992 ❉❊★❊✩✪✫✬❊✭✮ ✪❖ ✯❊✰✪✱✲✴❊✰ In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first ❢✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✠✝✞ ✛✏✎✠☞ ✖✆✝ ✙✓✡✠✔ ✑✓✝✛✏✛✠☞ ✠✑ ✍✞☞☞ International Earth Summit. The Summit was ✠✑ ✖✆✝ ✡✠✏✔✎✠✏✔✏✔✗ ✎✙✞ ✜✓✠☞✏✎✚ ✆✖ ☞✏✖✞✳ ❛✎ ✍✠✑ convened for addressing urgent problems of t✞☞✏✞✛✞✕ ✎✙✠✎ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✠✝✞ ✖✝✞✞ ✗✏✖✎✑ ✆✖ ✔✠✎✓✝✞✳ environmental protection and socio- ❆✑ ✠ ✝✞✑✓ ☞✎ ✌ ✙✓ ✡✠✔ t✞✏✔ ✗✑ ✓✑✞✕ ✎ ✙✞✡ economic development at the global level. ✏✔✕✏✑✒✝✏✡✏✔✠✎✞☞✚ ✠✔✕ ✎✙✏✑ ✙✠✑ ☞✞✕ ✎✆ ✎✙✞ The assembled leaders signed the ✖✆☞☞✆✍✏✔✗ ✡✠✵✆✝ ☛✝✆t☞✞✡✑✳ Declaration on Global Climatic Change and ⑩ ✶✞☛☞✞✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✖✆✝ ✑✠✎✏✑✖✚✏✔✗ ✎✙✞ Biological Diversity. The Rio Convention ✗✝✞✞✕ ✆✖ ✖✞✍ ✏✔✕✏✛✏✕✓✠☞✑✳ endorsed the global Forest Principles and ⑩ ❆✒✒✓✡✓☞✠✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✏✔ ✖✞✍ ✙✠✔✕✑✌ ✍✙✏✒✙✌ adopted Agenda 21 for achieving ✏✔ ✎✓✝✔✌ ✕✏✛✏✕✞✕ ✎✙✞ ✑✆✒✏✞✎✚ ✏✔✎✆ ✎✍✆ ✑✞✗✡✞✔✎✑ Sustainable Development in the 21st century. ✏✳✞✳ ✙✠✛✞✑ ✠✔✕ ✙✠✛✞ ✔✆✎✑ ✆✝ ✝✏✒✙ ✠✔✕ ☛✆✆✝✳ Agenda 21 ⑩ ❛✔✕✏✑✒✝✏✡✏✔✠✎✞ ✞✟☛☞✆✏✎✠✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✙✠✑ ☞✞✕ ✎✆ ✗☞✆t✠☞ ✞✒✆☞✆✗✏✒✠☞ ✒✝✏✑✞✑ ✑✓✒✙ ✠✑✌ ✗☞✆t✠☞ It is the declaration signed by world leaders ✍✠✝✡✏✔✗✌ ✆✇✆✔✞ ☞✠✚✞✝ ✕✞☛☞✞✎✏✆✔✌ ✞✔✛✏✝✆✔✡✞✔✎✠☞ in 1992 at the United Nations Conference ☛✆☞☞✓✎✏✆✔ ✠✔✕ ☞✠✔✕ ✕✞✗✝✠✕✠✎✏✆✔✳ on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It aims at achieving global sustainable 1. Imagine, if the oil supply gets exhausted development. It is an agenda to combat one day, how would this affect our life style? environmental damage, poverty, disease 2. Plan a survey in your colony/village to through global co-operation on common investigate people’s attitude towards interests, mutual needs and shared recycling of the domestic/agricultural responsibilities. One major objective of the wastes. Ask questions about : Agenda 21 is that every local government (a) What do they think about resources should draw its own local Agenda 21. they use? (b) What is their opinion about the ✯❊✰✪✱✲✴❊ ✷✩▲✭✭✸✭✹ wastes, and its utilisation? (c) Collage your results. P☞✠✔✔✏✔✗ ✏✑ ✎✙✞ ✍✏✕✞☞✚ ✠✒✒✞☛✎✞✕ ✑✎✝✠✎✞✗✚ ✖✆✝ ✵✓✕✏✒✏✆✓✑ ✓✑✞ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑✳ ❛✎ ✙✠✑ ✏✡☛✆✝✎✠✔✒✞ RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 3 ✐ ✁ ✂✄☎ ✆✝✞ ✟✐✠✡ ☛ ☞✐✁✌ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✎✁✏ ✡ ✄✝✑✄☎✏ ✕✎✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✐✏ ✁ ✡✂✡✏✏✁✝✞ ☞✐❞✡✝✏✐✆✞ ✐ ✆✎✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ✕✎✡✝✡ ✂✄ ☞✐✆✐✄ ✓✄✝ ✆✎✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆ ✄✓ ✁ ✞ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✌ ✒☎✆ ✁✝✡ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✁✝✡ ✝✐✂✎ ✐ ✂✡✝✆✁✐ ✆✞✖✡✏ ✄✓ ✑✡✝✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✐ ✆✎✡ ✁✒✏✡ ✂✡ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✒☎✆ ✁✝✡ ☞✡✓✐✂✐✡ ✆ ✐ ✏✄✑✡ ✄✆✎✡✝ ✂✄✝✝✡✏✖✄ ☞✐ ❛ ✂✎✁ ❛✡✏ ✐ ✆✡✂✎ ✄✟✄❛✞ ✁ ☞ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ✕✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡ ✏✄✑✡ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✂✁ ✐ ✏✆✐✆☎✆✐✄ ✏ ✑✁✞ ✎✐ ☞✡✝ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆✔ ✕✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡ ✒✡ ✂✄ ✏✐☞✡✝✡☞ ✏✡✟✓ ✏☎✓✓✐✂✐✡ ✆ ✐ ✆✡✝✑✏ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✑✁ ✞ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✏ ✐ ✄☎✝ ✂✄☎ ✆✝✞ ✆✎✁✆ ✁✝✡ ✝✐✂✎ ✐ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁ ☞ ✆✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡ ✏✄✑✡ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✒☎✆ ✆✎✡✏✡ ✁✝✡ ✐ ✂✟☎☞✡☞ ✐ ✡✂✄ ✄✑✐✂✁✟✟✞ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✎✁❞✡ ✁✂☎✆✡ ✏✎✄✝✆✁❛✡ ✄✓ ✏✄✑✡ ❞✐✆✁✟ ✒✁✂✠✍✁✝☞ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✏✔ ❜ ✆✎✡ ✂✄ ✆✝✁✝✞ ✆✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ r✄✝ ✡✗✁✑✖✟✡✌ ✆✎✡ ✏✆✁✆✡✏ ✄✓ ✏✄✑✡ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✎✁❞✡ ✁ ✖✄✄✝ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✒✁✏✡ ❏✎✁✝✠✎✁ ☞✌ ✘✎✎✁✆✆✐✏❛✁✝✎ ✁ ☞ ✙✁☞✎✞✁ ✒☎✆ ✆✎✡✞ ✁✝✡ ✡✂✄ ✄✑✐✂✁✟✟✞ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✡☞✔ P✝✁☞✡✏✎ ✁✝✡ ✝✐✂✎ ✐ ✑✐ ✡✝✁✟✏ ✁ ☞ ✂✄✁✟ ☞✡✖✄✏✐✆✏✔ ❈✢✣ ✤✥✦ ✣✢✧★ ✩✥✧★ ✪★✩✥✦✪✫★ ✪✬✫✭ ✮✦✯ ❆✝☎ ✁✂✎✁✟ P✝✁☞✡✏✎ ✎✁✏ ✁✒☎ ☞✁ ✂✡ ✄✓ ✍✁✆✡✝ ★✫✥✣✥✧✬✫✢❡❡✤ ✮✢✫✰✱✢✪✲ ✪★✳✬✥✣✩ ✢✣✲ ✩✥✧★ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✒☎✆ ✟✁✂✠✏ ✐ ✐ ✓✝✁✏✆✝☎✂✆☎✝✁✟ ✪★✩✥✦✪✫★ ✴✥✥✪ ✮✦✯ ★✫✥✣✥✧✬✫✢❡❡✤ ✲★✵★❡✥✴★✲ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆✔ ✕✎✡ ✏✆✁✆✡ ✄✓ ✚✁✛✁✏✆✎✁ ✐✏ ❞✡✝✞ ✍✡✟✟ ✪★✳✬✥✣✩✶ ✷✬✵★ ✪★✢✩✥✣✩ ✸✥✪ ✩✦✫✭ ✢ ✩✬✯✦✢✯✬✥✣✹ ✡ ☞✄✍✡☞ ✍✐✆✎ ✏✄✟✁✝ ✁ ☞ ✍✐ ☞ ✡ ✡✝❛✞ ✒☎✆ ✟✁✂✠✏ ✐ ✍✁✆✡✝ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ✕✎✡ ✂✄✟☞ ☞✡✏✡✝✆ ✄✓ ✜✁☞✁✠✎ ✕✎✡ ✎✐✏✆✄✝✞ ✄✓ ✂✄✟✄ ✐✏✁✆✐✄ ✝✡❞✡✁✟✏ ✆✎✁✆ ✝✐✂✎ ✐✏ ✝✡✟✁✆✐❞✡✟✞ ✐✏✄✟✁✆✡☞ ✓✝✄✑ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✆ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✐ ✂✄✟✄ ✐✡✏ ✍✡✝✡ ✆✎✡ ✑✁✐ ✁✆✆✝✁✂✆✐✄ ✏ ✂✄☎ ✆✝✞✔ ☛✆ ✎✁✏ ❞✡✝✞ ✝✐✂✎ ✂☎✟✆☎✝✁✟ ✎✡✝✐✆✁❛✡ ✒☎✆ ✓✄✝ ✆✎✡ ✓✄✝✡✐❛ ✐ ❞✁☞✡✝✏✔ ☛✆ ✍✁✏ ✖✝✐✑✁✝✐✟✞ ✆✎✡ ✐✆ ✐✏ ☞✡✓✐✂✐✡ ✆ ✐ ✍✁✆✡✝✌ ✐ ✓✝✁✏✆✝☎✂✆☎✝✡ ✁ ☞ ✏✄✑✡ ✎✐❛✎✡✝ ✟✡❞✡✟ ✄✓ ✆✡✂✎ ✄✟✄❛✐✂✁✟ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ❞✐✆✁✟ ✑✐ ✡✝✁✟✏✔ ✕✎✐✏ ✂✁✟✟✏ ✓✄✝ ✒✁✟✁ ✂✡☞ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✂✄✟✄ ✐✏✐ ❛ ✂✄☎ ✆✝✐✡✏ ✆✎✁✆ ✎✡✟✖✡☞ ✆✎✡✑ ✆✄ ✖✟✁ ✐ ❛ ✁✆ ✆✎✡ ✁✆✐✄ ✁✟✌ ✏✆✁✆✡✌ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✁✟ ✁ ☞ ✡✗✖✟✄✐✆ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✄✓ ✄✆✎✡✝ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✏ ✁ ☞ ✡✏✆✁✒✟✐✏✎ ✟✄✂✁✟ ✟✡❞✡✟✏✔ ✆✎✡✐✝ ✏☎✖✝✡✑✁✂✞ ✄❞✡✝ ✆✎✡ ✂✄✟✄ ✐✡✏✔ ✕✎✡✝✡✓✄✝✡✌ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✂✁ ✂✄ ✆✝✐✒☎✆✡ ✆✄ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆ ✄ ✟✞ ✍✎✡ ✆✎✡✞ ✁✝✡ ✁✂✂✄✑✖✁ ✐✡☞ ✒✞ ✁✖✖✝✄✖✝✐✁✆✡ Prepare a list of resources found in your state ✆✡✂✎ ✄✟✄❛✐✂✁✟ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆ ✁ ☞ ✐ ✏✆✐✆☎✆✐✄ ✁✟ and also identify the resources that are ✂✎✁ ❛✡✏✔ ☛ ☞✐✁ ✎✁✏ ✡✗✖✡✝✐✡ ✂✡☞ ✁✟✟ ✆✎✐✏ ✐ important but deficit in your state. ☞✐✓✓✡✝✡ ✆ ✖✎✁✏✡✏ ✄✓ ✂✄✟✄ ✐✏✁✆✐✄ ✔ ✕✎✡✝✡✓✄✝✡✌ ✐ ☛ ☞✐✁✌ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆✌ ✐ ❛✡ ✡✝✁✟✌ ✁ ☞ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆ ✐ ✖✁✝✆✐✂☎✟✁✝ ☞✄✡✏ ✄✆ ✄ ✟✞ ✐ ❞✄✟❞✡ ❘❑▲▼◆❖◗❑ ❙❚❯❱❱❲❱❳ ❲❱ ❨❱❩❲❯ ✆✎✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✌ ✒☎✆ ✁✟✏✄ ✆✎✡ ✚✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✖✟✁ ✐ ❛ ✐✏ ✁ ✂✄✑✖✟✡✗ ✖✝✄✂✡✏✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✆✡✂✎ ✄✟✄❛✞✌ t☎✁✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✎☎✑✁ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁ ☞ ✐ ❞✄✟❞✡✏ ❬✐❭ ✐☞✡ ✆✐✓✐✂✁✆✐✄ ✁ ☞ ✐ ❞✡ ✆✄✝✞ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✎✐✏✆✄✝✐✂✁✟ ✡✗✖✡✝✐✡ ✂✡✏ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✖✡✄✖✟✡✔ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁✂✝✄✏✏ ✆✎✡ ✝✡❛✐✄ ✏ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✂✄☎ ✆✝✞✔ ✺✻✼✽✾✿❀❁❂❃✻✼ ✻❄ ❅✾✽✻❇✿❉✾✽❊ ✚✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁✝✡ ✕✎✐✏ ✐ ❞✄✟❞✡✏ ✏☎✝❞✡✞✐ ❛✌ ✑✁✖✖✐ ❛ ✁ ☞ ❞✐✆✁✟ ✓✄✝ ✁ ✞ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆✁✟ ✁✂✆✐❞✐✆✞✔ ✈☎✆ t☎✁✟✐✆✁✆✐❞✡ ✁ ☞ t☎✁ ✆✐✆✁✆✐❞✡ ✡✏✆✐✑✁✆✐✄ ✁ ☞ ✐✝✝✁✆✐✄ ✁✟ ✂✄ ✏☎✑✖✆✐✄ ✁ ☞ ✄❞✡✝❋☎✆✐✟✐✏✁✆✐✄ ✑✡✁✏☎✝✡✑✡ ✆ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ❬✐✐❭ ♠❞✄✟❞✐ ❛ ✁ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✑✁✞ ✟✡✁☞ ✆✄ ✏✄✂✐✄❋✡✂✄ ✄✑✐✂ ✁ ☞ ✖✟✁ ✐ ❛ ✏✆✝☎✂✆☎✝✡ ✡ ☞✄✍✡☞ ✍✐✆✎ ✁✖✖✝✄✖✝✐✁✆✡ ✡ ❞✐✝✄ ✑✡ ✆✁✟ ✖✝✄✒✟✡✑✏✔ ✕✄ ✄❞✡✝✂✄✑✡ ✆✎✡✏✡ ✆✡✂✎ ✄✟✄❛✞✌ ✏✠✐✟✟ ✁ ☞ ✐ ✏✆✐✆☎✆✐✄ ✁✟ ✏✡✆ ☎✖ ✓✄✝ ✖✝✄✒✟✡✑✏✌ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✂✄ ✏✡✝❞✁✆✐✄ ✁✆ ❞✁✝✐✄☎✏ ✐✑✖✟✡✑✡ ✆✐ ❛ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆ ✖✟✁ ✏✔ ❬✐✐✐❭ ✟✡❞✡✟✏ ✐✏ ✐✑✖✄✝✆✁ ✆✔ ✕✎✐✏ ✎✁☞ ✒✡✡ ✆✎✡ ✑✁✐ ✙✁✆✂✎✐ ❛ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆ ✖✟✁ ✏ ✍✐✆✎ ✂✄ ✂✡✝ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✟✡✁☞✡✝✏ ✁ ☞ ✆✎✐ ✠✡✝✏ ✐ ✆✎✡ ✄❞✡✝✁✟✟ ✁✆✐✄ ✁✟ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡ ✆ ✖✟✁ ✏✔ ✖✁✏✆✔ r✄✝ ✡✗✁✑✖✟✡✌ ♣✁ ☞✎✐✛✐ ✍✁✏ ❞✡✝✞ ✁✖✆ ✐ ☛ ☞✐✁ ✎✁✏✑✁☞✡ ✂✄ ✂✡✝✆✡☞ ✡✓✓✄✝✆✏ ✓✄✝ ✁✂✎✐✡❞✐ ❛ ❞✄✐✂✐ ❛ ✎✐✏ ✂✄ ✂✡✝ ✁✒✄☎✆ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✆✎✡ ❛✄✁✟✏✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✖✟✁ ✐ ❛ ✝✐❛✎✆ ✓✝✄✑ ✆✎✡ r✐✝✏✆ ✂✄ ✏✡✝❞✁✆✐✄ ✐ ✆✎✡✏✡ ✍✄✝☞✏ ❍✕✎✡✝✡ ✐✏ ✡ ✄☎❛✎ r✐❞✡ ❪✡✁✝ P✟✁ ✟✁☎ ✂✎✡☞ ✁✓✆✡✝ ☛ ☞✡✖✡ ☞✡ ✂✡✔ ✓✄✝ ✡❞✡✝✞✒✄☞✞❢✏ ✡✡☞ ✁ ☞ ✄✆ ✓✄✝ ✁ ✞ ✒✄☞✞❢✏ ❛✝✡✡☞✔❣ ✡ ✖✟✁✂✡☞ ✆✎✡ ❛✝✡✡☞✞ ✁ ☞ ✏✡✟✓✐✏✎ ✐ ☞✐❞✐☞☎✁✟✏ ✁ ☞ ✡✗✖✟✄✐✆✁✆✐❞✡ ✁✆☎✝✡ ✄✓ ✑✄☞✡✝ What resources are being developed in your ✆✡✂✎ ✄✟✄❛✞ ✁✏ ✆✎✡ ✝✄✄✆ ✂✁☎✏✡ ✓✄✝ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ surroundings by the community/village ☞✡✖✟✡✆✐✄ ✁✆ ✆✎✡ ❛✟✄✒✁✟ ✟✡❞✡✟✔ ✡ ✍✁✏ ✁❛✁✐ ✏✆ panchayats/ward level communities with the ✑✁✏✏ ✖✝✄☞☎✂✆✐✄ ✁ ☞ ✍✁ ✆✡☞ ✆✄ ✝✡✖✟✁✂✡ ✐✆ ✍✐✆✎ help of community participation? ✆✎✡ ✖✝✄☞☎✂✆✐✄ ✒✞ ✆✎✡ ✑✁✏✏✡✏✔ 4 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II  At the international level, the Club of Rome ▲❆ ✁ ✥❚✂✄✂☎❆❚✂✆ advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968. ✝✞✟✠ ✡☛☞✌✍✡✎☛☞ ✞✡☛ ✍☞☛✠ ✏✌✡ ✑✒☛ ✏✌✓✓✌✔✕✟✖ Subsequently, in 1974, Gandhian philosophy ♣✍✡♣✌☞☛☞✗ was once again presented by Schumacher ✶✘ ❋✌✡☛☞✑☞ in his book Small is Beautiful. The seminal ✷✘ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✌✑ ✞✙✞✕✓✞✚✓☛ ✏✌✡ ✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑✕✌✟ contribution with respect to resource ✭✞✮ ❇✞✡✡☛✟ ✞✟✠ ✔✞☞✑☛ ✓✞✟✠ conservation at the global level was made ✭✚✮ ✝✞✟✠ ♣✍✑ ✑✌ ✟✌✟✛✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✍☞☛☞✜ ☛✘✖✘ by the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987. ✚✍✕✓✠✕✟✖☞✜ ✡✌✞✠☞✜ ✏✞✎✑✌✡✕☛☞✜ ☛✑✎✘ This report introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated ✸✘ ❖✑✒☛✡ ✍✟✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑☛✠ ✓✞✟✠ ✭☛✢✎✓✍✠✕✟✖ it as a means for resource conservation, ✏✞✓✓✌✔ ✓✞✟✠✮ which was subsequently published in a book ✭✞✮ P☛✡✣✞✟☛✟✑ ♣✞☞✑✍✡☛☞ ✞✟✠ ✖✡✞✤✕✟✖ ✓✞✟✠✜ entitled Our Common Future. Another ✭✚✮ ✝✞✟✠ ✍✟✠☛✡ ✣✕☞✎☛✓✓✞✟☛✌✍☞ ✑✡☛☛ ✎✡✌♣☞ significant contribution was made at the Earth ✖✡✌✙☛☞ ✭✟✌✑ ✕✟✎✓✍✠☛✠ ✕✟ ✟☛✑ ☞✌✔✟ ✞✡☛✞✮✜ Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. ✭✎✮ ❈✍✓✑✡✍✞✚✓☛ ✔✞☞✑☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✭✓☛✏✑ ✍✟✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑☛✠ ✏✌✡ ✣✌✡☛ ✑✒✞✟ ❢ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡☞✮✘ ▲❆ ✁ ✽❙☎✆❊✳✾❙☎ ✹✘ ❋✞✓✓✌✔ ✓✞✟✠☞ ❲☛ ✓✕✙☛ ✌✟ ✓✞✟✠✜ ✔☛ ♣☛✡✏✌✡✣ ✌✍✡ ☛✎✌✟✌✣✕✎ ✭✞✮ ❈✍✡✡☛✟✑ ✏✞✓✓✌✔✛✭✓☛✏✑ ✔✕✑✒✌✍✑ ✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑✕✌✟ ✏✌✡ ✞✎✑✕✙✕✑✕☛☞ ✌✟ ✓✞✟✠ ✞✟✠ ✔☛ ✍☞☛ ✕✑ ✕✟ ✠✕✏✏☛✡☛✟✑ ✔✞✦☞✘ ✌✟☛ ✌✡ ✓☛☞☞ ✑✒✞✟ ✌✟☛ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡✮✜ ✵✒✍☞✜ ✓✞✟✠ ✕☞ ✞ ✟✞✑✍✡✞✓ ✡☛☞✌✍✡✎☛ ✌✏ ✍✑✣✌☞✑ ✭✚✮ ❖✑✒☛✡ ✑✒✞✟ ✎✍✡✡☛✟✑ ✏✞✓✓✌✔✛✭✓☛✏✑ ✕✣♣✌✡✑✞✟✎☛✘ ✺✑ ☞✍♣♣✌✡✑☞ ✟✞✑✍✡✞✓ ✙☛✖☛✑✞✑✕✌✟✜ ✔✕✓✠ ✍✟✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑☛✠ ✏✌✡ ✑✒☛ ♣✞☞✑ ✶ ✑✌ ❢ ✓✕✏☛✜ ✒✍✣✞✟ ✓✕✏☛✜ ☛✎✌✟✌✣✕✎ ✞✎✑✕✙✕✑✕☛☞✜ ✑✡✞✟☞♣✌✡✑ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡☞✮✘ ✞✟✠ ✎✌✣✣✍✟✕✎✞✑✕✌✟ ☞✦☞✑☛✣☞✘ ✿✌✔☛✙☛✡✜ ✓✞✟✠ ✕☞ ❢✘ ◆☛✑ ☞✌✔✟ ✞✡☛✞ ✞✟ ✞☞☞☛✑ ✌✏ ✞ ✏✕✟✕✑☛ ✣✞✖✟✕✑✍✠☛✜ ✑✒☛✡☛✏✌✡☛✜ ✕✑ ✕☞ ✧✡☛✞ ☞✌✔✟ ✣✌✡☛ ✑✒✞✟ ✌✟✎☛ ✕✟ ✞✟ ✕✣♣✌✡✑✞✟✑ ✑✌ ✍☞☛ ✑✒☛ ✞✙✞✕✓✞✚✓☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✏✌✡ ✙✞✡✕✌✍☞ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡ ♣✓✍☞ ✟☛✑ ☞✌✔✟ ✞✡☛✞ ✕☞ ♣✍✡♣✌☞☛☞ ✔✕✑✒ ✎✞✡☛✏✍✓ ♣✓✞✟✟✕✟✖✘ ❦✟✌✔✟ ✞☞ ❣★✩✪✪ ✫★✩✬✬✯✰ ✱★✯✱✘ ✺✟✠✕✞ ✒✞☞ ✓✞✟✠ ✍✟✠☛✡ ✞ ✙✞✡✕☛✑✦ ✌✏ ✡☛✓✕☛✏ ✏☛✞✑✍✡☛☞✜ ✟✞✣☛✓✦❀ ✣✌✍✟✑✞✕✟☞✜ ♣✓✞✑☛✞✍☞✜ ♣✓✞✕✟☞ ▲❆ ✁ ✥☎❙ ✲❆❚❚❙✳ ✂ ✴ ✁✂❆ ✞✟✠ ✕☞✓✞✟✠☞✘ ✧✚✌✍✑ ✹✸ ♣☛✡ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✞✡☛✞ ✕☞ ♣✓✞✕✟✜ ✔✒✕✎✒ ♣✡✌✙✕✠☛☞ ✏✞✎✕✓✕✑✕☛☞ ✏✌✡ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡☛ ✵✒☛ ✍☞☛ ✌✏ ✓✞✟✠ ✕☞ ✠☛✑☛✡✣✕✟☛✠ ✚✌✑✒ ✚✦ ♣✒✦☞✕✎✞✓ ✞✟✠ ✕✟✠✍☞✑✡✦✘ ❞✌✍✟✑✞✕✟☞ ✞✎✎✌✍✟✑ ✏✌✡ ✸❁ ♣☛✡ ✏✞✎✑✌✡☞ ☞✍✎✒ ✞☞ ✑✌♣✌✖✡✞♣✒✦✜ ✎✓✕✣✞✑☛✜ ☞✌✕✓ ✑✦♣☛☞ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✑✌✑✞✓ ☞✍✡✏✞✎☛ ✞✡☛✞ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✎✌✍✟✑✡✦ ✞✟✠ ✞☞ ✔☛✓✓ ✞☞ ✒✍✣✞✟ ✏✞✎✑✌✡☞ ☞✍✎✒ ✞☞ ♣✌♣✍✓✞✑✕✌✟ ☛✟☞✍✡☛ ♣☛✡☛✟✟✕✞✓ ✏✓✌✔ ✌✏ ☞✌✣☛ ✡✕✙☛✡☞✜ ♣✡✌✙✕✠☛ ✠☛✟☞✕✑✦✜ ✑☛✎✒✟✌✓✌✖✕✎✞✓ ✎✞♣✞✚✕✓✕✑✦ ✞✟✠ ✎✍✓✑✍✡☛ ✏✞✎✕✓✕✑✕☛☞ ✏✌✡ ✑✌✍✡✕☞✣ ✞✟✠ ☛✎✌✓✌✖✕✎✞✓ ✞☞♣☛✎✑☞✘ ✞✟✠ ✑✡✞✠✕✑✕✌✟☞ ☛✑✎✘ ✧✚✌✍✑ ✷❂ ♣☛✡ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✞✡☛✞ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✎✌✍✟✑✡✦ ✕☞ ✵✌✑✞✓ ✖☛✌✖✡✞♣✒✕✎✞✓ ✞✡☛✞ ✌✏ ✺✟✠✕✞ ✕☞ ✸✘✷✻ ✑✒☛ ♣✓✞✑☛✞✍ ✡☛✖✕✌✟✘ ✺✑ ♣✌☞☞☛☞☞☛☞ ✡✕✎✒ ✡☛☞☛✡✙☛☞ ✣✕✓✓✕✌✟ ☞♠ ❦✣ ✝✞✟✠ ✍☞☛ ✠✞✑✞✜ ✒✌✔☛✙☛✡✜ ✕☞ ✌✏ ✣✕✟☛✡✞✓☞✜ ✏✌☞☞✕✓ ✏✍☛✓☞ ✞✟✠ ✏✌✡☛☞✑☞✘ ✞✙✞✕✓✞✚✓☛ ✌✟✓✦ ✏✌✡ ❛✸ ♣☛✡ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✑✌✑✞✓ ✞✡☛✞ ✚☛✎✞✍☞☛ ✑✒☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✍☞☛ ✡☛♣✌✡✑✕✟✖ ✏✌✡ ✣✌☞✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✟✌✡✑✒✛☛✞☞✑ ☞✑✞✑☛☞ ☛✢✎☛♣✑ ✧☞☞✞✣ ✒✞☞ ✟✌✑ ✚☛☛✟ ✠✌✟☛ ✏✍✓✓✦✘ ❞✌✡☛✌✙☛✡✜ ☞✌✣☛ ✞✡☛✞☞ ✌✏ ❡✞✣✣✍ ✞✟✠ ✼✞☞✒✣✕✡ ✌✎✎✍♣✕☛✠ ✚✦ P✞❦✕☞✑✞✟ ✞✟✠ ❈✒✕✟✞ ✒✞✙☛ ✞✓☞✌ ✟✌✑ ✚☛☛✟ ☞✍✡✙☛✦☛✠✘ Try to do a comparison between the two pie charts (Fig. 1.4 ) given for land use and find out why the net sown area and the land under forests have changed from 1960-61 ❃❄❅ ❉❍ ❏❑▼❄◗ ❘❯❱❳ ❨❱❳❩❬ ❭❪❫❴❬❵❯❱❵ ❜❩❝❭❩❤ ✐❩❯❵❨❬❩❥ to 2002-03 very marginally. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 5  ❋✶✷✸ ✹✸✺ ❚ ✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✝☎✆✁✞ ✟✁✞✠✄☎✁☎✡ ✟✄☛✡✝✞✁ ✄☛ ✢❛✂✒☞♦ P✤✦t✧★✌ ✚✡ ✎✄☛ ☞❛☎☛✒✆✁✞✁✆ ✁☛☛✁☎✡✒✄✂ ✑❛✞ ✄✂☛❛ ✆✁☞✞✁✄☛✁✆✌ ✍❛✎ ✄✞✁ ✎✁ ✄✏✂✁ ✡❛ ✑✁✁✆ ❛✝✞ ✠✄✒☎✡✁☎✄☎☞✁ ❛✑ ✡ ✁ ✁☞❛✂❛❤✒☞✄✂ ✏✄✂✄☎☞✁✌ ❚ ✁ ✝❤✁ ☞✄✡✡✂✁ ✟❛✟✝✂✄✡✒❛☎ ❛☎ ✡ ✒☛ ✟✄☛✡✝✞✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✂✒✖✁✂✒ ❛❛✆ ❛✑ ✠✒✂✂✒❛☎☛ ❛✑ ✟✁❛✟✂✁ ✎ ❛ ✂✒✖✁ ❛☎ ✄☎✆ ✎ ✄✡ ✄✞✁ ✡ ✁ ☞❛☎☛✁✓✝✁☎☞✁☛ ❛✑ ✒✡✔ ✕❛☛✡ ❛✑ ✡ ✁ ✑✞✒☎❤✁☛ ❛✑ ✡ ✁☛✁ ✑❛✞✁☛✡☛ ✆✁✟✁☎✆☛ ✝✟❛☎ ✒✡✌ ✡ ✁ ❛✡ ✁✞ ✡ ✄☎ ✡ ✁ ☞✝✞✞✁☎✡ ✑✄✂✂❛✎ ✂✄☎✆☛ ✄✞✁ ✁✒✡ ✁✞ ✙ ✟✄✞✡ ❛✑ ✡ ✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✒☛ ✡✁✞✠✁✆ ✄☛ ✎✄☛✡✁ ✂✄☎✆ ❛✑ ✟❛❛✞ ✓✝✄✂✒✡♦ ❛✞ ✡ ✁ ☞❛☛✡ ❛✑ ☞✝✂✡✒✖✄✡✒❛☎ ❛✑ ☛✝☞ ✄☎✆ ✂✄☎✆ ✟✝✡ ✡❛ ❛✡ ✁✞ ☎❛☎✩✄❤✞✒☞✝✂✡✝✞✄✂ ✝☛✁☛✌ ✂✄☎✆ ✒☛ ✖✁✞♦ ✒❤ ✌ ✍✁☎☞✁❧ ✡ ✁☛✁ ✂✄☎✆☛ ✄✞✁ ❲✄☛✡✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✒☎☞✂✝✆✁☛ ✞❛☞✪♦❧ ✄✞✒✆ ✄☎✆ ✆✁☛✁✞✡ ☞✝✂✡✒✖✄✡✁✆ ❛☎☞✁ ❛✞ ✡✎✒☞✁ ✒☎ ✄✏❛✝✡ ✡✎❛ ✡❛ ✡ ✞✁✁ ✄✞✁✄☛ ✄☎✆ ✂✄☎✆ ✟✝✡ ✡❛ ❛✡ ✁✞ ☎❛☎✩✄❤✞✒☞✝✂✡✝✞✄✂ ♦✁✄✞☛ ✄☎✆ ✒✑ ✡ ✁☛✁ ✄✞✁ ✒☎☞✂✝✆✁✆ ✒☎ ✡ ✁ ☎✁✡ ☛❛✎☎ ✝☛✁☛ ✒☎☞✂✝✆✁☛ ☛✁✡✡✂✁✠✁☎✡☛❧ ✞❛✄✆☛❧ ✞✄✒✂✎✄♦☛❧ ✄✞✁✄ ✡ ✁☎ ✡ ✁ ✟✁✞☞✁☎✡✄❤✁ ❛✑ ✗✘✙ ✒☎ ✚☎✆✒✄ ☞❛✠✁☛ ✒☎✆✝☛✡✞♦ ✁✡☞✌ ✐❛☎✡✒☎✝❛✝☛ ✝☛✁ ❛✑ ✂✄☎✆ ❛✖✁✞ ✄ ✡❛ ✄✏❛✝✡ t✛ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ❛✑ ✡ ✁ ✡❛✡✄✂ ✞✁✟❛✞✡✒☎❤ ✄✞✁✄✌ ✂ ❛☎❤ ✟✁✞✒❛✆ ❛✑ ✡✒✠✁ ✎✒ ✡ ❛✝✡ ✡✄✪✒☎❤ ❚ ✁ ✟✄✡✡✁✞☎ ❛✑ ☎✁✡ ☛❛✎☎ ✄✞✁✄ ✖✄✞✒✁☛ ❤✞✁✄✡✂♦ ✄✟✟✞❛✟✞✒✄✡✁ ✠✁✄☛✝✞✁☛ ✡❛ ☞❛☎☛✁✞✖✁ ✄☎✆ ✑✞❛✠ ❛☎✁ ☛✡✄✡✁ ✡❛ ✄☎❛✡ ✁✞✌ ✚✡ ✒☛ ❛✖✁✞ ✳✜ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ✠✄☎✄❤✁ ✒✡❧ ✄☛ ✞✁☛✝✂✡✁✆ ✒☎ ✂✄☎✆ ✆✁❤✞✄✆✄✡✒❛☎✌ ❛✑ ✡ ✁ ✡❛✡✄✂ ✄✞✁✄ ✒☎ ✢✝☎✣✄✏ ✄☎✆ ✍✄✞♦✄☎✄ ✄☎✆ ✂✁☛☛ ❚ ✒☛❧ ✒☎ ✡✝✞☎❧ ✄☛ ☛✁✞✒❛✝☛ ✞✁✟✁✞☞✝☛☛✒❛☎☛ ❛☎ ✡ ✄☎ ✤✜ ✟✁✞☞✁☎✡✒☎ ✙✞✝☎✄☞ ✄✂ ✢✞✄✆✁☛ ❧ ✕✒✥❛✞✄✠❧ ☛❛☞✒✁✡♦ ✄☎✆ ✡ ✁ ✁☎✖✒✞❛☎✠✁☎✡✌ ✕✄☎✒✟✝✞ ✄☎✆ ✙☎✆✄✠✄☎ ✗✒☞❛✏✄✞ ✚☛✂✄☎✆☛✌ ▲❆✫✬ ✭❊✮✯❆✬❆✰✱✲✫ ❆✫✬ ✴✲✫❖❊✯❱❆✰✱✲✫ Find out reasons for the low proportion of ▼❊❆❖✵✯❊❖ net sown area in these states. ❲✁ ✄✖✁ ☛ ✄✞✁✆ ❛✝✞ ✂✄☎✆ ✎✒✡ ✡ ✁ ✟✄☛✡ ✻❛✞✁☛✡ ✄✞✁✄ ✒☎ ✡ ✁ ☞❛✝☎✡✞♦ ✒☛ ✑✄✞ ✂❛✎✁✞ ✡ ✄☎ ❤✁☎✁✞✄✡✒❛☎☛ ✄☎✆ ✎✒✂✂ ✄✖✁ ✡❛ ✆❛ ☛❛ ✎✒✡ ✡ ✁ ✡ ✁ ✆✁☛✒✞✁✆ ✼✼ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ❛✑ ❤✁❛❤✞✄✟ ✒☞✄✂ ✄✞✁✄❧ ✑✝✡✝✞✁ ❤✁☎✁✞✄✡✒❛☎☛ ✡❛❛✌ ✗✒☎✁✡♦✩✑✒✖✁ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ❛✑ ✄☛ ✒✡ ✎✄☛ ❛✝✡✂✒☎✁✆ ✒☎ ✡ ✁ ✗✄✡✒❛☎✄✂ ✻❛✞✁☛✡ ❛✝✞ ✏✄☛✒☞ ☎✁✁✆☛ ✑❛✞ ✑❛❛✆❧ ☛ ✁✂✡✁✞ ✄☎✆ ☞✂❛✡ ✒☎❤ 6 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II ❛ ✁ ✂✄☎❛✆✝✁✞ ✟ ✂✠ ✡❛✝✞☛ ☞✌✠❛✝ ❛✍☎✆✎✆☎✆✁✏ ✑❛✎✁ ❛✡✛❛✡✆✝✆☎♥ ✆✝ ☎✑✁ ✏✂✆✡☛ ✣✑✁ ✠✆✝✁ ❛✡ ❜ ✂✍✁✏✏✆✝✒ ✡✆✛✁ ✝✂☎ ✂✝✡♥ ✄ ✂✌✒✑☎ ❛✄✂✌☎ ✞✁✒ ❛✞❛☎✆✂✝ ✂✟ ✡❛✝✞ ✒ ✆✝✞✆✝✒ ✂✟ ✡✆✠✁✏☎✂✝✁ ✟✂ ✍✁✠✁✝☎ ✆✝✞✌✏☎ ♥ ❛✝✞ ✄✌☎ ✑❛✎✁ ❛✡✏✂ ❛✒✒ ❛✎❛☎✁✞ ☎✑✁ ❜❛✍✁ ✂✟ ✝❛☎✌ ❛✡ ✍❛✡✍✆☎✁ ❛✝✞ ✏✂❛❜✏☎✂✝✁ ✟✂ ✍✁ ❛✠✆✍ ✆✝✞✌✏☎ ♥ ✟✂ ✍✁✏ ☎✂ ✍❛✌✏✁ ✞❛✠❛✒✁ ☎✂ ✡❛✝✞☛ ✒✁✝✁ ❛☎✁ ✑✌ ✒✁ ♠✌❛✝☎ ✆☎♥ ✂✟ ✞✌✏☎ ✆✝ ☎✑✁ ❛☎✠✂✏❜✑✁ ✁☛ ❤☎ ✁☎❛ ✞✏ ☎✑✁ ❜ ✂✍✁✏✏ ✂✟ ✆✝✟✆✡☎ ❛☎✆✂✝ ❆☎ ❜ ✁✏✁✝☎✓ ☎✑✁ ✁ ❛ ✁ ❛✄✂✌☎ ✔✕✖ ✠✆✡✡✆✂✝ ✂✟ ♦❛☎✁ ✆✝☎✂ ☎✑✁ ✏✂✆✡ ❛✟☎✁ ✆☎ ✏✁☎☎✡✁✏ ✞✂♦✝ ✂✝ ☎✑✁ ✑✁ ✍☎❛ ✁ ✏ ✂ ✟ ✞ ✁ ✒ ❛✞✁ ✞ ✡❛✝✞ ✆ ✝ ❤ ✝✞ ✆❛☛ ✡❛✝✞☛ ❤✝ ✁✍✁✝☎ ♥✁❛ ✏✓ ✆✝✞✌✏☎ ✆❛✡ ✁✟✟✡✌✁✝☎✏ ❛✏ ❆❜❜ ✂✗✆✠❛☎✁✡♥✓ ✘✙ ❜✁ ✍✁✝☎ ✂✟ ✆☎ ✄✁✡✂✝✒✏ ☎✂ ☎✑✁ ♦❛✏☎✁ ✑❛✎✁ ✄✁✍✂✠✁ ❛ ✠❛✇✂ ✏✂✌ ✍✁ ✂✟ ✡❛✝✞ ❛✝✞ ✍❛☎✁✒✂ ♥ ✂✟ ✟✂ ✁✏☎ ✞✁✒ ❛✞✁✞ ❛ ✁❛✓ ❝✚ ❜✁ ✍✁✝☎ ♦❛☎✁ ❜✂✡✡✌☎✆✂✝ ✆✝ ✠❛✝♥ ❜❛ ☎✏ ✂✟ ☎✑✁ ✍✂✌✝☎ ♥☛ ✂✟ ✆☎ ✆✏ ♦❛☎✁ ✁ ✂✞✁✞ ❛ ✁❛ ❛✝✞ ☎✑✁ ✁✏☎ ✆✏ ❛✟✟✁✍☎✁✞ ✣✑✁ ✁ ❛ ✁ ✠❛✝♥ ♦❛♥✏ ☎✂ ✏✂✡✎✁ ☎✑✁ ❜ ✂✄✡✁✠✏ ✄♥ ✏❛✡✆✝✁ ❛✝✞ ❛✡✛❛✡✆✝✁ ✞✁❜✂✏✆☎✏☛ ✜✂✠✁ ✑✌✠❛✝ ✂✟ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒ ❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ❆✟✟✂ ✁✏☎❛☎✆✂✝ ❛✝✞ ❜ ✂❜✁ ❛✍☎✆✎✆☎✆✁✏ ✏✌✍✑ ❛✏ ✞✁✟✂ ✁✏☎❛☎✆✂✝✓ ✂✎✁ ✒ ❛✢✆✝✒✓ ✠❛✝❛✒✁✠✁✝☎ ✂✟ ✒ ❛✢✆✝✒ ✍❛✝ ✑✁✡❜ ☎✂ ✏✂✠✁ ✁✗☎✁✝☎☛ ✠✆✝✆✝✒ ❛✝✞ ♠✌❛ ♥✆✝✒ ☎✂✂ ✑❛✎✁ ✍✂✝☎ ✆✄✌☎✁✞ P✡❛✝☎✆✝✒ ✂✟ ✏✑✁✡☎✁ ✄✁✡☎✏ ✂✟ ❜✡❛✝☎✏✓ ✍✂✝☎ ✂✡ ✂✝ ✏✆✒✝✆✟✆✍❛✝☎✡♥ ✆✝ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒ ❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ✂✎✁ ✒ ❛✢✆✝✒✓ ✏☎❛✄✆✡✆✏❛☎✆✂✝ ✂✟ ✏❛✝✞ ✞✌✝✁✏ ✄♥ ✒ ✂♦✆✝✒ ☎✑✂ ✝♥ ✄✌✏✑✁✏ ❛ ✁ ✏✂✠✁ ✂✟ ☎✑✁ ✠✁☎✑✂✞✏ ☎✂ ✍✑✁✍✛ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒ ❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ P ✂❜✁ ✠❛✝❛✒✁✠✁✝☎ ✂✟ ♦❛✏☎✁ ✡❛✝✞✏✓ ✍✂✝☎ ✂✡ ✂✟ ✠✆✝✆✝✒ ❛✍☎✆✎✆☎✆✁✏✓ ❜ ✂❜✁ ✞✆✏✍✑❛ ✒✁ ❛✝✞ ✞✆✏❜✂✏❛✡ ✂✟ ✆✝✞✌✏☎ ✆❛✡ ✁✟✟✡✌✁✝☎✏ ❛✝✞ ♦❛✏☎✁✏ ❛✟☎✁ ☎ ✁❛☎✠✁✝☎ ✍❛✝ ✁✞✌✍✁ ✡❛✝✞ ❛✝✞ ♦❛☎✁ ✞✁✒ ❛✞❛☎✆✂✝ ✆✝ ✆✝✞✌✏☎ ✆❛✡ ❛✝✞ ✏✌✄✌ ✄❛✝ ❛ ✁❛✏☛ ❙❖✤✥ ✦✧ ✦ ★❊✧❖✩✪✫❊ ✜✂✆✡ ✆✏ ☎✑✁ ✠✂✏☎ ✆✠❜✂ ☎❛✝☎ ✁✝✁♦❛✄✡✁ ✝❛☎✌ ❛✡ ✁✏✂✌ ✍✁☛ ❤☎ ✆✏ ☎✑✁ ✠✁✞✆✌✠ ✂✟ ❜✡❛✝☎ ✒ ✂♦☎✑ ❛✝✞ ✏✌❜❜✂ ☎✏ ✞✆✟✟✁ ✁✝☎ ☎♥❜✁✏ ✂✟ ✡✆✎✆✝✒ ✂ ✒❛✝✆✏✠✏ ✂✝ ❚❂◗ ❁❂❃❄ ❍❇ ✿◗◗❇ ❁❂❃❄ ❄❉s❇ ✾✿❀❁❂❃❄ ❅❇❉❍❇❇❏ ❂r❑❁ ❁❉▲❏ ❉▲❏ ❁❃❄ r❄❉s ❋✬✭✮ ✯✮✰ ✾✿❀❁❉✿◆ ❅❇❉❍❇❇❏ ◗❉❇▲ ❂r❑ ◆❉❇❃❉❄ ▼✆✝✆✝✒ ✏✆☎✁✏ ❛ ✁ ❛✄❛✝✞✂✝✁✞ ❛✟☎✁ ✁✗✍❛✎❛☎✆✂✝ ♦✂ ✛ ✆✏ ✍✂✠❜✡✁☎✁ ✡✁❛✎✆✝✒ ✞✁✁❜ ✏✍❛ ✏ ❛✝✞ ☎ ❛✍✁✏ ✂✟ ✂✎✁ ✲✄✌ ✞✁✝✆✝✒☛ ❤✝ ✏☎❛☎✁✏ ✡✆✛✁ ❞✑❛ ✛✑❛✝✞✓ ❈✑✑❛☎☎✆✏✒❛ ✑✓ ▼❛✞✑♥❛ P ❛✞✁✏✑ ❛✝✞ ✱ ✆✏✏❛ ✞✁✟✂ ✁✏☎❛☎✆✂✝ ✞✌✁ ☎✂ ✠✆✝✆✝✒ ✑❛✎✁ ✍❛✌✏✁✞ ✏✁✎✁ ✁ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒ ❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ❤✝ ✏☎❛☎✁✏ ✡✆✛✁ ❧✌✇❛ ❛☎✓ ❘❛✇❛✏☎✑❛✝✓ ▼❛✞✑♥❛ P ❛✞✁✏✑ ❛✝✞ ▼❛✑❛ ❛✏✑☎ ❛ ❯▲❅❇❉❍❇❇❏ ✂✎✁ ✒ ❛✢✆✝✒ ✆✏ ✂✝✁ ✂✟ ☎✑✁ ✠❛✆✝ ✁❛✏✂✝✏ ✟✂ ✡❛✝✞ ◗❉❇▲ ❀❇❏ ❂r❑ ✞✁✒ ❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ❤✝ ☎✑✁ ✏☎❛☎✁✏ ✂✟ P✌✝✇❛✄✓ ☞❛ ♥❛✝❛✓ ♦✁✏☎✁ ✝ ✳☎☎❛ P ❛✞✁✏✑✓ ✂✎✁ ✆ ✆✒❛☎✆✂✝ ✆✏ ✁✏❜✂✝✏✆✄✡✁ ✟✂ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒ ❛✞❛☎✆✂✝ ✞✌✁ ☎✂ ♦❛☎✁ ✡✂✒✒✆✝✒ ✡✁❛✞✆✝✒ ☎✂ ✆✝✍ ✁❛✏✁ ✆✝ ✏❛✡✆✝✆☎♥ ❛✝✞ ❋✬✭✮ ✯✮✴✵ ✶✷✸✹ ✺✻✷✼✸✹✽ RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 7 t ✁ ✁✂✄t ☎ ✆ ✁ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ ✂ ✠✟✡✟☛☞ ✝✌✝t✁✍☎ ✎t t✂✏✁✝ ✄✁✂✔ ✁✝ ✞♠ t ✁ ✄✟✡✁✄ ✡✂✠✠✁✌ ✟☎✁☎ ☛✁✂✄ t ✁ ✒✠✂✔✁ ✞♠ ✍✟✠✠✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✌✁✂✄✝ t✞ ♠✞✄✍ ✝✞✟✠ ✑✒t✞ ✂ ♠✁✓ ✔✍ ✟☛ t ✁ ✗✄✁✂✏ ✞♠ ✝✠✞✒✁✖ t ✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✔✞✂✄✝✁☎ ✐✑✔ ❞✁✒t ☎ ✕✁✠✟✁♠✖ ✒✂✄✁☛t ✄✞✔✏ ✞✄ ✗✁❞ ✄✞✔✏✖ ✔✠✟✍✂t✁✖ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✍✞✄✁ ✔✞✍✍✞☛ ✟☛ ✒✟✁❞✍✞☛t ✒✠✂✟☛✝ ✡✁☞✁t✂t✟✞☛ ✂☛❞ ✞t ✁✄ ♠✞✄✍✝ ✞♠ ✠✟♠✁ ✂☛❞ t✟✍✁ ✂✄✁ ✝✑✔ ✂✝ ❉✺✣✻✤✼ ❈✽✩✤ ✂☛❞ ❚✾✻✣✥☎ ✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ♠✂✔t✞✄✝ ✟☛ t ✁ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠☎ ✷✒✂✄t ♠✄✞✍ t ✁ ✝✟✿✁ ✞♠ t ✁✟✄ ☞✄✂✟☛✝ ✞✄ ❱✂✄✟✞✑✝ ♠✞✄✔✁✝ ✞♠ ☛✂t✑✄✁ ✝✑✔ ✂✝ ✔ ✂☛☞✁ ✟☛ ✔✞✍✒✞☛✁☛t✝✖ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✂✠✝✞ ❞✁✝✔✄✟✗✁❞ ✞☛ t ✁ t✁✍✒✁✄✂t✑✄✁✖ ✂✔t✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✄✑☛☛✟☛☞ ✓✂t✁✄✖ ✓✟☛❞ ✂☛❞ ✗✂✝✟✝ ✞♠ t ✁✟✄ ✂☞✁☎ ✷✔✔✞✄❞✟☛☞ t✞ t ✁✟✄ ✂☞✁ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ☞✠✂✔✟✁✄✝✖ ✂✔t✟✡✟t✟✁✝ ✞♠ ❞✁✔✞✍✒✞✝✁✄✝ ✁t✔☎ ✔✞☛t✄✟✗✑t✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✔✂☛ ✗✁ ✔✠✂✝✝✟♠✟✁❞ ✂✝ ✞✠❞ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✙❇✣✪❀✣✻✚ t✞ t ✁ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠☎ ✘ ✁✍✟✔✂✠ ✂☛❞ ✞✄☞✂☛✟✔ ✂☛❞ ☛✁✓ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✙❑✽✣❁✣✻✚☎ ✆ ✁ ❜✣✪❀✣✻ ✝✞✟✠ ✂✝ ✔ ✂☛☞✁✝ ✓ ✟✔ t✂✏✁ ✒✠✂✔✁ ✟☛ t ✁ ✝✞✟✠ ✂✄✁ ✁❝✑✂✠✠✌ ✟☞ ✁✄ ✔✞☛✔✁☛t✄✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ❦❂❃❦❄❅ ☛✞❞✑✠✁✝ t ✂☛ ✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t☎ ✐✞✟✠ ✂✠✝✞ ✔✞☛✝✟✝t✝ ✞♠ ✞✄☞✂☛✟✔ ✙ ✑✍✑✝✚ t ✁ ❑✽✣❁✣✻❊ ✎t ✂✝ ✍✞✄✁ ♠✟☛✁ ✒✂✄t✟✔✠✁✝ ✂☛❞ ✟✝ ✂☛❞ ✟☛✞✄☞✂☛✟✔ ✍✂t✁✄✟✂✠✝ ✙❋✟☞☎ ✛☎✜✚☎ ✍✞✄✁ ♠✁✄t✟✠✁ t ✂☛ t ✁ ❜✣✪❀✣✻☎ ❖☛ t ✁ ✗✂✝✟✝ ✞♠ t ✁ ♠✂✔t✞✄✝ ✄✁✝✒✞☛✝✟✗✠✁ ♠✞✄ ✷✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✝ ✂ ✓ ✞✠✁ ✂✄✁ ✡✁✄✌ ♠✁✄t✟✠✁☎ ✝✞✟✠ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛✖ ✔✞✠✞✑✄✖ t ✟✔✏☛✁✝✝✖ t✁✱t✑✄✁✖ ✂☞✁✖ ✸✞✝t✠✌ t ✁✝✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✔✞☛t✂✟☛ ✂❞✁❝✑✂t✁ ✒✄✞✒✞✄t✟✞☛ ✔ ✁✍✟✔✂✠ ✂☛❞ ✒ ✌✝✟✔✂✠ ✒✄✞✒✁✄t✟✁✝✖ t ✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✞♠ ✞♠ ✒✞t✂✝ ✖ ✒ ✞✝✒ ✞✄✟✔ ✂✔✟❞ ✂☛❞ ✠✟✍✁ ✓ ✟✔ ✂✄✁ ✎☛❞✟✂ ✔✂☛ ✗✁ ✔✠✂✝✝✟♠✟✁❞ ✟☛ ❞✟♠♠✁✄✁☛t t✌✒✁✝☎ ✟❞✁✂✠ ♠✞✄ t ✁ ☞✄✞✓t ✞♠ ✝✑☞✂✄✔✂☛✁✖ ✒✂❞❞✌✖ ✓ ✁✂t ❈✢✣✤✤✥✦✥✧✣★✥✩✪ ✩✦ ✫✩✥✢✤ ✂☛❞ ✞t ✁✄ ✔✁✄✁✂✠ ✂☛❞ ✒✑✠✝✁ ✔✄✞✒✝☎ ❛✑✁ t✞ ✟t✝ ✟☞ ♠✁✄t✟✠✟t✌✖ ✄✁☞✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✟☛t✁☛✝✟✡✁✠✌ ✎☛❞✟✂ ✂✝ ✡✂✄✟✁❞ ✄✁✠✟✁♠ ♠✁✂t✑✄✁✝✖ ✠✂☛❞♠✞✄✍✝✖ ✔✑✠t✟✡✂t✁❞ ✂☛❞ ❞✁☛✝✁✠✌ ✒✞✒✑✠✂t✁❞☎ ✐✞✟✠✝ ✟☛ t ✁ ✔✠✟✍✂t✟✔ ✄✁✂✠✍✝ ✂☛❞ ✡✁☞✁t✂t✟✞☛ t✌✒✁✝☎ ✆ ✁✝✁ ❞✄✟✁✄ ✂✄✁✂✝ ✂✄✁ ✍✞✄✁ ✂✠✏✂✠✟☛✁ ✂☛❞ ✔✂☛ ✗✁ ✂✡✁ ✔✞☛t✄✟✗✑t✁❞ ✟☛ t ✁ ❞✁✡✁✠✞✒✍✁☛t ✞♠ ✡✂✄✟✞✑✝ ✒✄✞❞✑✔t✟✡✁ ✂♠t✁✄ ✒✄✞✒✁✄ t✄✁✂t✍✁☛t ✂☛❞ ✟✄✄✟☞✂t✟✞☛☎ t✌✒✁✝ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠✝☎ ✬✰❍❏ ✲✳✯✬ ❆✬✬✭✮✯✰✬ ✲✳✯✬✴ ✆ ✁✝✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✗✠✂✔✏ ✟☛ ✔✞✠✞✑✄ ✂☛❞ ✂✄✁ ✂✠✝✞ ✆ ✟✝ ✟✝ t ✁ ✍✞✝t ✓✟❞✁✠✌ ✝✒✄✁✂❞ ✂☛❞ ✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ✏☛✞✓☛ ✂✝ ❅❄r▲❅ ✝✞✟✠✝☎ ✶✠✂✔✏ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ ✟❞✁✂✠ ♠✞✄ ✝✞✟✠☎ ✎☛ ♠✂✔t✖ t ✁ ✁☛t✟✄✁ ☛✞✄t ✁✄☛ ✒✠✂✟☛✝ ✂✄✁ ✍✂❞✁ ☞✄✞✓✟☛☞ ✔✞tt✞☛ ✂☛❞ ✟✝ ✂✠✝✞ ✏☛✞✓☛ ✂✝ ▼◆❂P❦ ✞♠ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠☎ ✆ ✁✝✁ ✂✡✁ ✗✁✁☛ ❞✁✒✞✝✟t✁❞ ✗✌ P◗❘❘◗❃ ❙◗❯◆☎ ✎t ✟✝ ✗✁✠✟✁✡✁❞ t ✂t ✔✠✟✍✂t✟✔ ✔✞☛❞✟t✟✞☛ t ✄✁✁ ✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ✵✟✍✂✠✂✌✂☛ ✄✟✡✁✄ ✝✌✝t✁✍✝➊ t ✁ ✂✠✞☛☞ ✓✟t t ✁ ✒✂✄✁☛t ✄✞✔✏ ✍✂t✁✄✟✂✠ ✂✄✁ t ✁ ✎☛❞✑✝✖ t ✁ ✂☛☞✂ ✂☛❞ t ✁ ✶✄✂ ✍✂✒✑t✄✂☎ ✆ ✁✝✁ ✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ♠✂✔t✞✄✝ ♠✞✄ t ✁ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ✗✠✂✔✏ ✝✞✟✠☎ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✠✝✞ ✁✱t✁☛❞ ✟☛ ✕✂s✂✝t ✂☛ ✂☛❞ ✑s✂✄✂t ✆ ✟✝ t✌✒✁ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ t✌✒✟✔✂✠ ✞♠ t ✁ ❛✁✔✔✂☛ t✄✂✒ t ✄✞✑☞ ✂ ☛✂✄✄✞✓ ✔✞✄✄✟❞✞✄☎ ✷✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ ✂✠✝✞ ✙❲❂❙❂◆❘✚ ✄✁☞✟✞☛ ✝✒✄✁✂❞ ✞✡✁✄ ☛✞✄t ✓✁✝t ❛✁✔✔✂☛ ♠✞✑☛❞ ✟☛ t ✁ ✁✂✝t✁✄☛ ✔✞✂✝t✂✠ ✒✠✂✟☛✝ ✒✂✄t✟✔✑✠✂✄✠✌ ✒✠✂t✁✂✑ ✂☛❞ ✟✝ ✍✂❞✁ ✑✒ ✞♠ ✠✂✡✂ ♠✠✞✓✝☎ ✆ ✁✌ ✟☛ t ✁ ❞✁✠t✂✝ ✞♠ t ✁ ✸✂ ✂☛✂❞✟✖ t ✁ ✞❞✂✡✂✄✟✖ ✔✞✡✁✄ t ✁ ✒✠✂t✁✂✑✝ ✞♠ ✸✂ ✂✄✂✝ t✄✂✖ ✐✂✑✄✂✝ t✄✂✖ t ✁ ✹✄✟✝ ☛✂ ✂☛❞ t ✁ ✹✂✡✁✄✟ ✄✟✡✁✄✝☎ ❳❨❩❬ ❭❬❪❫ ❴❵❵❡❢❣❤❵ ❥❧❣❵ ✆ ✁ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠ ✔✞☛✝✟✝t✝ ✞♠ ✡✂✄✟✞✑✝ ✒✄✞✒✞✄t✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✝✂☛❞✖ ✝✟✠t ✂☛❞ ✔✠✂✌☎ ✷✝ ✓✁ ✍✞✡✁ ✟☛✠✂☛❞✝ t✞✓✂✄❞✝ t ✁ ✄✟✡✁✄ ✡✂✠✠✁✌✝✖ ✝✞✟✠ ✒✂✄t✟✔✠✁✝ ✂✒✒✁✂✄ ✝✞✍✁ ✓ ✂t ✗✟☞☞✁✄ ✟☛ ✝✟✿✁☎ ✎☛ t ✁ ✑✒✒✁✄ ❳❨❩❬ ❭❬♥❫ ♦❵❤♣q ❥❧❣❵ 8 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II  ✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟ ✠✞✡☛ ☞✌✍✎✏ RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 9 ▼ ✁✂ ✄ ▼ ☎✆✝ ✞✟ ☎✠✡✆ ☛☎ ☞✆✆ ✌✌✍✡✎ ✟✆ ☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁ ✍✡ ✁✏✂ ✖✠✒ ✑✡✠ ✘✏✡✌ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✘✍✒✟✏ ✠❡✌✠☛☎ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✑✌✆ ✠ ✡✌ ☎✍✟✠✒✌✍✏☛ ✁✏☛✎ ✌✆✠ ✏✟✎ ☛✍✡✘✡✄ ✙ ✟✌✍✒✑✁ ✟✁✝ ✌✆✠ ☎✠✒✏✘✙✏✡✠✟✡✄ ✁✍✗✠ ✏☎ ✓ ✟✍ ☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✔✟✍✡✆☛ ✓ ✁✁✠✝✡✕ ✖ ✒✌✠✟✍ ✄ ✎✠✌ ☎✠✡✌✟✏✝✠☎ ☎✑✠ ✌✏ ✆✍✎✆ ❚✆✠ ✖✁ ✒✗ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✟✠ ✘ ☎✠ ✑✙ ✏✚ ✠❡✌✟✠✘✠✁✝ ✌✠✘✙✠✟ ✌✑✟✠✕ ✱ ✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✟✠ ✡✑✍✌ ✖✁✠ ✚✏✟ ✚✍☛✠ ✍✕✠✕ ✒✁ ✝✠✝ ✘ ✌✠✟✍ ✁✕ ❚✆✠✝ ✟✠ ✂✠✁✁❢✗☛✏✂☛ ✒✑✁✌✍✓ ✌✍✏☛ ✂✍✌✆ ☎✠❝✑ ✌✠ ☎✏✡✠✡ ✏✚ ✘ ☛✑✟✠✡ ✚✏✟ ✌✆✠✍✟ ✒ ✙ ✒✍✌✝ ✌✏ ✆✏✁☎ ✘✏✍✡✌✑✟✠✕ ✛☛ ☎☎✍✌✍✏☛✄ ☛☎ ✚✠✟✌✍✁✍✮✠✟✡✕ ❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✟✠ ✘ ✍☛✁✝ ✚✏✑☛☎ ✍☛ ✌✆✠✝ ✟✠ ✟✍✒✆ ✍☛ ✡✏✍✁ ☛✑✌✟✍✠☛✌✡✄ ✡✑✒✆ ✡ ✒ ✁✒✍✑✘ ✔ ✟☛ ✌ ✗ ✄ ✔✠✟ ✁ ✄ ❚ ✘✍✁ ❑ ☎✑✄ ▼ ☎✆✝ ✒ ✟✖✏☛ ✌✠✄ ✘ ✎☛✠✡✍✑✘✄ ✙✏✌ ✡✆ ☛☎ ✁✍✘✠✕ ❚✆✠✡✠ ✞✟ ☎✠✡✆✄ ☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✆✍✁✁✝ ✟✠ ✡ ✏✚ ❛✟✍✡✡ ☛☎ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✟✠ ✎✠☛✠✟ ✁✁✝ ✙✏✏✟ ✍☛ ✙✆✏✡✙✆✏✟✍✒ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌✡✕ ❆✡✡ ✘✕ ❆✚✌✠✟ ☎✏✙✌✍☛✎ ✙✙✟✏✙✟✍ ✌✠ ✡✏✍✁ ❚✆✠✝ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙ ☎✠✠✙ ✒✟ ✒✗✡ ☎✑✟✍☛✎ ✆✏✌ ✂✠ ✌✆✠✟✄ ✒✏☛✡✠✟✓ ✌✍✏☛ ✌✠✒✆☛✍❝✑✠✡ ✙ ✟✌✍✒✑✁ ✟✁✝ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✆✍✁✁✝ ✂✆✍✒✆ ✆✠✁✙✡ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✙✟✏✙✠✟ ✠✟ ✌✍✏☛ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁✕ ✟✠ ✡ ✏✚ ✔ ✟☛ ✌ ✗ ✄ ✔✠✟ ✁ ☛☎ ❚ ✘✍✁ ❑ ☎✑✄ ❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✟✠ ✡✌✍✒✗✝ ✂✆✠☛ ✂✠✌ ☛☎ ☎✍✚✚✍✒✑✁✌ ✌✏ ✌✆✍✡ ✡✏✍✁ ✍✡ ✓✠✟✝ ✑✡✠✚✑✁ ✚✏✟ ✎✟✏✂✍☛✎ ✌✠ ☛☎ ✂✏✟✗ ✏☛ ✑☛✁✠✡✡ ✌✍✁✁✠☎ ✍✘✘✠☎✍ ✌✠✁✝ ✚✌✠✟ ✌✆✠ ✚✍✟✡✌ ✒✏✚✚✠✠✕ ✬✠☎ ✁ ✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✍☛ ❚ ✘✍✁ ❑ ☎✑✄ ❆☛☎✆✟ ✡✆✏✂✠✟ ✏✟ ☎✑✟✍☛✎ ✌✆✠ ✙✟✠❢✘✏☛✡✏✏☛ ✙✠✟✍✏☎✕ ✞✟ ☎✠✡✆ ☛☎ ✔✠✟ ✁ ✟✠ ✘✏✟✠ ✡✑✍✌ ✖✁✠ ✚✏✟ ✒✟✏✙✡ ✁✍✗✠ ✒ ✡✆✠✂ ☛✑✌✕ ❘✜✢ ✣✤✢ ✥✜✦✦✧★ ✩✧✪✦✫ ✳✰✪✢ ✩✧✪✦✫ ✬✠☎ ✡✏✍✁ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙✡ ✏☛ ✒✟✝✡✌ ✁✁✍☛✠ ✍✎☛✠✏✑✡ ✟✏✒✗✡ ✍☛ ✟✠ ✡ ✏✚ ✁✏✂ ✟ ✍☛✚ ✁✁ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✠ ✡✌✠✟☛ ☛☎ ❆✟✍☎ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✟ ☛✎✠ ✚✟✏✘ ✟✠☎ ✌✏ ✖✟✏✂☛ ✍☛ ✒✏✁✏✑✟✕ ❚✆✠✝ ✡✏✑✌✆✠✟☛ ✙ ✟✌✡ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ♥✠✒✒ ☛ ✙✁ ✌✠ ✑✕ ✭✠✁✁✁✏✂ ✟✠ ✎✠☛✠✟ ✁✁✝ ✡ ☛☎✝ ✍☛ ✌✠❡✌✑✟✠ ☛☎ ✡ ✁✍☛✠ ✍☛ ☛☎ ✟✠☎ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✟✠ ✁✡✏ ✚✏✑☛☎ ✍☛ ✙ ✟✌✡ ✏✚ ❛✟✍✡✡ ✄ ☛ ✌✑✟✠✕ ✛☛ ✡✏✘✠ ✟✠ ✡ ✌✆✠ ✡ ✁✌ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌ ✍✡ ✓✠✟✝ ☞✆✆ ✌✌✍✡✎ ✟✆✄ ✡✏✑✌✆✠✟☛ ✙ ✟✌✡ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✘✍☎☎✁✠ ✆✍✎✆ ☛☎ ✒✏✘✘✏☛ ✡ ✁✌ ✍✡ ✏✖✌ ✍☛✠☎ ✖✝ ✠✓ ✙✏✟ ✌✍☛✎ ✌✆✠ ✂ ✌✠✟✕ ♥✑✠ ✌✏ ✌✆✠ ☎✟✝ ✒✁✍✘ ✌✠✄ ✆✍✎✆ ☛✎ ✙✁ ✍☛ ☛☎ ✁✏☛✎ ✌✆✠ ✙✍✠☎✘✏☛✌ ✮✏☛✠ ✏✚ ✌✠✘✙✠✟ ✌✑✟✠✄ ✠✓ ✙✏✟ ✌✍✏☛ ✍✡ ✚ ✡✌✠✟ ☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁ ✌✆✠ t✠✡✌✠✟☛ ✆ ✌✡✕ ❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙ ✁ ✒✗✡ ✆✑✘✑✡ ☛☎ ✘✏✍✡✌✑✟✠✕ ❚✆✠ ✁✏✂✠✟ ✆✏✟✍✮✏☛✡ ✟✠☎☎✍✡✆ ✒✏✁✏✑✟ ☎✑✠ ✌✏ ☎✍✚✚✑✡✍✏☛ ✏✚ ✍✟✏☛ ✍☛ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁ ✟✠ ✏✒✒✑✙✍✠☎ ✖✝ ✴✵✶✷✵✸ ✖✠✒ ✑✡✠ ✏✚ ✒✟✝✡✌ ✁✁✍☛✠ ☛☎ ✘✠✌ ✘✏✟✙✆✍✒ ✟✏✒✗✡✕ ✛✌ ✁✏✏✗✡ ✌✆✠ ✍☛✒✟✠ ✡✍☛✎ ✒ ✁✒✍✑✘ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌ ☎✏✂☛✂ ✟☎✡✕ ❚✆✠ ✝✠✁✁✏✂ ✂✆✠☛ ✍✌ ✏✒✒✑✟✡ ✍☛ ✆✝☎✟ ✌✠☎ ✚✏✟✘✕ ✴✵✶✷✵✸ ✁ ✝✠✟ ✚✏✟✘ ✌✍✏☛✡ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✖✏✌✌✏✘ ✆✏✟✍✮✏☛✡ ▲✣✯✜✰✪✯✜ ✩✧✪✦ ✟✠✡✌✟✍✒✌ ✌✆✠ ✍☛✚✍✁✌✟ ✌✍✏☛ ✏✚ ✂ ✌✠✟✕ ❆✚✌✠✟ ✙✟✏✙✠✟ ✍✟✟✍✎ ✌✍✏☛ ✌✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✖✠✒✏✘✠ ✒✑✁✌✍✓ ✖✁✠ ✡ ✆ ✡ ✱ ✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✆ ✡ ✖✠✠☛ ☎✠✟✍✓✠☎ ✚✟✏✘ ✌✆✠ ✱ ✌✍☛ ✂✏✟☎ ✖✠✠☛ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✒ ✡✠ ✏✚ ✂✠✡✌✠✟☛ ✬ ❜ ✡✌✆ ☛✕ ➅✁ ✌✠✟✲ ✂✆✍✒✆ ✘✠ ☛✡ ✖✟✍✒✗✕ ❚✆✠ ✁ ✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✡✏✍✁ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙✡ ✍☛ ✟✠ ✡ ✂✍✌✆ ✆✍✎✆ ✌✠✘✙✠✟ ✌✑✟✠ ☛☎ ✆✠ ✓✝ ✟ ✍☛✚ ✁✁✕ ❚✆✍✡ ✍✡ ✌✆✠ ✟✠✡✑✁✌ ✏✚ ✍☛✌✠☛✡✠ ✁✠ ✒✆✍☛✎ ☎✑✠ ✌✏ ✆✠ ✓✝ ✟ ✍☛✕ ❧✑✘✑✡ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌ ✏✚ ❋✹✺✻ ✼✻✼❉✾ ❊❃❄❍ ❅❇❄❈ ✧✰✜✫✯ ✩✧✪✦✫ ❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✵✟✠ ✚✏✑☛☎ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✆✍✁✁✝ ☛☎ ✘✏✑☛✌ ✍☛✏✑✡ ✟✠ ✡ ✂✆✠✟✠ ✡✑✚✚✍✒✍✠☛✌ ✟ ✍☛ ❋✹✺✻ ✼✻✽✾ ✿❀❁❂❃❄❁❂ ❅❇❄❈ ✚✏✟✠✡✌✡ ✟✠ ✓ ✍✁ ✖✁✠✕ ❚✆✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✌✠❡✌✑✟✠ ✓ ✟✍✠✡ 10 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II ❛ ✁✂✄☎✆✝ ✞✁ ✞✟✠ ✡✁☛✆✞❛☎✆ ✠✆☞☎✂✁✆✡✠✆✞ ✌✟✠✂✠ ✞✟✠t ❛✂✠ ✍✁✂✡✠✄✎ ✏✟✠t ❛✂✠ ✑✁❛✡t ❛✆✄ ✒☎✑✞t ☎✆ ☞❛✑✑✠t ✒☎✄✠✒ ❛✆✄ ✁❛✂✒✠ ✝✂❛☎✆✠✄ ☎✆ ✞✟✠ ☛✈✈✠✂ ✒ ✑✁✈✠✒✎ s✆ ✞✟ ✠ ✒✆ ✁✌ ✁☞✠✂✠✄ ❛ ✂ ✠❛ ✒ ✁✍ ❍☎✡❛✑❛t❛✒✓ ✞✟✠✒✠ ✒✁☎✑✒ ✠✔✈✠✂☎✠✆ ✠ ✄✠✆☛✄❛✞☎✁✆ ❛✆✄ ❛✂✠ ❛ ☎✄☎ ✌☎✞✟ ✑✁✌ ✟☛✡☛✒ ✁✆✞✠✆✞✎ ✏✟✠ ✒✁☎✑✒ ✍✁☛✆✄ ☎✆ ✞✟✠ ✑✁✌✠✂ ✈❛✂✞✒ ✁✍ ✞✟✠ ☞❛✑✑✠t✒ ✈❛✂✞☎ ☛✑❛✂✑t ✁✆ ✞✟✠ ✂☎☞✠✂ ✞✠✂✂❛ ✠✒ ❛✆✄ ❛✑✑☛☞☎❛✑ ✍❛✆✒ ❛✂✠ ✍✠✂✞☎✑✠✎ ❙✕✖✗ ✘✙✕✚✖✕✛ ✜✛✢ ❙✕✖✗ ✣✕✛✚✤✙✥✜✦✖✕✛ ✏✟✠ ✄✠✆☛✄❛✞☎✁✆ ✁✍ ✞✟✠ ✒✁☎✑ ✁☞✠✂ ❛✆✄ ✒☛✧✒✠★☛✠✆✞ ✌❛✒✟☎✆✝ ✄✁✌✆ ☎✒ ✄✠✒ ✂☎✧✠✄ ❛✒ ✒✁☎✑ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✏✟✠ ✈✂✁ ✠✒✒✠✒ ✁✍ ✒✁☎✑ ✍✁✂✡❛✞☎✁✆ ❛✆✄ ❋✭✮✯ ✰✯✰✼✱ ✽✾✷✷✿ ✸✹✵✺✶✵✻ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✓ ✝✁ ✁✆ ✒☎✡☛✑✞❛✆✠✁☛✒✑t ❛✆✄ ✝✠✆✠✂❛✑✑t ✞✟✠✂✠ ☎✒ ❛ ✧❛✑❛✆ ✠ ✧✠✞✌✠✠✆ ✞✟✠ ✞✌✁✎ ✩✁✡✠✞☎✡✠✒✓ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✍✑✁✌✒ ❛✒ ❛ ✒✟✠✠✞ ✁☞✠✂ ✑❛✂✝✠ ❛✂✠❛✒ ✄✁✌✆ ❛ ✞✟☎✒ ✧❛✑❛✆ ✠ ☎✒ ✄☎✒✞☛✂✧✠✄ ✄☛✠ ✞✁ ✟☛✡❛✆ ✒✑✁✈✠✎ s✆ ✒☛ ✟ ❛✒✠✒ ✞✟✠ ✞✁✈ ✒✁☎✑ ☎✒ ✌❛✒✟✠✄ ❛✌❛t✎ ❛ ✞☎☞☎✞☎✠✒ ✑☎✪✠ ✄✠✍✁✂✠✒✞❛✞☎✁✆✓ ✁☞✠✂✲✝✂❛✫☎✆✝✓ ✏✟☎✒ ☎✒ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ✚❀✤✤✦ ✤✙✕✚✖✕✛✎ ❁☎✆✄ ✧✑✁✌✒ ✁✆✒✞✂☛ ✞☎✁✆ ❛✆✄ ✡☎✆☎✆✝ ✠✞ ✎✓ ✌✟☎✑✠ ✆❛✞☛✂❛✑ ✑✁✁✒✠ ✒✁☎✑ ✁✍✍ ✍✑❛✞ ✁✂ ✒✑✁✈☎✆✝ ✑❛✆✄ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ✌☎✆✄ ✍✁✂ ✠✒ ✑☎✪✠ ✌☎✆✄✓ ✝✑❛ ☎✠✂ ❛✆✄ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✑✠❛✄ ✞✁ ✒✁☎✑ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✩✁☎✑ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆ ☎✒ ❛✑✒✁ ❛☛✒✠✄ ✄☛✠ ✞✁ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✏✟✠ ✂☛✆✆☎✆✝ ✌❛✞✠✂ ☛✞✒ ✞✟✂✁☛✝✟ ✞✟✠ ✄✠✍✠ ✞☎☞✠ ✡✠✞✟✁✄✒ ✁✍ ✍❛✂✡☎✆✝✎ ❞✑✁☛✝✟☎✆✝ ☎✆ ❛ ✑❛t✠t ✒✁☎✑✒ ❛✆✄ ✡❛✪✠✒ ✄✠✠✈ ✟❛✆✆✠✑✒ ❛✒ ✌✂✁✆✝ ✌❛t ☎✎✠✎ ☛✈ ❛✆✄ ✄✁✌✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✑✁✈✠ ✍✁✂✡ ❣✬✗✗✖✤✚✎ ✏✟✠ ✑❛✆✄ ✧✠ ✁✡✠✒ ☛✆✍☎✞ ✍✁✂ ☛✑✞☎☞❛✞☎✁✆ ✟❛✆✆✠✑✒ ✍✁✂ ✞✟✠ ★☛☎ ✪ ✍✑✁✌ ✁✍ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✑✠❛✄☎✆✝ ✞✁ ❛✆✄ ☎✒ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ❜✜✢ ✗✜✛✢✎ s✆ ✞✟✠ ✳✟❛✡✧❛✑ ✒✁☎✑ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✧❛✒☎✆ ✒☛ ✟ ✑❛✆✄✒ ❛✂✠ ❛✑✑✠✄ ✂❛☞☎✆✠✒✎ ✩✁✡✠✞☎✡✠✒ ❞✑✁☛✝✟☎✆✝ ❛✑✁✆✝ ✞✟✠ ✁✆✞✁☛✂ ✑☎✆✠✒ ❛✆ ✄✠ ✠✑✠✂❛✞✠ ✞✟✠ ✍✑✁✌ ✁✍ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✄✁✌✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✑✁✈✠✒✎ ✏✟☎✒ ☎✒ ❛✑✑✠✄ ✁✆✞✁☛✂ ✈✑✁☛✝✟☎✆✝✎ ✩✞✠✈✒ ❛✆ ✧✠ ☛✞ ✁☛✞ ✁✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✑✁✈✠✒ ✡❛✪☎✆✝ ✞✠✂✂❛ ✠✒✎ ✏✠✂✂❛ ✠ ☛✑✞☎☞❛✞☎✁✆ ✂✠✒✞✂☎ ✞✒ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ❁✠✒✞✠✂✆ ❛✆✄ ✠✆✞✂❛✑ ❍☎✡❛✑❛t❛✒ ✟❛☞✠ ✌✠✑✑ ✄✠☞✠✑✁✈✠✄ ✞✠✂✂❛ ✠ ✍❛✂✡☎✆✝✎ ❢❛✂✝✠ ✍☎✠✑✄✒ ❛✆ ✧✠ ✄☎☞☎✄✠✄ ☎✆✞✁ ✒✞✂☎✈✒✎ ✩✞✂☎✈✒ ✁✍ ✝✂❛✒✒ ❛✂✠ ✑✠✍✞ ✞✁ ✝✂✁✌ ✧✠✞✌✠✠✆ ✞✟✠ ✂✁✈✒✎ ✏✟☎✒ ✧✂✠❛✪✒ ☛✈ ✞✟✠ ✍✁✂ ✠ ✁✍ ✞✟✠ ✌☎✆✄✎ ✏✟☎✒ ✡✠✞✟✁✄ ☎✒ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ✒✞✂☎✈ ✂✁✈✈☎✆✝✎ ❞✑❛✆✞☎✆✝ ✑☎✆✠✒ ✁✍ ✞✂✠✠✒ ✞✁ ✂✠❛✞✠ ✒✟✠✑✞✠✂ ❛✑✒✁ ✌✁✂✪✒ ☎✆ ❛ ✒☎✡☎✑❛✂ ✌❛t✎ ✇✁✌✒ ✁✍ ✒☛ ✟ ✞✂✠✠✒ ❛✂✠ ❛✑✑✠✄ ✒✟✠✑✞✠✂ ✧✠✑✞✒✎ ✏✟✠✒✠ ✒✟✠✑✞✠✂ ✧✠✑✞✒ ✟❛☞✠ ✁✆✞✂☎✧☛✞✠✄ ✒☎✝✆☎✍☎ ❛✆✞✑t ✞✁ ✞✟✠ ✒✞❛✧☎✑☎✒❛✞☎✁✆ ✁✍ ✒❛✆✄ ✄☛✆✠✒ ❛✆✄ ☎✆ ✒✞❛✧☎✑☎✒☎✆✝ ✞✟✠ ✄✠✒✠✂✞ ☎✆ ❋✭✮✯ ✰✯✰✰✱ ✴✵✶✷ ✸✹✵✺✶✵✻ ✌✠✒✞✠✂✆ s✆✄☎❛✎ State of India’s Environment The village of Sukhomajri and the district of Jhabua have shown that it is possible to reverse land degradation. Tree density in Sukhomajri increased from 13 per hectare in 1976 to 1,272 per hectare in 1992; Regeneration of the environment leads to economic well-being, as a result of greater resource availability, improved agriculture and animal care, and RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 11  consequently, increased incomes. Average annual household