NBC Precies PDF

1 Topics Page No From to PART I – NBC Aspects Chapter 1 Nuclear Warfare Nuclear Warfare mein Prayog...

1 Topics Page No From to PART I – NBC Aspects Chapter 1 Nuclear Warfare Nuclear Warfare mein Prayog Hone Wale Shabdon Ki Section 1 03 04 Paribhasha Section 2 Nuclear Visphot ka Phenomenon 04 04 Section 3 Nuclear Visphot ke Prabhav 05 12 Section 4 Nuclear Warheads ke Prakar aur Delivery System 13 14 Chapter 2 Chemical Warfare Chemical Warfare mein Prayog Kiye Jane Wale Section 1 15 16 Shabdon ka Arth Section 2 Chemical Agent aur Unka Vargikaran 16 18 Section 3 Chemical Agent ki Visheshtayen 18 24 Section 4 Chemical Weapon Delivery System 24 25 Chapter 3 Biological Warfare Section 1 Biological War mein Prayog Hone Wale Shabdon ke Arth 26 27 Biological Warfare: Biological Agent ki Visheshtayen aur Section 2 27 31 Vargikaran Section3 Biological Agent Dissemination aur Delivery Means 32 33 Chapter 4 Protection & Decontamination Section 1 Individual Protective Equipment (IPE) aur MOPP Level 34 42 Decontamination aur Decontaminant ke Bare mein Section 2 43 47 Jankari Chapter 5 NBC Equipments Section 1 Radiological Detection Equipment 48 53 Section 2 Chemical Detection Equipment 53 61 Section 3 Bio Agnts Pata Karna aur Unki Pahchan Karna 62 63 Section 4 Decontamination Equipment 63 73 Chapter 6 Misc Aspects Section 1 NBC Hathiyaron ke Prabhav ko Kam Karne ke Tarike 74 78 Section 2 NBC Hathiyaron par Mausam aur Terrain ka Asar 78 80 RESTRICTED  2 TOPIC Page No From to PART II – Operational Aspects Chapter 1 NBC Defence Section 1 NBC Hamle se Bachav aur Surksha ke Upay 82 86 Section 2 NBC Vatavaran mein Samuhik Bachav 86 88 Section 3 Jeevan Rakshak Drills 88 103 Section 4 NBC Vatavaran mein Field Defence Ka Pherbadal 103 107 Section 5 Integrated Field Shelter (IFS) 107 110 Section 6 Radiation Exposure Status Aur Risk Criteria 111 113 Chapter 2 Decontamination Section 1 Decontamination ke Tarike aur Decontamination Stations 114 131 Chapter 3 NBC Centre Section 1 NBC Centre ki Banawat aur Uske Kam 132 136 Section 2 Alarm System ko Lagane ka Tarika 136 139 Chapter 4 Tactical Operation Section 1 Warning aur Reporting System 140 147 Section 2 Effective Downwind 148 153 Section 3 Nuclear Hazard 154 160 Section 4 Chemical Downwind Hazard 161 164 Section 5 Basic NBC Symbols aur Contaminated Area ki Marking 165 172 Section 6 Recce, Survey aur Monitoring 173 185 Chapter 5 Misc Aspects Section 1 NBC Upkarnon Ki Dekhbhaal Aur Bachav 186 188 Section 2 Atomic Damage Template 189 189 Chapter 6 Organisation aur Training Section 1 NBC Platoon 190 195 Section 2 NBC QRT aur QRMT 195 198 Section 3 NBC Training 199 202 Section 4 NBC ki Duties 203 206 Chapter 7 Medical Aspects Section 1 Nuc, Bio, Chem Warfare ke Med Pahlu 207 209 Section 2 Nuc Warfare ke Manovaigyanik Pahlu 209 212 RESTRICTED  3 CHAPTER-1 NUCLEAR WARFARE SECTION-1 AANVIK YUDH PADDHYATI (NUC WARFARE) MEIN PRAYOG HONE WALE SHABDON KI PARIBHASHA 1. Atomic Demolition Munition (ADM). Ek aisa nuc yantra jise remote control aur timer ki madad se visphot kiya ja sakta hai. 2. Nuclear Warfare. Nuclear hathiyaron ki madad se yudh mein admiyon, janwaron aur fasalon ko nuksan pahuchane ki karyawahi ko Nuclear Warfare kahte hain. 3. Atom. Yah kisi tatva (element) ka wah chhote se chhota bhag hai jisko toda nahin ja sakta hai aur jo chemical reaction mein bhag leta hai. 3. Nuclear Fission. Ek atom ke nucleus ke 2 ya 2 se adhik tukde hone ki kriya ko fission kahte hain. Isme bhari matra mein energy paida hoti hai. 4. Yield. Ek parmanu bomb ki shakti kilo-ton mein napi jati hai. Ek kilo- ton Anu Bomb ke explode hone se jo energy nikalati hai, use yield kahte hain. 5. Ground Zero (GZ). Zameen ka aisa ilaqa jiske theek uppar Parmanu Bomb ka visphot hota hai, use Ground Zero kahte hain. 6. Surface Zero (SZ). Pani ki satah ka aisa hissa jiske upar ya neeche parmanu bomb visphot kiya jata hai, use Surface Zero kahte hain. 7. Fall Out. Nuclear visphot ke dauran radioactive material jaise ki mitti, patthar aur dusre padarth zameen ke upar girate hain, use Fall Out kahte hain. 8. Thermal Radiation. Nuclear visphot ke dauran high temp ke karan jo garmi ki kirne paida hoti hain, use Thermal Radiation kahte hain. 9. Nuclear Radiation. Nuclear vishphot ke bad 4 prakar ke radiation niklate hain jo aadmi aur janwaron ke sharir ke andar jane par janleva hoti hain. Inhen Alpha, Beta, Gamma aur Neutron Kiranon ke nam se jana Jata hai. Nuclear Radiation 2 prakar ke hote hain:- (a) Incident Nuclear Radiation (INR) (b) Residual Nuclear Radiation (RNR) 10. Radiological Sickness. Nuclear radiation se insan ke sharir mein hone wale asar ko Radiological Sickness kahte hain. RESTRICTED  4 11. Dose. Kisi insan dwara liye gaye radiation energy ki matra ko Dose kahte hain. 12. Dose Rate. Kisi insan dwara prati ghante ki dar se liye gaye radiation ki matra ko Dose Rate kahte hain. 13. Dosimeter. Radiation ki pahchan karne aur Dose napne wale instrument ko Dosimeter kahte hain. 14. EMP. Nuclear visphot ke bad electro magnetic pulse waves nikalati hai aur yah kisi bhi bijali ke upkaraon ko kharab kar deti hai. Iska asar kafi samay tak rahta hai. 15. TREE. Nuclear visphot ke bad TREE (Transient Radiation Effect on Electronics) hota hai jis se thode samay ke liye diode, capacitor, resistor, wiring ityadi par asar hota hai. Use TREE kehate hain. SECTION-2 NUCLEAR VISPHOT KA PHENOMENON 1. Jab koi parmanu bomb visphot hota hai to uske nimnlikhit asar hote hain:- (a) Jab dhmaka hota hai to bahut matra mein garmi paida hoti hai jis se ek aag ka gola ban jata hai (b) Yah aag ka gola teji se upar ki taraf uthta hai aur uske neeche bahut adhik matra mein hawa bhi upar uthati hai. (c) Usi samay blast aur shock wave aag ke gole se bahar ki taraf nikalti hai. (d) Alpha, Beta, Gamma aur Neutrons Kirnen bhi radioactive material se nikalkar vatavaran ko dushit kartee hain. (e) Hawa ke uppar uthne ki wajah se GZ per hawa ka dabav kam ho jata hai. (f) Jaise - Jaise aag ka gola uppar ki taraf uthta hai to wah thanda ho jata hai aur badal ki tarah ban jata hai. (g) Shuru - Shuru main badal peele rang ka hota hai. RESTRICTED  5 SECTION-3 NUCLEAR VISPHOT KE PRABHAV 1. Nuc explosion ka asar tgt ke upar nimnlikhit baton ke aadhar per hota hai:- (a) Nuc wpn ki takat. (b) Phatane ki jagah se duri. (c) Phatane ki jagah ki unchai. (d) Tgt ke bachav ka sadhan. (e) Mausam. (f) Zameen ki banawat. 2. Jab koi parmanu bomb visphot hota hai to usse niminlikhit asar hota hai: (a) Flash. Jab nuclear bomb visphot hota hain to usse bahut hi tez chamak nikalti hai, jo ki suraj ki kirno se 30 guna jyada tej hoti hai. (i) Din ke samay agar aadmi chamak ki taraf dekh raha hai to 2 se 5 minute ke lia temporary blindness ho jati hai. (ii) Agar aadmi raat ke samay chamak ki taraf dekh raha hai to 10 se 15 minute tak temporary blindness ho jata hai. (iii) Agar ground zero ke nazdik hai to hamesha ke liye blindness (andhapan) ho jata hain. Udaharan ke taur per agar 20 KT ka bomb visphot hota hai to visphot se 15 km dur khare aadmi ki putli (retina) jal jati hai aur wah permanent anndha ho jata hai. (iv) Flesh ki speed 1,86,000 mile per second hoti hai. Atmosphere conditions Visibility (km) Clear 50 Haze 10 Fog 02 (b) Thermal Radiation. Nuclear blast hone ke bad radiations ka aadmiyon par niminlikhit prakar se asar hota hai:- (i) First Degree Burns. Garmi ke karan kuchh ghante ke bad skin lal ho jati hai aur jalan shuru hone lagti hai. Lal hui chamdi(skin) ek din mein thik ho jata hai. RESTRICTED  6 (ii) Second Degree Burns. Garmi ke karan 1 ghante ke bad skin par blister (fafole) ban jate hain. Jis mein infection ka khatra bana rahta hai. Blister 07 se 21 din ke andar thik ho jata hai. (iii) Third Degree Burn. Jyada garmi hone ke karan aadmi ke sharir ki skin jalkar kali ho jati hai. yah skin dobara nahin aati, jale hue jagah par plastic surgery karwani padati hai aur wah 30 din mein thik ho jati hai. Thermal Radiation se material per nimnlikhit asar hote hain:- (aa) Direct Asar. Thermal radiation ke asar se fuel, paper, window curtains, dry grass, dry leaves, lakdi ityadi jal jate hain. (ab) Indirect Asar. Thermal radiation se electrical short circuits aur gas line broken ho jate hain. (c) Blast. Nuclear visphot se jo dhamaka utpann hota hai usse zameen mein kampan paida hota ha, jis karan building, darkhat aur veh ulat- pulat ho jate hain. Iska asar 2 prakar se hota hai:- (i) Direct Asar. Dhamake ke karan shock waves nikalti hain jis se aadmi ke kan ke parde aur fefade fat jate hain. (aa) 15 pounds ka over pressure hone se kan ke parde fat sakte hain. (ab) 35 pounds ka over pressure hone se fefadon ko nuksan ho sakta hai. (ac) 200 pound ka over pressure hone se adhik nuksan ho sakta hai. (ad) 300 pounds ka over pressure hone se maut ho sakti hai. (ii) Indirect Asar. Dhamake se kampan paida hoti hai jise khidki, darwaje ke seese tot sakte hain. Badi badi building ke girne se chot lag sakti hai. Fd defences ke tutne ka khatra rahta hai. (d) Nuclear Radiation. Samay ke lihaj se nuclear radiation 2 prakar ke hote hain:- (i) Initial Nuclear Radiation. Nuclear visphot hone ke bad, Pahle 1 minute ke andar jo radiation nikalti hain use initial radiation kahte hain. Ismen khastaur se gamma kirano ke sath-sath neutron nikalte hain. Alpha aur beeta kan fire ball ke dwara shoshit kiye jate hain. RESTRICTED  7 (ii) Residual Nuclear Radiations. Nuclear visfot hone ke 1 minute ke bad jo radiation nikalti hain use RNR kahte hain. Blast ke rahte bhi radiation kriya chalti rahti hai. GZ ke illake mein yah radiation kam hota hai lekin fallout ke karan residual radiation GZ ke bahar ke illake ko lambe samay tak aur kafi matra mein prabhavit karta hai. Is radiation se cas ka rate 15% tak rahta hai. Radiation ki matra blast ki unchai aur bomb ki takat par nirbhar karti hain. Is radiation ka sharir mein asar kafi samay tak rahta hai. 3. Nuclear Radiation ke Prakar. Yah 4 prakar ke hote hain:- (a) Alpha. Yah radiation paper, cloth, blanket aur ground sheet se roka ja sakta hai. Yah hawa mein kuchh dur tak hi ja sakte hain. (b) Beta. Yah radiation aadmi ke sharir mein jakhm dwara andar jate hain, jis se tissues (cell) damage ho jate hain. Is se cancer ho sakta hai. Kate huye bhag ko bandage (patti) se cover karke rakhna chahiye. Aadmi ke skin mein radiation deposit hone par sharir ke balon (hair) ko bhi jla deti hai.Yah radiation kisi bhi dhatu se roka ja sakta hai. (c) Gamma. Yah radiation Alpha aur Beta se 100 guna jyada taktwar hote hain. Yah radiation overgarments ko par karke body mein dakhil ho jate hain aur tissues (blood cell) ko injure kar deti hai. Jis se khatarnak bimari paida ho jati hain. Yah radiation 24”moti wall ko par kar jati hain. (d) Neutron. Is radiation se bachna mushkil hai. Yah aadmi ke sharir mein asani se dakhil ho jati hain aur body mein blood cell ko khatam kar deti hain aur sharir ke bal (hair) ko jla deti hai. 4. Electro Magnetic Pulse (EMP). Nuc dhamake ke dauran magnetic pulse nikalte hain jise EMP kaha jata hai. Yah magnetic pulse normal radio tarangon se lakhon guna zayada taqatwar hoti hain.Tivarta ke karan, yah bahut kam samay ke andar electric current paida karti hain aur khas taur se electronic eqpt ko barbad kar deti hain. EMP ke Prabhav (i) Electric power system (ii) Communication system (iii) Radio Station (iv) Telephone system RESTRICTED  8 EMP se Bachav. (i) Agar jarurat na ho to eqpt ko band karo. (ii) Anteena ko eqpt se disconnect karo. (iii) EMP se barbad hone wale eqpt agar makan mein hain to makan ki khidki aur darwaje band karo. (iv) Agar koi eqpt veh main mounted hai to veh ke hatches band karo. (v) Cable ko under ground aur layout karte samay length chhota rakhen. (vi) Communication eqpt ko under ground rakhen. (vii) Hamesha lighting conductor ka istmal karen. (viii) Computer ka switch off karen aur data ko nikal den. 5. Transient Radiation Effects on Electronics (TREE). Initail nuc radiation ke dauran gamma kiran aur neutron, electronic systems se bane upkaranon ko prabhavit karte hain. Radiation ka upkarno par prabhav radiation ki matra aur upkarnon ke andar bane hue components par nirbhar karta hai. Electronic upkarnon par radiation ke asar ko Transient Radiation Effects on Electronics kahte hain. Components ko 4 alag - alag bhagon mein banaya gaya hai jo nimnlikhit hain:- (i) Vaccum tubes (ii) Capacitors (iii) Solid State Device (iv) Connecting cables 6. Nuclear Burst ke Prakar. Nuclear bomb ko alag - alag target par asar pahuchane ke liye alag - alag unchai par visfot kiye jate hain jo ki nimnlikhit hain:- (a) High Altitude Burst. (b) Air Burst. (c) Ground ya Surface Burst. (d) Under Ground Burst. (e) Under Water Burst. (a) High Altitude Burst. Yah burst jamin ki satah se 30 km ki unchai ke upar kiya Jata hai. Is burst se flash aur EMP ka bahut jyada area main asar hota hai. High Altitude Burst ke Prabhav. (i) Eska fire ball dekhne se ankho par bura asar padta hai. EMP ke asar se electricity aur magnet se chalne wale saman par bura asar parta hai. (ii) Blast effect kam hota hai. (iii) Fall out ka asar kam hota hai. RESTRICTED  9 (iv) Initial radiation zameen par girne se asar kam hota hai. (b) Air Burst. Yah burst 2 prakar ke hote hain:- (i) High Air Burst. (ii) Low Air Burst. (i) High Air Burst. Yah brust jamin se 3 km se upar aur 30 km se kam unchai tak kiya jata hai. (ii) Low Air Burst. Yah burst jamin se 850 Mtrs se upar aur 3 km unchai tak kiya jata hai. Air Burst ke Prabhav (i) Flash ka asar jyada hoga. (ii) Heat ka asar jyada hoga. (iii) Blast ka asar jyada hoga. (iv) Nuc radiation bhi nikalata hai. (v) Initial radiation jyada hota hai aur jyada ilaqe ko prabhavit karta hai. (c) Ground Burst. Yah burst jamin ki satah par kiya jata hai. Ground Burst ke Prabhav (i) GZ aur aas - pas ki area main jyada asar. (ii) Thermal Radiation air burst ki apeksha kam paida hota hai (iii) Nuclear radiation ka jyada asar. (iv) Jamin ki satah ke upar jaida nuksan. (v) Fall out ka jyada asar. (d) Under Ground Burst. Yah burst jamin ki satah ke Neeche kiya Jata hai. Yah pipeline, oil line, gas line ko nuksan pahuchata hai. Under Ground Burst ke Prabhav (i) Fall out ka jyada asar hota hai. (ii) Jamin ke Neeche jyada toot - foot hoti hai. (iii) Thermal radiation ka asar kam hota hai. (iv) Tsrials ke tor par kiya jata hai. RESTRICTED  10 (e) Under Water Burst. Yah burst pani ki satah ke neeche kiya jata hai. Under Water Burst ke Prabhav (i) Pani main unchi - unchi lahre lane ke liye istemal kiya jata hai. (ii) Pani main kafi garmi paida karne liye kiya jata hain. (iii) Navy force ko kam karne main dikkat aati hai. (iv) Samundar ke kinare kam karne main rukawat hoti hai. 7. Nuclear Explosion ki Urja ka Vitaran. (a) Air Burst (i) Blast - 50% (ii) Tharmal Radiation - 35% (iii) Nuclear Radiation - 15% (iv) Initial Nuc Radiation - 5% (v) Residual Nuc Radiation - 10% (b) Ground Burst (i) Blast 50% (ii) Thermal Radiation 23% (iii) Nuclear Radiation 27% 8. Nuclear Mitigation Technique. Yah technique 3 prakar ke hote hain:- (a) Hamle se pahle bachav ka tarika. Warning order milne par karyawahi :- (i) Digging (aa) Digging jan bachati hain. (ab) Golakar mein trench khodo. (ac) Trench mein aane jane ke raste chhote hone chahiye. (ad) Trench ko under ground karo. (ii) OHP (Overhead Protection) (aa) Cover ki motai jyada se jyada banao. (ab) Support achhi do. (ac) Entrance ko close rakho. RESTRICTED  11 (ad) Mitti aur lakdi se OHP Banao. (iii) Tank aur B Veh mein Suraksha (aa) Tank ke hatch ko band karo. (ab) Blast ke taraf tnk ka tail (Rear) side rakho. (ac) Veh ke upar sand bag rakho taki radiation se bachav mil sake. (b) Hamle ke dauran bachaav ka tarika (i) Survivable Drill No-3. (ii) Trench mein. (iii) Shelter aur building mein. (iv) Armd veh ke andar. (c) Hamle ke bad bachaav ka tarika (i) Heat, dhamaka, fallout ka asar hone tak andar hi rahen kyonki iska asar 90 Second rahta hai. (ii) Casualties ko bachav. (iii) Kamjor imarat aur darkhat se dur rahen. (iv) Agar aag lagi hai to usko bujhao. 9. Radiation Protective Factors S Depth Radiation Protective Dose (Rads) No Factor 1. Main in open Nil 2400 2 Main in 4 fit depth 8 300 3. T” OHP 12 200 4. 12” OHP 24 100 5. 18” OHP 48 50 6. 24” OHP 96 25 7. One layahr sand bags 16 150 4” 8. Twoh layahr 75 9. Three layahr 64 38 10. Medical Aspect of Nuclear. Anu bomb ke explosion se jo casualty hoti hain wah mukhya roop se dhamake ,anu or nucler radiation asar se hoti hai. Hiroshima or Nagasaki main jab anu bomb giraya gaya tha to adhiktar maut dhamake ke karan, malwe ke andar dabne se ya garmi ke karan julshane se hui thee. GZ ke 500 mts ke ilaqe main sabhi log usi wakt mar gayah ya 2 km ke area mein kuchh samay ke bad mar gayah. RESTRICTED  12 11. Nuclear Explosion Casualty Percentage. Nuclear explosion casualty ko mukhya roop se 3 bhagon main bataya gaya hai:- (i) Garmi ke asar se - 50% (ii) Dhamake ke asar se - 35% (iii) Radiation ke asar se - 15% Warning milne par Jawan ki karyawahi. (i) Aankho ko bachav or aag ke gole ki taraf mat dekho. (ii) Heat se bachne ke Liye apne body ke har ang ko cover karo. (iii) Dheela kapra pahno. (iv) Hamesha helmet pahno. (v) Kaano ko band karo aur flash dekhte hua muh ko kholo. Nuclear attack ke dauran karyawahi. (i) Ground Zero ki taraf sir karte hue lying position mein let jayo, blast se bachav hoga. (ii) Ankh aur chamri ke bachav ke liye apne muh aur ankho ko hathon se cover karo. (iii) Ankho par hath rakh kar anguthon se kan band karo taki kan ke parde dhamake se na fatein. (iv) Chamak ke bad bhi lete raho. Hawa, Garda aur Malwa band hone ke bad hi utho. (v) Jyada se jyada jitna Neeche ho sake jao. (vi) Tank main ya shelter main tang raho taki sir aur kandhon ko hull ya diwar se takkar na lage. (vii) Close down halat main raho. (viii) ‘B’ Veh main chamak dekhte hi jaldi se kudo aur munh Neeche ki taraf karke let jao. Chamak ki disha main kudo taki dhamake se bacha ja sake. RESTRICTED  13 Section-4 NUCLEAR WARHEADS KE PRAKAR AUR DELIVERY SYSTEM 1. Nuclear Warhead. Nuclear energy paida karne ke aadhar par banayah gayah hathiyaron ko nuclear warheads kahte hain. Hathiyar taiyar karte samay nuclear energy paida karne ke liye alag - alag tarah ke siddhanton par kam karne wale kuch warheads taiyar kiye gayah hain jinka varnan is section mein kiya gaya hai. 2. Nuclear Warheads ke Prakar. Nuclear warheads nimnalikhit prakar ke hotein hain: (a) Fission Warheads. (b) Fusion Warheads. (c) Fission-Fusion-Fission Warheads. (d) Neutron Warheads. (e) Misc Warheads. 