income in Sukhomajri ranged from Rs 10,000-15,000 between 1979 and 1984; People’s management is essential for ecological restoration. With people being made the decision-makers by the Madhya Pradesh government, 2.9 million hectares or about 1 per cent of India’s land area, are being greened across the state through watershed management. ❙ ✁✂✄☎✆ ✥✝✞ ✟✠✡✠☛✞☞✌✍ ❋✠✐✡✝ ✎✞❡✏✑✡✒✓✔✔✔ ✕✞☞✡✑✞ ✏✐ ✖✟✠✞☞✟✞ ✗☞✘ ✙☞✚✠✑✏☞✛✞☞✡ ✜✕✖✙✢✒ ✣✞✤ ✦✞✧✝✠ EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES ✶★ ▼✩✪✫✬✭✪✮ ✯✰✱✬✯✮ ✲✩✮✳✫✬✱✴✳✵ ✷✸✹ ❲✰✬✯✰ ✱✴✮ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✫✽✭✮ ✱✺ ✾✮✳✱✩✾✯✮ ✬✳ ✬✾✱✴ ✱✾✮✿ ✷❀✹ ❘✮✴✮✻❁❂✪✮ ✷❃✹ ❄✪✱✻ ✷❅✹ ❇✬✱✫✬✯ ✷❆✹ ◆✱✴❈✾✮✴✮✻❁❂✪✮ ✷✸✸✹ ❯✴❉✮✾ ✻✰✬✯✰ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✫✽✭✮ ✱✺ ✾✮✳✱✩✾✯✮ ✯❁✴ ✫✬❉❁✪ ✮✴✮✾✼✽ ❂✮ ✭✩✫✿ ✷❀✹ ❘✮✭✪✮✴✬✳✰❁❂✪✮ ✷❃✹ ❊❂✬✱✫✬✯ ✷❅✹ ❍✩❁✴❈❁❉✮ ✷❆✹ ◆✱✴❈✾✮✯✽✯✪❁❂✪✮ ✷✸✸✸✹ ❲✰✬✯✰ ✱✴✮ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✬✳ ✫✰✮ ❁✬✴ ✯❁✩✳✮ ✱✺ ✪❁✴❉ ❉✮✼✾❁❉❁✫✬✱✴ ✬✴ ✩✴❏❁❂✿ ✷❀✹ ❑✴✫✮✴✳✬▲✮ ✯✩✪✫✬▲❁✫✬✱✴ ✷❃✹ ❖▲✮✾ ✬✾✾✬✼❁✫✬✱✴ ✷❅✹ P✮✺✱✾✮✳✫❁✫✬✱✴ ✷❆✹ ❖▲✮✾✼✾❁◗✬✴✼ ✷✸❚✹ ❑✴ ✻✰✬✯✰ ✱✴✮ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✳✫❁✫✮✳ ✬✳ ✫✮✾✾❁✯✮ ✯✩✪✫✬▲❁✫✬✱✴ ✭✾❁✯✫✬✳✮❉✿ ✷❀✹ ✩✴❏❁❂ ✷❃✹ ❍❁✾✽❁✴❁ ✷❅✹ ✪❁✬✴✳ ✱✺ ❯✫✫❁✾ ✾❁❉✮✳✰ ✷❆✹ ❯✫✫❁✾❁✴✯✰❁✪ ✷❚✹ ❑✴ ✻✰✬✯✰ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✳✫❁✫✮✳ ✬✳ ❂✪❁✯❱ ✳✱✬✪ ✺✱✩✴❉✿ ✷❀✹ ❳❁✩ ❁✴❉ ❨❁✳✰✬✾ ✷❃✹ ❘❁❏❁✳✫✰❁✴ ✷❅✹ ❩✩❏❁✾❁✫ ✷❆✹ ❳✰❁✾❱✰❁✴❉ 12 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II ✷ ❆✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✌✍☎✂✝☛✠✁✂ ☛✁ ✎✏✠✍✝ ✑✒ ✄✠✆✓✂✔ ✭✕✖ ◆✎✗☎ ✝✞✆☎☎ ✂✝✎✝☎✂ ✞✎✘☛✁☞ ✏✡✎✙✚ ✂✠☛✡ ✎✁✓ ✝✞☎ ✙✆✠✛ ✄✞☛✙✞ ☛✂ ✗✎☛✁✡✜ ☞✆✠✄✁ ☛✁ ☛✝✔ ✭✕✕✖ ❲✞✎✝ ✝✜✛☎ ✠✟ ✂✠☛✡ ☛✂ ✟✠✍✁✓ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✆☛✘☎✆ ✓☎✡✝✎✂ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ☎✎✂✝☎✆✁ ✙✠✎✂✝✢ ✣☛✘☎ ✝✞✆☎☎ ✗✎☛✁ ✟☎✎✝✍✆☎✂ ✠✟ ✝✞☛✂ ✝✜✛☎ ✠✟ ✂✠☛✡✔ ✭✕✕✕✖ ❲✞✎✝ ✂✝☎✛✂ ✙✎✁ ✏☎ ✝✎✚☎✁ ✝✠ ✙✠✁✝✆✠✡ ✂✠☛✡ ☎✆✠✂☛✠✁ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✞☛✡✡✜ ✎✆☎✎✂✢ ✭✕✤✖ ❲✞✎✝ ✎✆☎ ✝✞☎ ✏☛✠✝☛✙ ✎✁✓ ✎✏☛✠✝☛✙ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂✢ ✣☛✘☎ ✂✠✗☎ ☎✥✎✗✛✡☎✂✔ ✑✔ ❆✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✌✍☎✂✝☛✠✁✂ ☛✁ ✎✏✠✍✝ ✦✧✒ ✄✠✆✓✂✔ ✭✕✖ ❊✥✛✡✎☛✁ ✡✎✁✓ ✍✂☎ ✛✎✝✝☎✆✁ ☛✁ ★✁✓☛✎ ✎✁✓ ✄✞✜ ✞✎✂ ✝✞☎ ✡✎✁✓ ✍✁✓☎✆ ✟✠✆☎✂✝ ✁✠✝ ☛✁✙✆☎✎✂☎✓ ✗✍✙✞ ✂☛✁✙☎ ✦✐✩✒✪✩✦✢ ✭✕✕✖ ❍✠✄ ✞✎✘☎ ✝☎✙✞✁☛✙✎✡ ✎✁✓ ☎✙✠✁✠✗☛✙ ✓☎✘☎✡✠✛✗☎✁✝ ✡☎✓ ✝✠ ✗✠✆☎ ✙✠✁✂✍✗✛✝☛✠✁ ✠✟ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂✢ P ROJECT /A CTIVITY ✶ ▼✎✚☎ ✎ ✛✆✠✫☎✙✝ ✂✞✠✄☛✁☞ ✙✠✁✂✍✗✛✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✓ ✙✠✁✂☎✆✘✎✝☛✠✁ ✠✟ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂ ☛✁ ✜✠✍✆ ✡✠✙✎✡☛✝✜✔ ✷ ❍✎✘☎ ✎ ✓☛✂✙✍✂✂☛✠✁ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✙✡✎✂✂ ➊ ✞✠✄ ✝✠ ✙✠✁✂☎✆✘☎ ✘✎✆☛✠✍✂ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂ ✍✂☎✓ ☛✁ ✜✠✍✆ ✂✙✞✠✠✡✔ ✸ ★✗✎☞☛✁☎ ☛✟ ✠☛✡ ✂✍✛✛✡☛☎✂ ☞☎✝ ☎✥✞✎✍✂✝☎✓ ✞✠✄ ✄☛✡✡ ✝✞☛✂ ✎✟✟☎✙✝ ✠✍✆ ✡☛✟☎ ✂✝✜✡☎✢ ✹ ❙✠✡✘☎ ✝✞☎ ✛✍✬✬✡☎ ✏✜ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✜✠✍✆ ✂☎✎✆✙✞ ✞✠✆☛✬✠✁✝✎✡✡✜ ✎✁✓ ✘☎✆✝☛✙✎✡✡✜ ✝✠ ✟☛✁✓ ✝✞☎ ✞☛✓✓☎✁ ✎✁✂✄☎✆✂✔ ✮ ✯ ✮ ✯ ❖ ❇ ❘ ❖ ✰ ✮ ❯ ✱ P ❏ ◗ ✱ ✯ ✯ ❖ ❘ ✲ ✮ ❚ ✱ ❚ ✳ ❖ ✴ P ✴ ❘ ✲ ❈ P ❘ ✮ ▲ ❉ ✰ ✳ ▲ ✴ ✯ ✮ ✴ ✱ ❚ ◗ ❳ ❯ ❖ ❱ ✱ ✳ ❖ ▲ ✱ ▲ ❖ ❉ ✲ ✳ ❉ ❘ ❏ ❯ ❏ ▲ ❉ ❇ ✴ ❇ ❉ ❚ ✵ ✰ ✳ ✴ ✲ ❘ ✱ ▲ ✮ ✱ ❳ ✰ ✺ ❇ ❱ ❏ ❑ ✰ ✲ ❉ ❈ ❘ ❯ P ✯ ✰ ✵ ❘ ▲ ✱ ❚ ✲ ❘ ✳ ❚ ✲ ✰ ❱ ✱ ❩ ❚ ❱ ▲ ✱ ❇ ❩ ❖ ✲ ✴ ✰ ✯ ❚ ✳ ✮ ❉ ▲ ❘ ❈ ❈ ✴ ✴ ✮ ❩ ✳ ❖ P ✱ ❳ ❚ ❨ ❏ ✵ ❑ ❏ ❑ ❉ ❚ ❉ ❈ ✮ ▲ ✮ ✲ ✲ ✺ ✻☛✼ ◆✎✝✍✆✎✡ ☎✁✓✠✄✗☎✁✝✂ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✆✗ ✠✟ ✡✎✁✓ ✄✎✝☎✆ ✘☎☞☎✝✎✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✓ ✗☛✁☎✆✎✡✂✔ ✻☛☛✼ ❆ ✝✜✛☎ ✠✟ ✁✠✁✪✆☎✁☎✄✎✏✡☎ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✔ ✻☛☛☛✼ ❙✠☛✡ ✄☛✝✞ ✞☛☞✞ ✄✎✝☎✆ ✆☎✝✎☛✁☛✁☞ ✙✎✛✎✙☛✝✜✔ ✻☛✘✼ ★✁✝☎✁✂☛✘☎✡✜ ✡☎✎✙✞☎✓ ✂✠☛✡✂ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ✗✠✁✂✠✠✁ ✙✡☛✗✎✝☎✔ ✻✘✼ ✽✡✎✁✝✎✝☛✠✁ ✠✟ ✝✆☎☎✂ ✠✁ ✎ ✡✎✆☞☎ ✂✙✎✡☎ ✝✠ ✙✞☎✙✚ ✂✠☛✡ ☎✆✠✂☛✠✁✔ ✻✘☛✼ ✾✞☎ ✣✆☎✎✝ ✽✡✎☛✁✂ ✠✟ ★✁✓☛✎ ✎✆☎ ✗✎✓☎ ✍✛ ✠✟ ✝✞☎✂☎ ✂✠☛✡✂✔ RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 13  ❋✗✘✙✚ ✚✛✜ ❋✚✢✛✚ ✣✛ ✤✛✜✣✚ Narak! My Lord, you are the creator of music ☛ ✑✡✒ ✝✡✡t ✁✂✡✒✞❛✍ ✑✡✒ ✟☎✝✝ ✌❡ ✁✌✝❡ ✄✡ ☛☎✞❛ in the world of Lepchas ✄ ✁✄ ✄ ❡✂❡ ✁✂❡ ✥✡✠❡ ✁✞☎✠✁✝✥ ✁✞❛ ✆✝✁✞✄✥ ✟ ☎✎ Oh Narak! My Lord, let me dedicate ✁✂❡ ✒✞☎✖✒❡ ☎✞ ✑✡✒✂ ✁✂❡✁✓ ✞ ☛✁✎✄✍ ✞❛☎✁ ☎✥ ✡✞❡ myself to you ✡☛ ✄ ❡ ✟✡✂✝❛✦✥ ✂☎✎ ❡✥✄ ✎✡✒✞✄✂☎❡✥ ☎✞ ✄❡✂✠✥ ✡☛ Let me gather your music from the ☎✄✥ ❧✁✥✄ ✁✂✂✁✑ ✡☛ ✌☎✡✝✡☞☎✎✁✝ ❛☎❧❡✂✥☎✄✑✍ ✁✞❛ ✁✥ springs, the rivers, the mountains, the forests, ✞❡✁✂✝✑ ♥ ✆❡✂ ✎❡✞✄ ✡☛ ✄ ❡ ✄✡✄✁✝ ✞✒✠✌❡✂ ✡☛ the insects and the animals ✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ☎✞ ✄ ❡ ✟✡✂✝❛ s❡✥✄☎✠✁✄❡❛ ✄✡ ✌❡ ✧✓★ Let me gather your music from the sweet ✠☎✝✝☎✡✞♠✓ ✔ ☎✥ ☎✥ ✆✡✥✥☎✌✝✑ ✄✟☎✎❡ ✡✂ ✄ ✂☎✎❡ ✄ ❡ breeze and offer it to you ✞✒✠✌❡✂ ✑❡✄ ✄✡ ✌❡ ❛☎✥✎✡❧❡✂❡❛✓ ✩✡✒ ✁❧❡ ✁✝✂❡✁❛✑ ✥✄✒❛☎❡❛ ☎✞ ❛❡✄✁☎✝ ✁✌✡✒✄ ✄ ❡ ❡♦✄❡✞✄ ❙✫✬✭✮✯✰ ▲✱✲✳✴✵ ✶✷✸✹ ✺✷✻✼ ✶✽✷✾ ✻✷✽✿✴✱✽✻ ✲✵✽✿ ✷✶ ✁✞❛ ❧✁✂☎❡✄✑ ✡☛ ☛✡✂❡✥✄ ✁✞❛ ✟☎✝❛✝☎☛❡ ✂❡✥✡✒✂✎❡✥ ❀✱✺✿ ❁✱✻✼✵✸ ☎ ✞ ✞❛☎✁✓ ✩✡✒ ✠✁✑ ✁❧❡ ✂❡✁✝☎ ✥❡❛ ✄ ❡ ☎✠✆✡✂✄✁✞✎❡ ✡☛ ✄ ❡✥❡ ✂❡✥✡✒✂✎❡✥ ☎✞ ✡✒✂ ❛✁☎✝✑ ✝☎☛❡✓ ✔ ❡✥❡ ❛☎❧❡✂✥❡ ☛✝✡✂✁ ✁✞❛ ☛✁✒✞✁ ✁✂❡ ✥✡ ❲❡ ✥ ✁✂❡ ✄ ☎✥ ✆✝✁✞❡✄ ✟☎✄ ✠☎✝✝☎✡✞✥ ✡☛ ✡✄ ❡✂ ✟❡✝✝ ☎✞✄❡☞✂✁✄❡❛ ☎✞ ✡✒✂ ❛✁☎✝✑ ✝☎☛❡ ✄ ✁✄ ✟❡ ✄✁t❡ ✝☎❧☎✞☞ ✌❡☎✞☞✥✍ ✥✄✁✂✄☎✞☞ ☛✂✡✠ ✠☎✎✂✡✏✡✂☞✁✞☎✥✠✥ ✄ ❡✥❡ ☛✡✂ ☞✂✁✞✄❡❛✓ ✪✒✄✍ ✝✁✄❡✝✑✍ ✄ ❡✑ ✁✂❡ ✒✞❛❡✂ ✁✞❛ ✌✁✎✄❡✂☎✁✍ ✝☎✎ ❡✞✥ ✄✡ ✌✁✞✑✁✞ ✄✂❡❡✥✍ ☞✂❡✁✄ ✥✄✂❡✥✥ ✠✁☎✞✑ ❛✒❡ ✄✡ ☎✞✥❡✞✥☎✄☎❧☎✄✑ ✄✡ ❡✝❡✆ ✁✞✄✥ ✁✞❛ ✌✝✒❡ ✟ ✁✝❡✥✓ ✔ ☎✥ ❡✞✄☎✂❡ ✡✒✂ ❡✞❧☎✂✡✞✠❡✞✄✓ ✁✌☎✄✁✄ ✄ ✁✄ ✟❡ ✝☎ ❧❡ ☎✞ ✁✥ ☎✠✠❡✞✥❡ ✌☎✡❛☎❧❡✂✥☎✄✑✓ ❲❡ ✒✠✁✞✥ ✁✝✡✞☞ ✟☎✄ ✁✝✝ ✝☎❧☎✞☞ ✡✂☞✁✞☎✥✠✥ ☛✡✂✠ ✁ ✎✡✠✆✝❡♦ ✟❡✌ ✡☛ ❡✎✡✝✡☞☎✎✁✝ ❖❧❡✂ ♥✧✍❂❂❂ ✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ✡☛ ☛✁✒✞✁ ✁✞❛ ❃❄✍❂❂❂ ✥✑✥✄❡✠ ☎✞ ✟ ☎✎ ✟❡ ✁✂❡ ✡✞✝✑ ✁ ✆✁✂✄ ✁✞❛ ❧❡✂✑ ✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ✡☛ ☛✝✡✂✁ ✁✂❡ ☛✡✒✞❛ ☎✞ ✄ ☎✥ ✎✡✒✞✄✂✑ ✠✒✎ ❛❡✆❡✞❛❡✞✄ ✡✞ ✄ ☎✥ ✥✑✥✄❡✠ ☛✡✂ ✡✒✂ ✡✟✞ ✥✡ ☛✁✂❅ ❖☛ ✄ ❡ ❡✥✄☎✠✁✄❡❛ ❃❄✍❂❂❂ ✆✝✁✞✄ ❡♦☎✥✄❡✞✎❡✓ ✕✡✂ ❡♦✁✠✆✝❡✍ ✄ ❡ ✆✝✁✞✄✥✍ ✁✞☎✠✁✝✥ ✥✆❡✎☎❡✥✍ ✁✌✡✒✄ ✧❆✍❂❂❂ ☛✝✡✟❡✂☎✞☞ ✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ✁✞❛ ✠☎✎✂✡✏✡✂☞✁✞☎✥✠✥ ✂❡✏✎✂❡✁✄❡ ✄ ❡ ✖✒✁✝☎✄✑ ✡☛ ✁✂❡ ❡✞❛❡✠☎✎ s☎✞❛☎☞❡✞✡✒✥♠ ✄✡ ✞❛☎✁✓ ✄ ❡ ✁☎✂ ✟❡ ✌✂❡✁✄ ❡✍ ✄ ❡ ✟✁✄❡✂ ✟❡ ❛✂☎✞t ✁✞❛ ✄ ❡ ✥✡☎✝ ✄ ✁✄ ✆✂✡❛✒✎❡✥ ✡✒✂ ☛✡✡❛ ✟☎✄ ✡✒✄ ✟ ☎✎ ✟❡ ✎✁✞✞✡✄ ✥✒✂❧☎❧❡✓ ✕✡✂❡✥✄✥ ✆✝✁✑ ✁ t❡✑ ✂✡✝❡ ☎✞ Find out stories prevalent in your region ✄ ❡ ❡✎✡✝✡☞☎✎✁✝ ✥✑✥✄❡✠ ✁✥ ✄ ❡✥❡ ✁✂❡ ✁✝✥✡ ✄ ❡ which are about the harmonious relationship ✆✂☎✠✁✂✑ ✆✂✡❛✒✎❡✂✥ ✡✞ ✟ ☎✎ ✁✝✝ ✡✄ ❡✂ ✝☎❧☎✞☞ between human beings and nature. ✌❡☎✞☞✥ ❛❡✆❡✞❛✓ ❇✡✠❡ ❡✥✄☎✠✁✄❡✥ ✥✒☞☞❡✥✄ ✄ ✁✄ ✁✄ ✝❡✁✥✄ ✧❂ ✆❡✂ ✎❡✞✄ ✡☛ ✞❛☎✁✦✥ ✂❡✎✡✂❛❡❛ ✟☎✝❛ ☛✝✡✂✁ ✁✞❛ Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is ❈❂ ✆❡✂ ✎❡✞✄ ✡☛ ☎✄✥ ✠✁✠✠✁✝✥ ✁✂❡ ✡✞ ✄ ❡ immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated ✄ ✂❡✁✄❡✞❡❛ ✝☎✥✄✓ ❉✁✞✑ ✡☛ ✄ ❡✥❡ ✟✡✒✝❛ ✞✡✟ ✌❡ species, diverse in form and function but ✎✁✄❡☞✡✂☎✥❡❛ ✁✥ ❝✎✂☎✄☎✎✁✝✦✍ ✄ ✁✄ ☎✥ ✡✞ ✄ ❡ ❧❡✂☞❡ closely integrated in a system through ✡☛ ❡♦✄☎✞✎✄☎✡✞ ✝☎t❡ ✄ ❡ ✎ ❡❡✄✁ ✍ ✆☎✞t✏ ❡✁❛❡❛ multiple network of interdependencies. ❛✒✎t✍ ✠✡✒✞✄✁☎✞ ✖✒✁☎✝✍ ☛✡✂❡✥✄ ✥✆✡✄✄❡❛ ✡✟✝❡✄✍ ✁✞❛ ✆✝✁✞✄✥ ✝☎t❡ ❊❍❏❑▼ ◆P◗◆❘P◆◗ s✁ ✟☎✝❛ ✈ ✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞ ✟ ✠✡ ☛ ☞ ✌ ❤✍✎✎✏✑✒✓✏ accurate information about actual loss of ❤✔✕✖✏✗✔✍✑✘✗✱✙ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✝✞ ✢✁ ✚✚☛✣ ✤☞ ✞ ✜☎✱ ☞✝ natural forests. ✝☞✄ ✜ ☞ ✚ ✆ ✠✝♦ ✟ ☞✆ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✟ ✆ ✠ ✈✄ ❛✁✄ ✌✆ ✥✄✄☞ ❛✝✚☎✣ ✦✝✌ ✆✱ ♦✄ ✝☞❛✆ ☎ ❛✧ ✝✞ ☎✠✄ ▲✄☎ ✡✚ ☞✝♦ ✡☞✌✄✁✚☎ ☞✌ ☎✠✄ ✌✂✞✞✄✁✄☞☎ ❛ ✁✢✄✁ ☞✌ ✟✝✁✄ ✈✂✚✂✥❛✄ ☞✂✟ ❛✚ ☞✌ ✛❛ ☞☎✚ ✜ ☎✄✢✝✁✂✄✚ ✝✞ ✄t✂✚☎✂☞✢ ✛❛ ☞☎✚ ☞✌ ☞✂✟ ❛ ☎✠ ☎ ✠ ✈✄ ✥✄✜✝✟✄ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎ ✥✡☎ ♦✠ ☎ ✥✝✡☎ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚✣ ★ ✚✄✌ ✝☞ ☎✠✄ ✤☞☎✄✁☞ ☎✂✝☞ ❛ ✩☞✂✝☞ ✞✝✁ ✚✟ ❛❛✄✁ ☞✂✟ ❛✚ ❛✂✧✄ ✂☞✚✄✜☎✚ ☞✌ ✛❛ ☞☎✚s ❈✝☞✚✄✁✈ ☎ ✂✝☞ ✝✞ ✪ ☎✡✁✄ ☞ ✌ ✪ ☎✡✁ ❛ ❘✄✚✝✡✁✜✄✚ ✙✤✩❈✪☛✱ ♦✄ ✜ ☞ ✜❛ ✚✚✂✞✆ ✚ ✞✝❛❛✝♦✚ ➊ ◆✫✬♠✭✮ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✶✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✠✝✚✄ ✛✝✛✡❛ ☎✂✝☞ ❉✝ ✆✝✡ ✧☞✝♦ ☎✠ ☎ ✟✝☞✢ ☎✠✄ ❛ ✁✢✄✁ ❛✄✈✄❛✚ ✁✄ ✜✝☞✚✂✌✄✁✄✌ ☎✝ ✥✄ ☞✝✁✟ ❛ ✞✝✁ ☞✂✟ ❛✚ ✂☞ ✤☞✌✂ ✱ ❁❂ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✝✞ ✟ ✟✟ ❛✚✱ ☎✠✄✂✁ ✚✡✁✈✂✈ ❛✱ ✚✡✜✠ ✚ ✜ ☎☎❛✄✱ ✚ ❛✱ ✛✂☞✄✱ ❃❃ ✝✞ ✥✂✁✌✚✱ ❄❅ ✝✞ ✁✄✛☎✂❛✄✚✱ ☞✌ ❆ ✝✞ ✁✝✌✄☞☎✚✱ ✄☎✜✣ ✟✛✠✂✥✂ ☞✚ ✁✄ ☎✠✁✄ ☎✄☞✄✌s ✪✄ ✁❛✆ ❄✱❅❇❇ ❊✷✸✭✷✹✰✬✰✸ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ ✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✛❛ ☞☎ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✁✄ ✜✝☞✚✂✌✄✁✄✌ ✄☞✌ ☞✢✄✁✄✌✣ ♦✠✂✜✠ ✁✄ ✂☞ ✌ ☞✢✄✁ ✝✞ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎✂✝☞✣ ✦✠✄ ❋❛✝♦✄✁✂☞✢ ✛❛ ☞☎✚ ☞✌ ✈✄✁☎✄✥✁ ☎✄ ☞✂✟ ❛✚ ✚✡✁✈✂✈ ❛ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✂✚ ✌✂✞✞✂✜✡❛☎ ✂✞ ☎✠✄ ✠ ✈✄ ✁✄✜✄☞☎❛✆ ✥✄✜✝✟✄ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎ ☎ ✁ ☎✄ ☞✄✢ ☎✂✈✄ ✞ ✜☎✝✁✚ ☎✠ ☎ ✠ ✈✄ ❛✄✌ ☎✝ ✌✄✜❛✂☞✄ ✂☞ ✄✚☎✂✟ ☎✄✌ ☎✝ ✥✄ ❅❇ ☎✝ ❄❇❇ ☎✂✟✄✚ ☎✠✄ ☎✠✄✂✁ ✛✝✛✡❛ ☎✂✝☞ ✜✝☞☎✂☞✡✄ ☎✝ ✝✛✄✁ ☎✄✣ ✦✠✄ ✈✄✁ ✢✄ ✄t✛✄✜☎✄✌ ☞ ☎✡✁ ❛ ✁ ☎✄✣ ✄t ✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✁✄ ✥❛ ✜✧ ✥✡✜✧✱ ✜✁✝✜✝✌✂❛✄✱ ✤☞✌✂ ☞ ♦✂❛✌ ✚✚✱ ✤☞✌✂ ☞ ✁✠✂☞✝✱ ❛✂✝☞ ☎ ✂❛✄✌ ✟ ✜ ✺✡✄✱ ✚ ☞✢ ✂ ✙✥✁✝♦ ☞☎✄✁ ✌✄✄✁ ✂☞ Vanishing Forests ▼ ☞✂✛✡✁☛✱ ✄☎✜✣ The dimensions of deforestation in India are ❱✻✮✷✰✬✭✼✮✰ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ ✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ staggering. The forest cover in the country is ♦✠✝✚✄ ✛✝✛✡❛ ☎✂✝☞ ✠ ✚ ✌✄✜❛✂☞✄✌ ☎✝ ❛✄✈✄❛✚ ✞✁✝✟ estimated at 637,293 sq km, which is 19.39 ♦✠✄✁✄ ✂☎ ✂✚ ❛✂✧✄❛✆ ☎✝ ✟✝✈✄ ✂☞☎✝ ☎✠✄ ✄☞✌ ☞✢✄✁✄✌ per cent of the total geographical area. ✜ ☎✄✢✝✁✆ ✂☞ ☎✠✄ ☞✄ ✁ ✞✡☎✡✁✄ ✂✞ ☎✠✄ ☞✄✢ ☎✂✈✄ (dense forest 11.48 per cent; open forest 7.76 ✞ ✜☎✝✁✚ ✜✝☞☎✂☞✡✄ ☎✝ ✝✛✄✁ ☎✄✣ ✦✠✄ ✄t ✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ per cent; and mangrove 0.15 per cent). ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✁✄ ✥❛✡✄ ✚✠✄✄✛✱ ✽✚✂ ☎✂✜ ✄❛✄✛✠ ☞☎✱ According to the State of Forest Report ☞✢✄☎✂✜ ✌✝❛✛✠✂☞✱ ✄☎✜✣ (1999), the dense forest cover has increased ✾✭✬✰ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✶✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✂☎✠ ✚✟ ❛❛ ✛✝✛✡❛ ☎✂✝☞ ✟ ✆ ✟✝✈✄ ✂☞☎✝ ☎✠✄ ✄☞✌ ☞✢✄✁✄✌ ✝✁ ✈✡❛☞✄✁ ✥❛✄ ✜ ☎✄✢✝✁✆ ✂✞ ☎✠✄ ☞✄✢ ☎✂✈✄ ✞ ✜☎✝✁✚ ✞✞✄✜☎✂☞✢ ☎✠✄✟ ✜✝☞☎✂☞✡✄ ☎✝ ✝✛✄✁ ☎✄✣ ✦✠✄ ✄t ✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✁✄ ☎✠✄ ❡✂✟ ❛ ✆ ☞ ✥✁✝♦☞ ✥✄ ✁✱ ♦✂❛✌ ✽✚✂ ☎✂✜ ✥✡✞✞ ❛✝✱ ✌✄✚✄✁☎ ✞✝t ☞✌ ✠✝✁☞✥✂❛❛✱ ✄☎✜✣ ❊✷✸✰♠✳✲ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ ✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✠✂✜✠ ✁✄ ✝☞❛✆ ✞✝✡☞✌ ✂☞ ✚✝✟✄ ✛ ✁☎✂✜✡❛ ✁ ✁✄ ✚ ✡✚✡ ❛❛✆ ✂✚✝❛ ☎✄✌ ✥✆ ☞ ☎✡✁ ❛ ✝✁ ✢✄✝✢✁ ✛✠✂✜ ❛ ✥ ✁✁✂✄✁✚✣ ❜t ✟✛❛✄✚ ?