3. Fission Warheads. Isko banane ke liye 2 prakar ke tarikon ka prayog kiya jata hai:- (a) Gun Method. (b) Implosion Method. (a) Gun Method. Is tarike mein U235 ke 2 tukron ko barrel ke kinaron par alag - alag rakha Jata hai. Bhari wale tukre ko barrel ke andar ek aise shell mein rakha jata hai jo shell neutron ko prabhavit karne ki kshamta rakhta ho. Chote bhar wala tukare barrel ke dusare kinare per explosive se lapeta rahta hai. Jab is chote tukare ko explosive se detonate kiya Jata hai to yah 300m/ sec ki gati se bade tukde ke sath milta hai aur dono tukde milkar visphot ho jatein hain. (b) Implosion Method. EIs tarike mein fissile material ko high explosive ke andar rakha Jata hai. Shock wave ke liye hereditary explosive ko 32 lenses ke roop mein lagaya jata hai. Shock wave 5 km/ sec ki gati se fissile material se takrati hai aur visphot ho jata hai. 4. Fusion Warhead. Ise thermo nuclear warhead bhi kahte hain. Is tarike mein 2 halke tatva mein nucleus ko aapas mein jora jata hai. Jurne ki kriya ke dauran energy paida hoti hai. 5. Fission-Fusion-Fission Warhead. Is prakar ke system mein bomb ke cylinder mein pahle fission kee kriya kee jati hai. Is energy ke dabav se fussion kee karyawahi hoti hai. Is kriya mein bahut energy paida hoti hai. Energy ke sath - sath phir fission ki kriya hoti hai. RESTRICTED  14 6. Neutron Bomb. Is prakar ke warheads neutron aur gamma radiation ki adhikta ke liye taiyar kiye jate hain. Ismein heat aur blast ke prabhav ko mhatav nahin diya jata hai. Blast hone par, radiation bahut adhik matara mein hota hai. Prantu isme fallout nahin hota hai. 7. Nuc Warheads Delivery System. Nuc warheads ko target tak pahunchane ke liye jis delivery sys ka istemal kiya Jata hai jo nimnalikhit hai:- (a) Missiles. Range ke lihaz se missiles ka vargikaran is prakar se hai:- (i) Short Range Ballistic Missile (SBRM) – Range 800 km. (ii) Short Range Attack Missile (SRAM) – Range 100 km fired by aircraft. (iii) Medium Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM) – Range 800-2400 km. (iv) Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) - Range 2400- 6000 km. (v) Sub Marine launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) - Range 6000 km se upar. (vi) Cruse Missile - Range 1800-2500 km. (b) Bombers. Aircraft ke dwara warhead ko target area mein chhoda jata hai. (c) Arty. (d) Rockets. (e) Mine / Torpedos. RESTRICTED  15 CHAPTER 2 CHEMICAL WARFARE SECTION -1 RASAYANIK YUDDH PADDHATI (CHEMICAL WARFARE) MEIN PRAYOG KIYE JANE SHABDON KA ARTH 1. Aerosol. Hawa mein ghule hue woh suksham kan hain jo thos ya dravya ke roop mein hoten hain. Inka aakar 0.1 se 10.0 microns tak hota hai. Kai prakar ke kan aise hotein hain joki vatavaran mein lambe samay tak ghule rahte hain aur dikhai nahin dete hain. 2. Agent. Wohh rasayanik aur jaivik tatva jinka istemal ladai mein aakraman ke taur par kiya jata hai. 3. Chem Agent. Wohh rasayanik yaugik (chemical compound) jiske bikharne se manushya, janvar fasal par ghatak prabhav parta hai. 4. Concentration. Kisi chem agent ki woh matra jo nischit aayatan ki hawa mein payahe jati hai use concentration kahte hain. Aamtaur par 1 cubic meter vatavaran mein kisi chem agent ki milligram mein matra agent ki concentration kahlati hai. 5. Contamination. Radiation, chem agents aur bio agents ke dwara kisi padarth, ilaqe ya vyakti ke dushit ho jane ko contamination kahate hain. 6. Decontamination. Dushit ilaqe, vastuyahn ya vyaktiyon ko radiation, chem agents aur bio agents se mukt karne ki kriya ko decontamination kahate hain. 7. Dose. Ek vyakti dwara li gayi bio aur chem agent ki wah matra jisse wah prabhavit hua ho. 8. Dose Effective. Dose ki wah aavashyak matra jisse vyakti prabhavit ho jayah. 9. Dose Incapacitating. Dose ki wah matra jo kisi vyakti dwara lene per wah kam karne ke ayogya ho jayah. eg – 50 % asurakshit ya khule vyakti ko dose ki matra LD(jaan leva) 50 milne per wah mar sakta hai. 10. Incapacitate. Kisi vyakti ke NBC agent se prabhavit hone ke bad ladai ke liye ayogya ho jane per wah Incapacitate kahlata hai. RESTRICTED  16 11. Median Incapacitating Dosage (Ict 50). Kisi vishaile rasaynik padarth ki wah matra jo 50 % bachav rahit vyakit ki jan le sakta hai. Ise mg-min / cubic meter mein darsaya jata hai. 12. NBC Centre. Ek aisa org jo nuc, bio, chem warfare se prabhavit vyaktiyon ya iIakon ke barien mein jankari rakhta hai, jankari malum karne ke bad mulyankan karta hai aur decn karne ke bad uska record rakhta hai. NBC centre brigade ya brigade se uppar ke fmn mein hota hai. 13. Percutaneous. Nuc , bio aur chem agent ka twacha ke raste sharir mein pravesh karne ko percutaneous kahate hain. 14. Persistent. Ek aise chem agent ke liye istemal kiya jane wala shabd hai jo dheere - dheere bhap bankar ud jata hai,sad jata hai ya mitti dwara shoshit kiya jata hai aur jis ka asar kisi nirdharit samay tak rahta hai. 15. Toxicity. Kisi jahrile padarth ka wah tej prabhav jo kisi vyakti ko ayogya kar deta hai ya uski mrityu ho jati hai. Section-2 RASAYANIK AGENT AUR UNKA VARGIKARAN 16. Sabse pehele Ist wohrld war mein chemical agent ko gas ke roop mein (chlorine gas) istemal kiya gaya tha. IInd wohrld war mein chem agent ko prayog mein lane ki koi sambhavna nahin thi. 1965 mein Italy mein iska istemal kiya gaya tha. Abhi haal hi mein Iran-Iraq mein bhi bhari matra mein chem agent ka istemal kiya gaya tha isliye jaruri hai ki chem agents ke bare mein jankari ho taki samay aane par bachav kiya ja sake. 17. Chemical Warfare. Rasaynik padarthon (materials) ka istemal karke jab dushman ke aadmiyon, janwaron aur faslo ko barbad kartein hain jisse dushman ko jan -mal ka kafi nuksan hota hain use chemical warfare kahate hain. 18. Chemical Agent. Chemical pradarthon ko dushman ke uppar giraya jae aur jiske failne se janwaron, aadmiyon aur faslon ko nuksaan ho jata hai use chemical agent kahate hain. 19. Chemical Wpn. Ek aisa wpn jiske dwara dushman par rasayanik attack kiya Jata hain use chemical wpn kahate hain. RESTRICTED  17 20. Classification of Chemical Agent. 21. Mil Use. (i) Lethal / Killer Agent (VX,GB). Yah bahut hee khatarnak agent hote hain. Yah rangheen, gandhheen hote hain aur jaldi hee bhap ke roop mein badal jate hain. Yah agent sans ke jariyah aur munh ke raste se aadmi ke sharir mein dakhil ho jatein hain. V agent kafi samay tak zameen par prabhav dalte hain aur G agent kam samay tak zameen ko prabhavit karate hain. (ii) Incapacitating Agent (BZ, HD). Es prakar ke agent janleva nahin hote hain lekin dushman ko nakara kar dete hain. Yah agent aadmi ki naak dwara sans lene se prabhavit hotein hain. Yah agent dimagi santulan (Mental) aur sharir ke santulan ko bigar dete hain. Agar individual BZ se affected hai to 8 dino mein recover kar leta hai. (iii) Riot Control Agent (CS) Es prakar ke agent ka istemal upadrav kafi bheed ko titar bitar karne ke kiye kiya jata hai. Inka asar aankhon, gale aur fefdo par parta hai. Yah non lethal agent hai. 22. Asar ka samay. (i) Non Persistent Agent (G,CG). Yah wohh agent hain jinka asar zameen par bahut kam samay tak hota hain aur yah chemical gas ya bhap ke roop mein vatawran mein ghul mil jata hai. (ii) Persistent Agent (VX). Es prakar ke agent ka asar kafi samay tak rahta hai. Yah aamtaur par liquid ke roop mein hote hain. RESTRICTED  18 23. Shareer par Asar. (i) Nerve Agent. Woh agent jo nervous system ko prabhavit kartein hain. In mein nimnalikhit agents aatein hain:- (aa) G Agent - Tabun, Sarin aur Soman (GA,GB,GD). (ab) V Agent- VX (ii) Blood Agent. Yah agent sharir ke tissues ko khun mein oxygen lene se roktein hai. Iske udahran hain Hydrogen Cynide(AC),Cynogen Chloride (CK) aur Arsine (SA). (iii) Blister Agent. Aise agent sharir ke sampark mein aane par sharir mein jalan aur phafole paida karten hain. Sans ke jariyah andar jane par tissues ko barbad kartein hain. Iske udahran hain. Distilled Mustard (HD), Nitrogen Mustard (HN), HN2, HN3 aur Lewisite hain. (iii) Choking Agent. Yah agent sans ki nali aur phefron ko prabhavit karte hain. Iske udaharan Phosgene (CG), Diphosgene aur Chloropicrin (PS) agent hain. (iv) Mental Incapacitating Agent. Yah agent asthayi taur par mansik gadbadi paida kartein hain.Iske udaharan hain bz, LSD aur marijuana. (v) Vomitting Agent. Yah agent naak aur gale mein akadan paida kartein hain jisse ulti aati hai Isake udaharan hain Diphenylchloroarsine (DA), adamsite (DM). (vi) Tear Agent. Inko riot control agent bhee kahte hain. Inse aankhon mein khichaw aur aansu bahana shuru hota jata hai. Isaka udaharan hai CS. Section-3 RASAYANIK AGENT KI VISHESTAYAHN NERVE AGENT 24. Sansar mein sabse pehele nerve agent 1850 mein banaya gaya tha. Iska naam TEPP (Tetra Ethyl Phyro Phosgene) tha. Ist Wohrld War mein nerve agent ka prayog nahin kiya gaya tha. 1882 mein Germany nen nerve agent banana shuru kiya. Yah agent chem agent mein sabse khatarnak mana jata hai. 25. Yah agent sharir ke tissue fluid mein react karne se nervous system ko fail kar deta hai. Yah bahut hee jaharila agent hai. Yah kai tarike se failtain hain. Yah agent s 2 prakar ke hote hain:- RESTRICTED  19 (i) V Agent (VX). Yah persistent agent hain aur es ka liquid rangheen aur gandheen hota hai. Agar yah agent liquid ke roop mein hain to sans , aankhon aur skin ke dwara sharir mein dakhil ho jate hain. Agar yah aerosol ke roop mein hain to khane (vegetation) ke raste se sarir mein parwesh kar jatein hain. (ii) G Agent. Yah non persistent agent hote hain. Yah liquid aur vapour form mein hote hain. Yah agent aankhon, sans aur skin dwara nuksan pahuncha sakte hai. Yah 3 prakaar ke hote hain:- (aa) GA (Tabun). Es ki khoj 1936 mein ki gayahe thi. Iska colour brownish hota hai. Iski gandh fruity ki tarah hoti hai. Yah agent vapour form mein hone se aankh ki putli ko nuksan pahunchata hai, jisse aankh ki nazar kamzor ho jati hai. Aur liquid form mein hone se skin par asar padta hai. (ab) GB (Sarin). Yah rangheen (colourless) aur odourless (gandhaheen) hota hai. Iska slution halka lime colour ka hota hai. (ac) GD (Soman). Yah rangheen hota hai iski gandh fruity ki tarah hoti hai. Iska action bahut jaldi hota hai. 26. Nerve Agent ki Visheshtayen Nerve agent ki nimnalikhit Visheshtayen hoti hain:- (a) Sabhi nerve agent pani mein ghul jate hain. (b) Aam taur par nerve agent liquid form mein paye jate hain. (c) Nerve agent aadmi ke central nervous system par asar karta hai jisase aadmi ka sharir nasht ho Jata hai aur baki hisson mein koi talmel nahin rahta hai. 27. Nerve Agent ke Lakshan. Nerve agent ke lakshanon ko 3 parts mein bant sakte hain:- (a) Shuru ke Lakshan. (i) Naak bahana. (ii) Adhik chakkar aana. (iii) Chhati mein jakran. (iv) Aankho mein dhundhlapan. (v) Aankho ki putliyon ka sikurana. (vi) Sans lene mein taklif. RESTRICTED  20 (b) Bad ke Lakshan. (i) Sir mein dard. (ii) Lar tapakana. (iii) Kamjori aana. (iv) Adhik pasina aana. (d) Khatare ke Lakshan. (i) Ulti aana. (ii) Mal - mutra ka nikalana. (iii) Sharir mein jhatke lagna. (iv) Sans band hona. BLOOD AGENT 28. Blood agent teji se asar karne wale chemical agent hain jiske asar se khun mein oxygen ki kami ho jati hai. Yah aadmi ke sharir mein cyctochrome oxidizes nam ki enzyme par asar karte hain jise cells mein oxygen ki kami ho jati hai. Blood Agent ke Parkar 29. Mukhya roop se blood agent 2 prakar ke hote hain:- (a) Hydrogen Cyanide - AC (b) Cynogen Chloride - CK Blood Agent ki Visheshtayen 30. Blood Agent ki visheshtayen nimnlikhit hain:- Agent Gandh Sharirik Prakriya (i) Hydrogen/ Kadwe badam Sharir ki tissues dwara oxygen ke ki tarah prayog mein badha, cyanide (AC) sans teji se Chalne lagti hai. (ii) Cynogen Kuchh-kuchh Hydrogen/ Dam ghutna, jalan Chloride (CK) oxygen ke cyanide (AC) agent paida hona, ki tarah shayad pata na Chale dhimi sans chalna. RESTRICTED  21 Blood Agent ki Khubiyan 31. Blood Agent ki nimnlikhit khubiyan hain:- (a) Yah gas ya liquid form mein paya jata hai. (b) Yah rangheen hota hai. (c) Yah bahut jaldi aag pakad leta hai. (d) Jyada asar karne wala agent hai. (e) Yah aankhon,Skin par asar karta hai. Blood Agent ka Asar 31. Blood agent se sharir mein khun mein oxygen ki kami ho jati hai jisse sharir ke cells aur tissues mein oxygen kam pahunchti hai. Blood Agent ke Lakshan 32. Blood Agent ke nimnlikhit lakshan hain:- (a) Dhundhla dikhai dena. (b) Aankhon mein jalan hona. (c) Sir mein dard hona. (d) Sans lene mein taklif hona. (e) Ulti aana. CHOKING AGENT 33. Choking agent ke istemal se aadmiyon ko sans lene mein taklif hoti hai jisse aadmi ki dam ghutan se maout ho jati hai. Choking Agent ke Prakar 34. Mukhya roop se choking agent 2 prakar ke hote hain:- (a) Phosgene CG. (b) Diphosgene DP. Choking Agent ki Visheshtayen 35. Choking Agent ki nimnlikhit visheshtayen hain:- Agent Gandh Sharirik Prakriya Phosgene Taji kati ghas ki tarah Phefadon ko nuksan (CG) ya hari ghas ki tarah aur inse khun bahana. Diphosgene (DP) do- -do- RESTRICTED  22 Choking Agent ki Khubiyan 36. Choking Agen ki nimnlikhit khubiyan hain:- (a) Yah aamtaur par gas form mein payi jati hai. (b) Pani ke sampark mein aane se iska asar kam ho Jata hai. Isliye asar kam karne ke liye prabhavit ilaqe mein pani ka prabandh hona chahiye. (c) Yah der se asar karne wala agent hai. (d) Jyada asar karne wala agent hai. Choking Agent ke Lakshan 37. Choking Agent ke nimnlikhit lakshan hain:- (a) Shuru ke Lakshan. (i) Sans ki nali mein chubhan. (ii) Aankhon mein jalan aur pani bahna. (iii) Khansi hona. (iv) Ulti aana. (v) Sir dard hona. (b) Bad ke Lakhan. (i) Sans ki raftar tez ho jana. (ii) Khansi hone par muh se peela padarth jaisa nikalna. (iii) Asmaran shakti kam ho jana. BLISTER AGENT 38. Abhi tak paye jane wale blister agent Distilled Mustard (HD), Nitrogen Mustard (HN3), Lewisite (L) aur phosgene oxide hain. In agents ko vesicants bhi kahte hain jo ki aankh, fefdon aur skin par asar dalte hain. Ye agent skin par jalan aur phafole paida karte hain siway Lewisite (L), phosgene oxine ke jo ki body ke sampark mein aane par dard ka anubhav karate hain. Is agent ka sabse pahle 1917 mein Germany dwara Angrejon ke khilaf istemal kiya gaya jiske parinam swaroop istemal ke 3 months ke ander 14,206 aadmiyon ki casualty huee. Ye agent aankhon aur sans ke dwara body mein pravesh karte hain. Blister Agent ke Prakar 39. Blister agent mukhya roop se 2 prakar ke hote hain:- (a) Distilled Mustard - HD (b) Nitrogen Mustard - HN3. RESTRICTED  23 Blister Agent ki Visheshtayen 40. Blister agent ki nimnlikhit visheshtayen hain:- Agent Gandh Sharirik Prakriya Distilled Mustard Garlic (lahsun) Phafole padna, tissues ka nasht (HD) hona, Khun ki naliyon ko nuksan Nitrogen Mustard Machhali ya Phafole parna, sans ki nali par asar, (HN3) Fafundar tissues ka nasht hona, khun ki nali ko nuksan. Blister Agent ke Lakshan 41. Blister Agent ke nimnlikhit lakshan hote hain:- (a) Shuru ke Lakshan. 1 hr ya lagbhag ltne hi der tak prabhavit angon par turant koi asar nazar nahi aate hain. Iske bad nimnlikhit lakshan dikhai dene lagte hain:- (i) Aakhen. Aankhon mein tees, lali aur kirkiri hona. Aankhon se pani bahna aur tez conjctivitus ki shikayat. 4 se 12 hrs ke andar aankhon mein asar hone lagta hai aur asar hone ke sath 1 se 2 week ke andar upchar na hua to andha hone ka bhi khatra rahta hai. (ii) Twacha. Agent ke sampark mein aane se twacha pahle lal pad jati hai aur phir us par phafole ho jate hain. (iii) Naak aur Gale ke Lakshan. Naak bahna, chhink aana, gale mein sukhapan aur jalan. (iv) Paachan Sambandhi Lakshan. Yadi agent pet mein chala jaye to mitli aana aur ulti hona shuru ho jata hai. INCAPACITATING AGENT 42. Ye agent ghatak nahi hote hain balki inke sampark mein aane par manushya sharirik aur mansik roop se kuchh samay ke liye kamjor ho jata hai jis se uska prabhav uski dincharya par padta hai. Iska asar agent ki takat par nirbhar karta hai. Asar ke ek nischit samay ke bad aadmi apne aap pahle ki halat mein ho Jata hai. Bahut sari aisi medicine viksit ho chuki hain jinke istemal se temporary paralysis, asthai lachrymation (aanso bahna), ulti aana ityadi ke halat paida hote hain. Incapacitating agent khas taur par 2 prakar ke agent hain:- RESTRICTED  24 (a) CS Agent. Yah agent sharir ko ayogyata ki halat mein kar deta hai. Yah safed (white) thos crystal ke roop mein failaya jata hai. Iska asthai badal banta hai jiske asar se aankhon mein khinchav, aansu aana, gale aur phefdon par jalan mahsus hone lagti hai tatha sans lene mein kathinai hoti hai. Aamtaur par ye agent shans nali ke dwara sharir mein pravesh karte hain. (b) BZ Agent. Ye agent mansik ayogyta ko badhane wale agent hain. Inke prabhav mein aane par susti aur thakawat mahsus hoti hai. Aadmi mansik sandeh ke ghere mein aa Jata hai. Iska prabhav kai hrs ke bad shuru hota hai. Prabhav mein aane par sochne ki shakti samapt ho jati hai aur apne kam ko sahi dhang se nahi kar pata hai. SECTION – 4 CHEMICAL WEAPON DELIVERY SYSTEM 43. Chem warfare ki ladai mein chemical agent ko hathiyar ke roop mein istemal kiya jata hai jise chemical wpn kahte hain. Ek chem wpn mein 2 Jaruri bhag hote hai. Chem Agent aur use dushman tak le jane wala munition. Ek chem. munition ka kam chem agent ko tgt tak le jane aur use tgt ke upar, design kiye hue tarike se phailana hota hai. Chem Attack 44. Chem agent ke mar ki kshamta us hathiyar ke andar bhare jahrile padarth ke upar nirbhar karta hai. Ye attack do prakar ke hote hain. Jo attack theek tgt ke upar kiya jata hai use on tgt attack kahte hain tatha jo attack tgt se thodi duri par kiya Jata hai use off tgt attack kahte hain. Chem Munition 45. Chem agent ko jis container mein band karke tgt tak fenka Jata hai use chem munition kahte hain. Mukhya roop se chem munition ko 4 parts mein bant sakte hain:- (a) Bursting Type. Es method mein agent ko burst karne ke liye ek high explosive se bhare huye tube ke sath joda jata hai aur is tube ko detonator ke madhyam se burst kiya jata hai. Jo agent vashp ke roop mein parivartit hote hain unke liye kam high explosive burster ka istemal kiya ja sakta hai jaise, phosgene aur cynogen chlorige. Kuchh agent jaise, mustard gas ya nerve agent ke liye bahut bhari explosive burster ki jarurat padti hai. (b) Burning Type. Es method mein agent ko kisi fuze ke madhyam se aag di jati hai jisse agent jalkar gaddhe ke roop mein vatavaran mein fail Jata hai. Is prakar ke agent cool burning method ke antargat aate hai. RESTRICTED  25 (c) Spraying Type. Es method mein agent ko aircraft dwara high compressor ke jariye liquid form mein spray kiya Jata hai jis se ki woh agent chhote- chhote taral bundon ke roop mein failkar girta hai. Iske liye kai parakar ke sparay viksit kiye ja chuke hain. (d) Dispensor Type. Ye munition powder ke roop mein istemal kiye jate hain jiske istemal ke liye sabse behtar sadhan helicopter ya veh mein mounted dispenser hota hai. (e) Delivery System. Chem munition ko tgt tak pahunchane ke liye deliver sys aisa hona chahiye jo ki sahi nishane wala aur adhik range wala ho. Kuchh delivery sys jinke dwara chem attack kiya jata hai woh is prakar hain:- (i) Multiple Barrel Rocket Launcher (ii) Missiles. (iii) Air Craft Bomb. (iv) Cluster Bomb. (v) Air Craft Spray. (vi) Chem. Mines. (vii) Arty Guns. (viii) Mortor. (ix) Hand Gren. (x) Spyars. RESTRICTED  26 CHAPTER-3 BIOLOGICAL WARFARE SECTION-1 JAIVIK YUDDH PADDHATI (BIO WARFARE) MEIN PRAYOG HONE WALE SHABDON KE ARTH 1. Aerosol. Dhundh ya dhundh ki tarah ke vatavaran mein ghule huye sukshm jivanuon ko aerosol kahte hain. 2. Biological Agent. Woh sukshm jivanu jo aadmiyon, janwaron aur ped- paudhon ke sampark mein aane par unhen bimar ya nasht kar dete hain. 3. Bacteria. Yah akeli koshika ka sukshm jivanu hai jo bahut jaldi kai koshikaon mein bant jata hai. Bacteria se prabhavit jeev-jantuon ko antibiotics ka ilaj dekar bimari ko dur kiya jata hai. 4. Air Lock. Yah darwajon ko lagane ya operate karne ki aisi taknik hai jismen darwajon ko kholte ya band karte samay kam se kam bio agent ka pravesh ho. 5. Anaerobe. Yah ek aisa jivanu hai jo bina oxygen ke hawa mein jeevit rah sakta hai. 6. Carrier. Aisa jeev jo bimari ke kitanu liye huye aur us par bimari ke koi lakshan dikhai nahi deta ho, carrier kahalata hai. 7. Cell. Sabhi jeevit vastuon ka wah sabse chhota bhag jo membrane se ghira rahta hai. Yah ek dhanchagat aur kriyasheel bhag hai. 8. Dose Infective. Kisi bimari ko shuru karne ke liye nirdharit jivanu ki matra dose infective kahlati hai. 9. Fungus. Chhote roop ke woh plant jinmein chlorophyll nahi hota hai aur anya tatvon se apna bhojan lete hai. 10. Impermeable. Koi vastu jisse hawa pass hokar nahi ja sakti hai. Chemical aur biological agent ke khilaf yah unche darje ke pratirodhak ke roop mein kam karti hai. 11. Incubation Period. Kisi jivanu ke sharir mein ghusne aur ghusne ke bad bimari ke pahle lakshan dekhne ke beech ka samay lncubation period kahlata hai. RESTRICTED  27 12. Toxicity. Kisi jivanu ke nuksan karne ki kshamta ko us jivanu ki toxicity kahte hain. 13. Toxin. Vanaspatiyon ya janvaron se paida hone wale jahrile sukshm jivanu jo thora kam sthir hote hain. Inke prabhav ke asar ke liye nirdharit samay hota hai. SECTION-2 BIOLOGICAL WARFARE: BIO AGNET KI VISHESHTAYEN AUR VARGIKARAN Biological Warfare 1. Yah ladai ki aisi sthiti hai jiska istemal kiye jane par jeev-jantuon aur fasalon ko bhari nuksan pahunchta hai. In ghatak jivanuon ke sampark mein aane par jeev- jantu aur paudhe bimari ke daur se gujarkar khatm ho jate hain. Biological Agent 2. Aisa sukshm jivanu jo jeev-jantuon aur fasalon ke sampark mein aane par inhen bimar aur barbad kar deta hai, use bio agent kahte hain. Aitihasik Pristbhoomi 3. Biological agent ke paryog ki vardaten sadiyon pahle se ho kar samne aayi hain. Itihas ki kuchh parmukh ghatnayahn nimn hain. (a) 1347- Kaffa mein log plague ke shikar huye. (b) 1st World War – Germany ne Romanian Cavalry ke ghodon par bio agent ka istemal kiya jiske karan ghodon ko glander ki bimari ho gayee. (c) 1930- Germnay, Japan aur USSR mein bio agent par research ke mamle samne aaye. (d) IInd Wohrld War – Japan ne China ke viruddh bio agent ka istemal kiya. (e) 1947 – Egypt mein cholera ko ‘Zionists’ dwara failaya gaya. (f) 1951 to 1953 – USA ko dosi paya gaya. (g) 1964 – USA ne Cuba ke viruddh bio agent ka prayog kiya. (h) 1970 – North Korea ne South Korea ke viruddh cholera agent ka istemal kiya. (j) Iske alawa Afghanistan mein yellow rail ke nam se mashhur fungal toxin ke bare mein puri duniyan ko malum hai. RESTRICTED  28 Bio Agent ka Chunao karte Samay Mukhya Pahlu 4. Bio agent ka chunao karte samay nimnlikhit baton par dhyan dena chahiye:- (a) Utpadan. (b) Agent ki sthirta. (a) Sampark hone ke bad asar dalne ki taqat. (b) Dose. (c) Asar ka parinam. (d) Incubation. (e) Aabadi ke prabhavit hone ki dasha. Biological Agent ki Viseshtayahn 5. Bio agent ki viseshtayahn nimnlikhit hain:- (a) Bimar karne ki Yogata. Biological agent ko is prakar hona chahiye ki woh kam matra mein hote hue bhi jyada se jyada logon ko bimar kar sake. (b) Prachandata (Virulence). Pratyek agent ka apna - apna gun hota hai. Biological warfare mein aise agent ki jarurat hoti hai jo apne prachand swabhav ke karan jaldi hi apne shikar ko prabhavit kar deta hai. (c) Incubaton. Jis jivanu ka incubation period kam hoga woh jaldi prabhavit karta hai. Is liye agent ko prayog mein lane se pahle incubation period ke bare mein soch vichar karna padta hai. (d) Tranmissibility. Bio agent apne transmissible nature (yani ek sharir se dusre sharir mein jana) ke karan ek jeev se dusre jeev mein teji se failta hai. (e) Sanharakta (Lethality). Bio agent jitna sanharak hoga utna hi jeev- vichar par asar padega. Cholera, plague, small pox ke jivanu bahut ghatak hote hain. Is liye is mahamari ki chapet mein bahut log aa jate hain. 6. Agent ke Sharir Mein Ghusne ke Raste. (a) Twacha ke Raste. Bahut se agent twacha ke sampark mein aane par twacha ko prabhavit karte hain. Kuch aise bhi agent hain jo twacha ke andar ghus jate hain. Yadi twacha par koi ghav ho to bio agent ko sharir ke andar ghusne ke liye yah sabse achchha target hai. (b) Pachan Kriya ke Dauran. Dushit khana aur pani ka istemal karte samay bio agent sharir mein ghus jate hain. RESTRICTED  29 Bio Agent ka Vargikaran 7. Ladai ke dauran bio agent ki vishestaon ko dekhte huye inka vargikaran nimn parkar se kiya gaya hai:- (a) Anti-Personal Agent (i) Ghatak aur failne wala. (ii) Ghatak, par nahi failne wala. (iii) Ghatak nahi, par failne wala. (iv) Na ghatak aur nahi failne wala. (b) Anti Plant Agent. (c) Anti Animal Agent. Bio Agent ke Prakar. 8. Bio agents ke prakar nimn hain:- (a) Bacteria (b) Rickettsa (c) Virus (d) Fungi. (e) Protozoa Bacteria. 9. Bacteria swatantra roopa ka sukshm jivanu hai jo asani se lab mein paida kiya Jata hai. Inki koshika anya jivanuon ki koshikaon se alag qism ki hoti hai. Bacteria ki visestayen is prakar hain:- (a) Shape aur Size. Inhe micron mein napa jata hai. Aamtaur par inki banawat alag-alag hoti hai aur 3 tarah ki shape payi jati hai. (i) Bacillus - Rod ka aakar (ii) Cocus - Spherical ka aakar (iii) Spirullam - Spiral ka aakar (b) Dhancha (Structure). Bacteria ki banawat mein cell wall, cytoplasmic membrance, cytoplasma aur chromatin hota hai. Kisi bacteria ki bahri diwar mein atirikit capsule hota hai. (c) Khandan. Bacteria ka khandan binary system ke aadhar par hota hai. Udaharan ke liye E-coli bacteria 20 minutes ke andar do barabar bhagon mein bant Jata hai. 12 hrs mein is prakar bacteria ki kul tadad 68 million ho jati hai. RESTRICTED  30 (d) Spore Production. Kuchh bacteria upyukt vatavaran mein apne mool roop mein parivartan kar lete hain. Ise spore kahte hain. Is prakar ke bacteria unche tapkram, nimn aadrata aur surya ki ultra violet kirano ko bhi sahan kar lete hain aur kai salon tak apni utpatti karte rahte hain. Bacillus Anthracis bacteria spore production ka mahatvapurn jivanu hai. Rickettsia 10. Ye bahut hi sukshm jivanu hain jo aakar mein 0.5 micron se 1 micron diameter aur lambai mein 5 micron tak hote hain. Ye makkhiyon, janwaron, ityadi jaise khun choosne wale jeevon mein paye jate hain. Kuchh rickettsa in arthrpopds ko nuksan nahi pahunchate hain lekin aadimyon aur anya janwaron ko rog grast kar dete hain. Inki viseshtayen is prakar hain:- (a) Dhancha. Inki banawat mein cell wall aur membrane hote hain. In par antibiotic ka asar nahi hota hai. Ye virus ki tarah jinda koshikaon mein hi paida hote hain. (b) Habitat. Ye shuru mein keede makodon mein paida hote hain aur janwaron mein fail jate hain. Ye sukshm jivanu chhoti aant aur arthopods ke tissues mein panapte hain. (c) Failne ka Tarika. Rickettsia ki kuchh qismein katne wale jeevon ki lar granthiyon mein panapte hain. Jab yah anya jeev jantuon ko katate hain to rikettsia ke kitaanu lar ke madhyam se anya jeev jantuon mein fail jate hain. Virus 11. Pahle virus ki khoj 1892 mein tambaku ke paudhe se hui thi. 1898 mein janwaron ke shareer aur munh ki bimariyon ne bhayankar roop liya jise FMD ka nam diya gaya. 1900 mein peela bukhar nam se prachalit khatarnak bimari samne aayee. Virus par antibiotic ka koi asar nahi hota hai, phir bhi vaccination se kuchh prabhav padta hai. Virus itne chhote hote hain ki woh sadharan microscope se dikhai nahi dete hain. Inhe nanometer mein dekha Jata hai. Inki nimnlikhit vishestayen hain:- (a) Dhancha. Virus ki koi koshika nahi hoti hai. Ismein sirf RNA ya DNA ke roop mein nucleic acid hota hai. Is liye yah anya koshikaon wale jivanuon se alag hote hain. (b) Replication Virus apni tadad ko badhane ke liye anya jivanuon se alag system apnata hai. Yah jeev ke sharer mein ghus jate hai uski koshikaon ko apne nucleic acid ke madhyam se nulceus ke alag - alag bhagon ki utpatti kar lete hain. Utpatti hone ke bad sabhi bhagon ko ikattha kar naya virus taiyar ho jata hai. RESTRICTED  31 Fungi 12. Ye mukhya roop se fasal virodhi jivanu hain. Inme photosynthesis ki kriya nahi hoti hai. Ye sari gali vanaspatiyon se apna bhojan lete hain. Fusarlum sp, Aspargillus nam ke fungi jo toxin paida karte hain, Bio Warfare ke liye sabse upyukt hain. 13. Biological Agents se hone wali Bimariyan Agent Bimariyan (a) Bacteria Anthrax, Plague, Cholera Tularemia, Dysentry, Glanders, Typhoid. (b) Rickettsia Epydemeci Typhus, Rockey mountain, Q fever, Spotted fever. (c) Virus Dengue fever, Yahlow fever Small pox, Influenza, Marburg, Histoplasmosis, Nocardosis. Approximate Lethality of BW Agent 14. BW Agent ki anumanit ghatakta neeche di gayi hai:- Agent % Untreated Incubation Period Plague 100 3-4 Cholera 5-75 1-5 Anthras 100 1-7 Scrub 1-40 7-21 Influenza 1 1-3 Typhoid 10 7-21 Tularmia 5 1-10 Dengue 1 4-8 RESTRICTED  32 SECTION-3 BIO AGENT DISSEMINATION (FAILAW) AUR DELIVERY MEANS 1. Sabhi bio agents jeevit jivanu hain. Is liye target ke ilaqe mein inko jeevit halat main pahunchane ke liye system bahut uchch darje ka hona chahiye. Jo bio agent aadmiyon ke khilaf istemal kiye jate hain unhen jamin, hawa aur samudra mein bane launch pad se target ke upar chhoda jata hai. 2. Aamtaur par bio agent ko aerosol aur vector (bimari le jane wale keede- makode) ke roop mein istemal kiya jata hai. Aserosol 3. BW agent ko kisi munition ke madhyam se hawa mein chhoda jata hai. Is dauran kai jivanu chhodte samay mar jate hain. Jin munition ya system ka upyog chhodne ke liye kiya jata hai woh nimnlikhit hain:- (a) Explosive Bomblets. Isme BW agent ko container mein rakha jata hai. container ko kam takat wale explosive se burst kiya jata hai amtaur par bomb ka bahari bhag patli dhatu ya plastic ka bana hota hai.Yah aasani se paya jata hai. (b) Generator. Es prakar ke istemal ke tarike mein agent ko kisi container mein rakh kar generator ke dwara pressure paida kiya jata hai. Pressure banane ke bad nozzle BW agent bomb ke mukable kam nasht hote hain. (c) Spray Tanks. En tanks mein BW agent ko rakha jata hai. Inhein target mein istemal karne ke liye jahaj aur missile ka istemal kiya jata hai. yadi adhik tadad mein BW agent ka istemal karna ho to spray ka tarika apnaya jata hai. Tank se BW agent ko chhodne ke liye generator method dwara hi nozzle ka istemal kiya jata hai. Vector. 4. Vector woh jeev hain jinke andar BW agent hota hai. Jise missile ke dwara vector container ko target ilaqe mein chhoda jata hai. Jab yah container mein jata hai to is se vector azad hote hain aur anya jeev-jantuon ke sharir ke andar BW agent jate hain. Vector jab tak jinda rahte hain tab tak woh kai jeev-jantuon ko BW agent prabhavit kar dete hain. Kuchh khaas vector hain-machchhar, ghun etc. RESTRICTED  33 Bio Agent Ko Le Jane Wale Sadhan. 5. Bio agents ko le jane wale sadhan nimnlikhit hain:- (a) Aircraft (b) Missile (c) Rocket BW Agent Munition. 6. BW agent munition is prakar se hain:- (a) Spray Tanks. (b) Aerosol Generator. (c) Aircraft. (d) Ground. (e) Aerial. (f) Missile. (g) Rockets. (h) Bomblets. RESTRICTED  34 CHAPTER-4 PROTECTION AUR DECONTAMINATION SECTION-1 INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AUR MOPP LEVEL 1. NBC hathiyar se yudh kshetra mein vishesh prakar ke pradushan failte hain. Paramparik hathiyaron ke prayog se utpann huye pradushan se bachne ka sabse achchha tarika hai ki unke prati pahle se taiyari aur karwahi karna. Sainikon ko NBC ke pradushan se bachane ke liye IPE (Individual Protective Equipment) diya Jata hai. Inka uchit prayog karne se kafi had tak NBC ke prabhav se bacha ja sakta hai aur jinda rakh kar apne mission ko pura kar sakte hai. 2. IPE mein bachav ke kapade, dastane, overboots, respirator, vyaktigat decontamination kit, detection equipment aur first aid ityadi samil hain. IPE ka Saman 3. IPE mein nimnlikhit saamaan hote hain:- (a) NBC Haversack. (b) Respirator. (c) Cansiter. (d) Facelet Mask. (e) Integrated Hood Mask (f) NBC Trouser/Smock. (g) Impermeable Suit. (h) NBC Overboot. (j) NBC Hand Gloves Inner & Outer. (k) PDK-I and PDK-II. (l) Combopen injection. (m) Detector Paper.(onne colour & three colour. (n) NAPS Tab. IPE ke Mool Jarurat 4. IPE ki mool jarurat es prakar hai:- (a) Har kism se bachav karne wala ho. (b) Puri tarah band hone wala ho. (c) Jyada wajan wala nahi no. (d) Twacha (skin) ke rog paida karne wala na ho. RESTRICTED  35 (e) Sans lene mein rukhawat na ho. (f) Us par tapman ka prabhav na pade. (g) Chamak ko rokne wala ho. (h) Long self life wala ho. IPE ki Takniki Jarurat 5. IPE ki taknik ki jarurat es prakar hai:- (a) Fd of vision achchha ho. (b) Non metallic aur non magnetic ho. (c) Jaldi pahanne aur utarne ke kabil ho. (d) Combat efficiency (Ladne ki kabliyat ho). Istemal Karne Wale ki Jarurat 6. Istemal karne wale ke lihaj se IPE ki jarurat nimnlikhit hain:- (a) Pahanne mein aram. (b) Decn mein aram. (c) Pani peene ki suvidha. Bachav ke Kapdon ka Set 7. Bachav ke Kapre. Bachav ke kapde es prakar banayah gayah hain ki woh rasayanik tatvon, liquid form, jaivik tatvon, jahar aur radiodharmita se bacha sake. Sansar mein vibhinn prakar ke kapde prayog mein hain. Inko mukhya roop se 2 parts mein banta ja sakta hai. Pehle, jinme se gas ya taral padarth gujar sake aur dusra, jinme taral padarth ya gas na gujar sake (Permeable aur impermeable). Respirator. 8. Isko es prakar banaya gaya hai ki woh fd mein maujud rasayanik aur jaivik kanon se suraksha pradan kar sake lekin yah carbon monoxide aur ammonia ke kanon se bachav nahi karte. 9. Ismein ek face piece aur head harness hota hai. Face piece chehre aur mask ko aapas mein seal karta hai aur head harness mask ko chehre ke pichhe ki taraf fit karne mein madad karta hai. Face piece halka aur flexible hota hai. Ise asani se pradushanrahit karke dubara istemal karne ke yogya kiya ja sakta hai. Iske charon taraf kinaron par pneumatic cushion hone ki wajah se chehre par achchhi tarah se fit ho jata hai tatha koi dabav nahi dalta aur kisi bhi prakar ke rasaynik tatva ghus nahi pate. RESTRICTED  36 10. Face piece ka ankh wala hissa leak proof hota hai. Pratyek eye piece shaktishali polycarbonates pardarshi shell se bana hua aur scratch proof hota hai. Iska aakar dekhne ki shakti par asar nahi dalta. Lens ke donon taraf tapman ek jaisa hai. Iske sath - sath andaruni mask ke bahari valve se pradushit hawa bahar nikali jati hai. 11. Face piece par bana hua outlet valve andar ki hawa bahar ke vatavaran mein phekne ke uddeshya se banaya gaya hai aur inlet valve bahar ke gande hawa ko respirator ke ander aane se rokta hai. 12. Face piece par ek dhatu ka canister screws ki madad se joda gaya hai jisko ki bahut jaldi badla ya khola ja sakta hain. Ismein double filtration unit laga hua hai aur parmanu pradushan se bachane ke liye ek khas filter laga hua hai, Is filter ke filtering area ki canister ke face ke khade rukh mein fold karke dabaya ja sakta hai aur yah sans lene mein aayi rukawat ko bhi kam karta hai. Activated charcoal molecules ko sokhta hai. 13. Face piece ko head harness ki madad se surakshit kiya gaya hai. Straps ko jarurat ke anusar adjust kiya ja sakta hai. Facelet Mask. 14. Jab khatra sambhavit hota hai tab facelet mask sainikon ko tatvon se sthai roop se bachata hai. Mask ko bina kisi sharirik dabav ke respirator ke sath lambe samay tak pahna ja sakta hai. Isse canister ki bhi life badti hai. Isko pahankar respirator ke bina aaram kar sakte hain. Integrated Hood Mask. 15. Yah sena mein sikh person ke liye respirator ki jagah diya Jata hai. Es par head harness nahin hota hain. Is par respirator sath mein laga rahta hai joki purn roop se NBC hamle ke daruran suraksha deta hai. NBC Suit 16. Bachav ke suit mein ek NBC trouser aur ek NBC jacket istemaal mein laya Jata hai jo ki combat dress ke uppar se pahna Jata hai. Yah ek seal band bag mein jari kiya Jata hai aur jarurat parne par hi khola Jata hai. Dushit hone ke bad isko dubara paryog mein nahin laya ja sakta hai kyonki dubara pradushan mukt nahin kiya ja sakta. Lekin impermeable prakar ke kapadon kodubara prayog bhi kar sakte hain aur pradushan rahit bhi kiya ja sakta hai. Bachav ke RESTRICTED  37 suit ko 2 parts mein banaya gaya hai jo ki aapas mein kinaron se jude hue hain. Bahari parat nylon cotton kapare se bana hai jo OG rang ka hota hai. Isko taral rasayanik tatvon ke prabhav se bachane aur water proof bnane ke liye silicon se parishodit kiya gaya hai. Yah aag se, varsha se ya chemical agents se bhi bachate hain. Andaruni parat ko polythene form se parishodit kar actived charcoal se banaya gaya hai. Ismein activated charcoal ki matra 45 gm/sq mtr hoti hai. Isko 35º se 50º temprature tak istemal kar sakte hain. NBC Over Boot. 17. Yah 2 prakar ke hote hain gum type boot aur dish tail type. Inhe combat boot ke upar pahna Jata hai jo abhi tak gyat rasayanik tatvon, vector aur radiological dust particles ke pradushan se pairon ki raksha karte hain. Inko dubara bhi prayog kar sakte hain. Dayen aur bayen size mein koi antar nahi hai. Yah kafi had tak pardushan se bachaav karne mein saksham hain. NBC Hand Gloves. 18. Hathon ki suraksha vishesh roop se banaye gaye gloves ke pairs se ki gayi hai. Bahari dastane ko taral rasayanik tatvon aur unke khatarnak kanon se bachane ke liye black butyl rubber se banaya gaya hai. Ise dubara bhi prayog kiya ja sakta hai. Andar wala dastana patle sooti kapde ko interlock karke banaya gaya hai jo pahanne wale ko aaram deta hai aur pasina shokne mein madad karta hai. Vyaktigat Pradushan Mukti ke liye Kit (individual Decontamination Kit). 19. Decn kit indl ke dwara jahreele rasayanik tatvon (Toxic Chemical Agent) se turant pardushan mukti ke liye istemal kiya jata hai. 20. Individual decontamination kit sokhne aur neutralization ke sidhant par kam karta hai. Sabse sasta pradushan mukti kit ‘Multani Mitti (Fuller Earth)’ hai. Ek vishesh technique ke dwara ‘Fullers Earth’ ko prabhavit kshetra mein prayog kiya jata hai. 21. Sabhi sainikon ko decn pad jari kiya jata hai joki decn ke liye prayog mein laya jata hai. Jahan par decn pad istemal nahi kiya ja sakta hai wahan decn bottle ka istemal kiya jata hai. Radiological dust ko saf karne ke liye RDP istemal kiya jata hai. RESTRICTED  38 Individual Detection Equipment 22. Yah eqpt ladai ke maidan mein pratyek sainik ko diya jata hai joki rasayanik tatvon aur radiation ki matra mapne mein madad karta hai. Pratyek sainik ko ek dosimeter jari kiya Jata hai jo gamma aur neutron kirno ki matra ko mapta hai. Use ek detector paper bhi diya jata hai jo taral rasayanik tatvon ko pahchanne mein madad karta hai. Vyaktigat Dosimeter (Personal Dosimeter) 23. Vyaktighat dosimeter 2 prakar ke hote hain:- (a) Direct Reading Pocket Dosimeter. (b) Indl Reading Wrist Watch type Dosimeter. 24. Direct Reading Personal Dosimeter Cdr ko single explosure dose aur daily exposure dose ki suchna deta hai. 2 aadmiyon ke det sahit sabhi astar ke commanders ko jari kiye jate hain. Indirecet Reading Personal dosimeter dwara sokhi hui matra ko padhne ke liye ek dosimeter reader ki jarurat padti hai. Chemical Agent Detector Paper 25. Taral rasayanik tatvon ka pata lagane ke liye 2 parkar ke chemical agent detector papers hote hain. Taral agent ka pata karne ke liye one colour detector paper jabki agent ki kism ka pata karne ke liye 3 colour detector paper hota hai. 26. One colour paper ek pocket booklet ke roop mein hota hai. Ismein rasayanik mishran wale alag sheets hote hain jinka agent ke sath physical contact hone par rang badli hota hai (laal ya bhura). Yah paper suit par apne aap chipkaya jata hai. Yah dayen baju, bayeen kalai aur bayen ya dayen dekhne par lagaya jata hai. Sainik ko pradushan ka prakar janane mein madad karta hai. Jab ise kisi eqpt par lagaya jaye to aisi jagah par lagayen ki es par dhool, tel ya grease na laga ho. 27. Agent ke prakar ki pahchan 3 colour rang wale Detector Paper se ki jati hai. Agents ki pahchan ke liye booklet ke cover par ek chart bana hota hai. Self Aid Equipment 28. Yadi kisi par rasayanik aakraman hota hai to jinda rahne ke liye tatkal khud ki aur sathi ki sahayata Jaruri hai. RESTRICTED  39 Nerve Agent Pre-treatment Set 29. Pratyek sainik ko ek blister pad jari kiya jata hai jismein 21 NAPS ke tablets hote hain. Yah tablets un vyaktiyon ke liye jaruri hai jo sentry duty ya pradushan mukti ke karyon mein shamil hote hain. Jab nerve agent ke jahar ka khatra mahsus hota hai tab sainik dwara 8-8 hrs mein ek tablet li jati hai. In tablets se lagbhag 30 se 40% tak sharir mein pratirodhi kshamta vikshit ho jati hai jo nerve agents ke sath pratikriya nahi karti hai. Hoarded enzyme nerve agent ke jahar ke sath pratikriya karta hai aur jeevit rahne ki sambhawna ko badhata hai. Auto Injectors 30. Ladai ke maidan mein yadi sainik ko jinda rakhna ho to tatkal chikitsa ki jarurat padti hai. Nerve agent ke jahar ke prabhav ko khatam karne ke liye pratyek sainik ko 3 auto injector jismein atropine aur oxime ka mishran hota hai, jari kiya jata hai. Yah nerve agent poisoning ka lakshan dikhne par vyakti dwara khud prayog kiya jata hai aur jab woh ise khud prayog na kar sake tab uske sathi dwara usi ke set se prayog kiya jata hai. Mishran ke bad diazepam ki tablet li jati hai jo safety cap mein auto injectors ke sath uplabdh hoti hai. Yah karyawahi adhe ghante bad phir ki jati hai. 31. Yah dhyan rakhna jaruri hai ki jab nerve agent ke jahar ka asar na ho to atropine ka injection lene se atropine ka jahar fail sakta hai. Is liye nerve agents ke jahar ke lakshan achchhi tarah se malum hone chahiye. Casualty Bag 32. Pradushit ilaqon se casualties ko hatane ke liye casualty bags ka istemal kiya jata hai. Full casualty bags stretcher borne casualties ke liye hote hain aur half casualty bag chal sakne wale ghayalon ke liye hota hai. Yah bag bina bune hue kapde ka hota hai jisme charcoal failaya rahta hai. Haversack. 33. Pratyek vyakti ko ek haversack adhikrit hai aur iska istemal nimn items ko rakhne ke Liye karte hain:- (a) Autojet injectors –03 (b) Three colour detector paper booklet (c) NAPS Tablet- 01 set (21 tablets) (d) Vyaktigat decontamination kit (PDK-1, PDK-2 aur RDP) (e) Respirator aur ek spare canister RESTRICTED  40 MOPP RESTRICTED  41 (MISSION ORIENTED PROTECTIVE POSTURE) LEVEL 34. MOPP ka arth hai Mission Oriented Protective Posture, Biological aur chemical agents se bachav ke Liye apnayee gayi lachili pranali hoti hai aur mission ki samapti tak apnayee jati hai. MOPP ka arth hai mission ya task ke aadhar par suraksha ke liye IPE pahanana. 35. MOPP ke pichhe siddhant yah hai ki sabse adhik samay lene wala eqpt sabse pahle pehna jaye aur sabse aasan eqpt bad mein pahna jaye. MOPP Ke Levels 36. MOPP ke levels ka varnan neeche kiya gaya hai:- (a) MOPP 0 - IPE ko sath mein carry kiya jata hai. (b) MOPP 1 - Kewal suit yani smock aur trouser (4 ½ mins) pahante hain. (c) MOPP 2 - Suit + Boots (4 ½ + 2 ½ mins) (d) MOPP 3 - Suit + Boots + Gas mask (4 ½ + 2 ½ mins + 9 secs) (e) MOPP 4 - Suit + Boots + Gas mask + Gloves (4½ + 2½ mints + 9 sec +1½ min) Total time 8mins 39 secs MOPP 0 MOPP 1 MOPP 2 MOPP 3 MOPP 4 MOPP Par Asar Dalne wali Baten 37. MOPP per nimn baten asar dalti hain:- (a) NBC ka khatra. (b) Kam ki raftar. MOPP ke Lachilepan Par Asar Dalne Wali Baatein 38. MOPP ke lachilepan par nimn baatein asar dalti hain:- (a) Garmi se Thakawat. MOPP 4 ki halat mein kafi der tak rahne se garmi ke karan jawanon ko thakawat hoti hai jis se kabhi - kabhi unko chakkar RESTRICTED  42 bhi aane lagte hain. Tapman jyada hone aur MOPP 4 mein kafi samay tak rahne par uske dimag aur sharir par asar padata hai jis se use aaram ki jarurat hoti hai. (b) Sense (Indriyan) MOPP 4 mein dimag ki indriyon ko sahi roop se kaam karne mein kathinai hoti hai jaise:- (i) Aankh se dekhne mein kathinai. (ii) Bolne aur pani peene mein kathinai. (iii) Naak se sans lene mein kathinai. (iv) Kanon se sunane mein kathinai. (v) Gloves se kaam karne mein kathinai. (c) Jawanon ke Khud ki Jarurat. MOPP 4 mein kaam karte samay jawanon ki jaruraten es prakar hain:- (i) Khana Khana. (ii) Pani peena. (iii) Shaving karna. (iv) Peshab karna. (v) Mal tyag karna. MOPP Analysis (MOPP ka Vishleshan). 39. MOPP ka vishleshan nimn prakar se kiya ja sakta hai:- (a) Khatre ki samvedansheelta (unit, enemy aur NBC attack ka loc) (b) Working time (wind, alarm sys). (c) Mausam ki sthiti. (d) Timing – din aur raat. (e) Tps ki trg (special check off). (f) Work rates. (g) Overhead suraksha ki uplabdhata. MOPP Level ke liya Fmn ki Jawabdehiyan 40. MOPP level ke liye fmn ki nimnlikhit jawabdehiyan hain:- (a) Corps aur us se upar - MOPP 0 aur MOPP 1 ka aadhesh. (b) Div aur us se neeche - MOPP 2 se MOPP 4 ka aadesh. (c) Coy Cdr ya NBC party cdr - Jamini halat ke anusar MOPP ko lagu karne ka antim adhikar. RESTRICTED  43 SECTION-2 DECONTAMINATION AUR DECONTAMINANT KE BARE MEIN JANKARI DECONTAMINATION 1. Dushman ladai ke dauran adhik se adhik jani nuksan pahunchane ke liye NBC wpn ka istemal kar sakta hai. Iske istemal se eqpt aur jan mal ko nuksan pahunchata hai aur tps savdhani varatne ke liye majboor ho jata hai jis se ki uska dhyan ladai se hat jata hai. Troops ki ladai ladne ki kshamta kam ho jati hai aur nimn karanon se operation mein bhi dhimapan ya rukawat ho sakti hai:- (a) NBC casualty. (b) Tps ko protective clothing aur eqpt pahanne ke liye majboor karna taki unki ladne ki kshamta kam ho jaye. (c) Decn ki karyawahi karne mein samay ka nuksan. (d) Logistic support ki kami. 2. Vyaktigat ya samuhik roop se pradushan se bachav ke upay ke bawjood yah sambhav hai ki misssion ko pura karte samay tps aur eqpt pradushit ho jaye. Isliye jaruri hai ki ladai ko jeetne ke liye aur ladne ki kshamta ko barkarar rakhne ke liye decontamination operation jald se jald kiya jaye. Contamination ki Prakriti. 3. Contamination ki nimnlikhit prakriti hain:- (a) Chemical contamination. (b) Biological contamination. (c) Radiological contamination. 4. Chemical Contamination. Chem agent liquid aur solid roop mein vatavaran mein maujud rahne par rubber, paint, kapade aur plastic dwara shokh liye jate hain aur dushit ho jate hain. 5. Biological Contamination. Biological agent ke dwara jo contamination hota hai use biological contamination kahte hain. Yah vatavaran mein thos ya taral roop mein jeevit kitanuon ke taur par paye jate hain. RESTRICTED  44 6. Radiological Contamination. Nuclear visphot ke bad nikalne wale alpha, beta, gamma aur neutron ke kanon se aadmi aur sajo-saman prabhavit hote hain. Es tarah Dushit hone ki kriya ko radiological contamination kahte hain. Decontamination ke Karan. 7. Contamination ke karan sainikon ke ladne ki kshamata kam ho jati hai Surakshatmak kapde, samuhik suraksa aur shelters mein rahne ke bawjood bhi decontamination karna jaruri hai. Iske anya nimnlikhit karan hain:- (a) Aise tps jinhone bachav ke sadhan nahi apnaye hon unke liye contamination se kshanik sampark bhi khatarnak sabit ho sakta hai. (b) Karya kshamta mein kami. (c) MOPP gears ki samay seema. (d) Prasdushan ka failav aur adhik ho sakta hai. Contamination ka Bhautik Roop. 8. Contamination ke bhautik roop es prakar hain:- (a) Solid (Thos). Chem, Biological aur Radiological contamination solid roop mein bhi ho sakte hain. (b) Liquid (Taral). Contamination ko taral padarth ke roop mein istemal kiya ja sakta hai jis se ki yah kisi se bhi chipak jate hain aur dhire- dhire vaspit hote hai jo lambe samay tak khatra bane rahte hain. (c) Gas. Janlewa chemical agents ko gas badal ke roop mein target par ya upwind mein chhoda ja sakta hai. Sadharan taur par gas us area se jaldi hat jate hain ya vaspit ho jate hain, isliye decontamination jaruri nahin hota hai. RESTRICTED  45 Decontaminants (Visandushak) 9. Visandushak ki visheshtayen: (i) Toxic aur corrosive nahin hona chahiye. (ii) Reaction ke bad koi khatarnak product nahin banana chahiye. (iii) Storage mein aasani hona chahiye. (iv) Istemal mein aasani hona chahiye. (v) Aasani se uplabdh hona chahiye. (vii) Economic hona chahiye. Chemical Decontaminants (Rasayanik Visandushak) 10. Rasayanik visandushak Toxic chemical agents ki vishisht sanrachana ko nasht kar dete hain jisse toxicity hoti hai. Jaise – Nerve agent mein organo- phosphorous methyl group. 11. Chemical reactions 2 prakar ke hote hain:- (a) Oxidation: Es pratikriya mein oxygen ki prapti hoti hai ya hydrogen ki hani hoti hai. V agents aur Sulphur Mustard ke liye bahut jyada prabhavi hota hai. Mukhya roop se istemal hone wale oxidants nimn hain:- (i) Sodium Hypochlorite. (ii) Bleaching Powder (STB, DTC-36). (iii) Chloramines. (iv) Calcium Hypochlorite. (b) Hydrolysis: Yah organic compound ka water (OH) ka reaction hota hai. Bases (Kshar), acids (Amla) aur kuchh tatwa jo nucleophiles kahlate hain, ki maujudagi se hydrolysis aasani se ho jata hai. Is pratikriya se G type nerve agents teji se decompose ho jate hain. Is type ke visandushak nimn hain:- (i) Caustic soda. (ii) Baking powder. (iii) Washing powder. (vi) Organic amines. RESTRICTED  46 12. Istemal mein aane wale Chemical Decontaminants. (a) Super Tropical Bleach (STB): (i) Yah chlorinated lime aur calcium oxide ka mixture hota hai. (ii) Yah safed powder ke roop mein hota hai. (iii) Isme 30% active chlorine hota hai. (iv) Yah metal mein jang karta hai aur fabrics ko nuksan pahunchata hai. (v) Isko dry mixture ke roop mein dry mitti ke sath istemal karte hain ya pani mein mix kar istemal karte hain. (vi) Yah mustard, lewisite aur nerve agent ko visandushit karta hai. (b) Decontamination Solution (DS-2): (i) Yah ek solution hai jisme 70% active chlorine, diethylene triamine, ethylene glycol, monomethyl ether aur sodium hydroxide hota hai. (ii) Yah ek universal visandushak hai. (iii) Ground, arms, clothing, plastic aur gas mask ke face piece ka visandushan karne ke liye iska istemal karte hain. (iv) DS-2 ko STB ke sath nahin milana chahiye. Aag lag sakta hai. (c) High Test Hydrochloride: (i) Yah STB ki tarah hota hai aur isme active chlorine ka percentage jyada hota hai. (ii) STB ki tulna mei yah jyada corrosive hai. (iii) Yah mustard aur VX ko visandushit karta hai. (d) Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide) : (i) Yah safed thos hota hai jo pani mein aasani se ghul jata hai aur pani se mix karne par heat utpann karta hai. (ii) Yah G nerve agent ko udasin kar deta hai aur lewisite ki hydrolysis ki prakriya ko tej kar deta hai. (iii) Yah skin, eyes aur clothing ke liye corrosive hai. (iv) Isko Alluminium ya Zinc ke container mein nahin banana chahiye. RESTRICTED  47 (e) Sodium Hydrochloride (Household Bleach): (i) Yah blister aur V agents ko visanu dushit karta hai. (ii) Yah metal ke liye corrosive hai. (f) Calcium Hydrochloride: (i) Yah ek universal visandushak hai. (ii) Yah ek emulsion hai jo tetrachloroethylene,Calcium Hypochlorite aur pani ka bana hota hai. (iii) Yah satah ke sath chipak jata hai aur active chlorine paint ke andar tak ja kar toxic rasayanik agents ko nikal deta hai. (iv) Pratikriya ka samay 10 minutes se 30 minutes hai. (g) Misc. (i) Organic solvents jaise ki gasoline, kerosene, alcohol aur acetylene tetrachloride toxic rasayanik agents ko udasin nahin karta lekin dissolve kar deta hai. (ii) Absorbent materials jaise ki mitti, charcoal, coal dust, sawdust, multani mitti ya clay ka istemal toxic rasayanik agents ko hatane ke liye karte hain. (iii) Sodium bi-carbonate (washing soda), ammonium hydroxide ya ammonia se G agents ko udasin kiya jata hai. 13. Radiological Decontaminants. (a) Water Plain water, Water aur detergent, Hot water. (b) Steam (c) Complexing Agents (Chelating Agents) Citrates (Citric acid aur Sodium Citrate), Tartrates (Tartaric acid aur Sodium Tartrate), Oxalates (Oxalic acid aur Sodium Oxalate), Phosphates (Orthophosphoric Acid, Metaphosphoric Acid, Polyphosphoric Acid aur unke Sodium Salts). (d) Organic Solvents Kerosine, Gasoline, Alcohol, Ether, Turpentine. (e) Caustics Sodium Hydroxide, Calcium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide. (f) Acids Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Acetic Acid, Oxalic Acid. (g) Oxidizing agents: Potassium Permanganate, Potassium Dichromate, Sodium Dichromate. RESTRICTED  48 CHAPTER-5 NBC EQUIPMENTS SECTION-1 RADIOLOGICAL DETECTION EQUIPMENT 1. NBC hamle ka khatra hone ke bad nikalne wali radiation ka aadmi apne kisi bhi indriyon se pata nahi kar sakta hai. In radiation ka pata karne ke liye naye-naye upkarano ki khoj ki gayi hai jo ki ladai ke dauran samrik halat ko dekhte huye jawanon dwara liye gaye radiation ke bare mein batate rahte hain. In upakarno ka istemal karne se pratyek jawan dwara liye gaye radiation ke bad uski sharirik kshamta ka pata karne ke bad Cdr ki aage ki planning karne mein madad milti hai. 2. Vartman samay mein sena mein istemal ke sath - sath industries mein bhi inki jarurat padti jai. Sena ki ladai ko dhyan mein rakhte huye kuchh vikiran pata karne wale aur kuchh napne wale upkaran viksit kiye gaye hain jo ki nimn prakar se hain:- (a) Personnel Dosimeter Watch Type. Iska aakar wrist watch ki tarah hota hai jise jawan asani se apne - hath mein bandh sakta hai. Is se Gamma radiation aur neutrons ki pahchan ki jati hai. Iska range 0 se 1000 RADS hota hai. Yah vyakti ke commulative dose ko batata hai jise padhne ke liye ek special reader ki jarurat hoti hai jo RPL Dosimeter reader ke nam se jana jata hai. Is se radiation level ka pata nahin chalta hai. Iske andar 2 prakar ke glass hote hain jo ki alag alag prakar ke radiation ko mapte hain. (i) Gamma Radiation. Radiophoto luminescent glass ki sahayata se gamma radiation ki pahchan ki jati hai. (ii) Neutron Radiaton. PIN silicon diode ki sahayata se neutron radiation ki pahchan ki jati hai. (b) Personnal Dosimeter Pen Type. (i) Yah UK ka bana hua hai. (ii) Yah tps Cdr ke pass hota hai jo ki us jagah ka radiation mapta hai jis jagah par tps hain aur NBC ka asar hua hai. (iii) Is se gamma aur X- ray radiation ko 500 roentgen tak nap sakte hain. RESTRICTED  49 (iii) Istemal karne se pahle charging unit se charge karke zeroing kiya jana chahiye. (iv) Gas ionisation ke siddhant par kam karta hai. (v) Isko charging dosemeter ke sath 90 degree mein set kiya jata hai aur 3 kg ka dabav dal kar plate “0” se 500 tak padha ja sakta hai. Charging Unit. Isme 1.5 Volt ki bty fit hoti hai. Iske dwara 3 kaam kar sakte hai, pen type dosimeter ko charge karna, dosimeter ko zeroing karna aur raat mein reading padhna. Iski accuracy +/- 10 Rad hai. Flash karta hua LED display over range batata hai. Es par visphot ke bad ka asar eg (EMP aur TREE ka asar) nahin hota hai. (c) Gamma Radiation RA-73. (i) Yah Switzerland ka bana hua hai. (ii) Iska colour blue hota hai. (iii) Is se Gamma radiation ka pata laga sakte hain. (iv) Radiation fallout ilaqe mein yah recce aur monitoring karne ke kaam aata hai. (v) Iska measuring range 0 se 1000 RADS/hr ya 0 - 1000MR/hr hai. (vi) Yah 10 se 1000 MR/hr hone par alarm deta hai. (vii) Gas ionization (GM Tube) ke siddhant par kaam karta hai. (d) Portable Dose Rate Meter (PDRM) (i) Yah India Jodhpur ka bana hua hai (defence laboratory jodhpur). (ii) Yah Gamma aur X-Ray dose rate ko batata hai. (iii) Iska range 0 se 1000 R/hr hai aur yah 4 ranges par kaam karta hai. (iv) Power Supply: 4x1.5 dry cell 100 hours – zinc chloride cells, 500 hours – alkaline cells. RESTRICTED  50 (v) Controls (aa) Mode Switch - Es switch ko instrument ke front panel par bty compartment ki taraf fit kiya gaya hai. Es switch ke 4 positions hain - Off, Operation, Audio, Test. (ab) Function switch - Iska 6 (six) positions hai - Bty check, EHT check, 1000 R/hr, 50 R/hr, 5 R/hr, 0.5 R/hr. (vi) Dial illumination switch. (vii) Display Meter - Black scale, Red scale, Green region. (e) Receiver Sima -80. (i) Freequency/modulation – 2 m band / fm. (ii) Power – max 1 W. (iii) Range With remote antenna – 2 to 5 kms. With helix antenna – 100 mtr radius. (iv) Power supply – mains – 220 V AC + 20 %. (v) Dose rate adjustable – 1.890 mr/hr & 1-890 R/h. (vi) Weight – 26 kgs. (vii) Iske sath 2 kism ka programme aata hai- 2 hrs & 24 hrs. Es programme mein 512 values feed hain lekin isme 480 values out put hota hai. Note : - ek bar programme mein koi kism ka fault hone se repair nahi kar sakta hain. (viii) Sath aane wale Saman: Radiation simulator sima-80, Receiver – Sima 80, Remote Antenna with bag, Helex Antenna, Test Adopter, Programmes, Cable. (ix) Parts ke Nam Main switch. Fuse. Power plug. Alarm re-set button. Signal lamp. RESTRICTED  51 Operating voltage plag. Siting knob. Range switch. Plug for programme. Timing switch. Re-set starter button. Operating mode switch. Half value thickness switch. Display window. Operating volatage mahendra. Test lamp. Test plug. Antenna plug. Antenna lamp. Diagnostic plug. (f) Pocket Type Dosimeter. (i) Yah India Jodhpur ka bana hai (Defence Laboratory Jodhpur). (ii) Yah Gama Radiation Dose (CGY) aur Dose Rate (CGY/hr) ko batata hai. (iii) Range- dose (cgy) 0.1 to 999.9 Rads, Dose Rate (CGY/hr) 0.001 to 999.9 Rads/Hr. (iv) Accuracy- +15% below 500 Rads/hr = 30% from 500 to 999.9 Rads/hr. (vi) Alarms: Audio warning 50,75,150 rads hone par alarm dega aur bty low hone par micro controller ke jariyah batayahga. (vi) Power supply: 2x3.6V Lithium cells (RG/AA size), 30 hours operation. (vii) Wazan (weight): 220 grams (viii) Principle: Gas Ionisation (ix) Controls & Indicators: On/off switch (s1), Read switch (s2), On/off switch (s3), Display, Audio alarm, RESTRICTED  52 (g) Radiation Survey Meter (Minirad): (i) Mad - DRDE, Gwalior (ii) Detect - Gamma radiation & X- ray (iii) Power supply - 7.5 dry cell (iv) Range - 0-5 Rads/hrs (v) Weight - 450 grms (vi) Accuracy - ± 20% (vii) Operating temp - 0 - 50°c (vii) Istemal - Es instrument ko civil,defence lab aur Nuclear industry mein istemal kiya jata hai. Controls & Indicators Off - Es position mein instrument ko power nahi milta. Bty - Bty ke level ko check kiya jata hai. x 1R - 0-5 rads reading padh sakte hai. x 100 - 0-500 mili rads reading padh sakte hai. x 10 - 0-50 mili rads reading padh sakte hai. x1 - 0-0.5 mili rads reading padh sakte hai. Dial - Es dial mein reading 0-5 milirads tak bana hua hai. (h) Gamma Flash Sensor. (i) Yah Defence Laboratory Jodhpur ka bana hua hai. (ii) Tank ke uper fit hota hai. (iii) Power supply -18 - 32 V DC (tank batteries). (iv) Weight – 500 gms (approx). (v) Size – 11 cm x 4.5 cm x 5 cm. (j) Roentgeno Meter. (i) Yah gamma radiation ko batata hai. (ii) Yah sirf dose rate ko batata hai. (iii) Yah Defence Laboratory Jodhpur, India ka bana hua hai. (iv) Yah tank ke ander fit hota hai. RESTRICTED  53 (v) Sensor gm tube 80 kev to 1.3 mev. (vi) Range- 0 to 1000 R/h yah 4 ranges par kam karta hai. (vii) Accuracy - + 20%. (viii) Power - 18-32V DC (tank batteries). (ix) Probe - 425 gm, main unit 2.1 kg. (x) Weight - total wt 2.5 kg (approx). (xi) Size - 28 cm x 18 cm x 12.5 cm probe – 15 cm x 9.5 cm x 8.5 cm (xii) Cost- Rs 30.000/-. (xiii) Working temperature - 30o C to + 65o C. (xiv) Relative humidity - upto 100%. SECTION -2 CHEMICAL DETECTION EQUIPMENT 1. Chem agent se bachav pranali mein detection eqpt ek bahut bada hissa hai. Kuchh apvadon ko chhod kar chem agent manviya chetana se nahi pahchane ja sakte hain jab ki woh bachav karne ke tarike apnane se pahle apna prabhav dal chauke hote hain. Inko bachane ke liye hamen anya upkarano ki aavashyakta hoti hai. 2. Chemical wpn ke prayog ke samay yah vishwas karna Jaruri hai ki badal, dhundh, asadharan khushbu aur kam darje ke visphot aadi hon to is prakar ki koi ghatna ghatne par turant bachav ke tarike apnayen, aur pahchan karen ki kis prakar ke chemical agent ka prayog kiya gaya hai aur yadi hua hai to kitna prabhavshali hai. Chemical Agent ko Pahchanne ka Maksad 3. Chemical agents ki pahchanne ke nimnlikhit maksad hain:- (a) Suraksha ke upay karne ke liye poorv chetavani. (b) Pradushit hone se bachne ke liye. (c) Medical treatment ke liye. (d) Decontamination karne mein suvidha aur pani ko saf karne ke liye. (e) MOPP level kam karne ke liye. Chem Agent ki Pahchan karne wale upkarnon (Instrument ) ki Jarurat. 4. Inki jarurat halat aur udeshyon par nirbhar karta hai. Koi bhi detection eqpt sabhi jaruraton ko pura nahi kar sakta. Inki jarurat is prakar hai:- RESTRICTED  54 (a) Samvedansheelta (Sympathetic). Upkaran jitana adhik sanvedansheel hoga utna jaldi aur acchha parinam dega. Upkaran ki kabiliyat itni honi chahiye ki woh bahut kam matra mein faile huye chemical agent ka pata laga sake. Udaharan ke taur par detection eqpt itna kabil hona chahiye ki woh 1 cubic meter hawa mein saman agent ki 0.1 millisgram se bhi kam matra ka pata laga sake. Agent Air (30 min exposure) Water (3cu.dm per 24 hrs)