Nature and Environment - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Medicinal Plants - PDF

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a markdown format: # Nature and Environment * Climate change: Climate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place. * Causes of climate change: * Natural causes * Man-made causes * N...

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a markdown format: # Nature and Environment * Climate change: Climate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place. * Causes of climate change: * Natural causes * Man-made causes * Natural causes: 1. Volcanic eruption 2. Change in earth's reflectivity 3. Solar variations * Man-made causes of climate change: 1. Deforestation 2. Burning of fossil fuels 3. Generating power 4. Ozone layer depletion 5. Industrialisation 6. Increase in the use of chemical fertilizer. * Effects of climate change: 1. Weather 2. Heat waves and drought 3. Flood 4. Rise in sea level 5. Effects on agriculture * Measures to control climate change: 1. Uses of renewable sources of energy.  2. Switch to sustainable means of transport 3. Reduce plastic 4. Protect Forests 5. Developing public awareness * Some endangered animals & plants in Nepal. Some animals and plants are in the high risk of extinction and some are vulnerable. This is due to their destruction. * Causes of some plants and animals in Nepal of being endangered: 1. Adverse environment due to climate change 2. Loss of habitat 3. Destruction of biological resources due to their overuse. 4. Increase in environmental pollution 5. Production of new species without research. * Methods of conservation of endangered and rare plants: 1. Conservation of natural habitat 2. Conservation of rare, endangered and useful plants. 3. Production of saplings of rare plants for afforestation. 4. Formation and implementation of appropriate law. 5. Minimization of the use of pesticides and herbicides. * Methods of conservation of rare and endangered birds and animals in Nepal: 1. Conservation of their natural habitat 2. Strict prohibition of poaching conserved wildlife 3. Management of ex-situ conservation for rare wildlife 4. Provision of laws and effective implementation. 5. Promoting public awareness. * Some traditional medicinal plants: * **(scientific name)** * Tulsi - Ocimum Sanctum: * Uses: * Treatment for digestive complaints and bronchitis * Treatment of malarial fever. * Neem - Azadirachta Indica: * Uses: * Used to treat fever and skin disease. * Used to treat bad cholesterol and high blood pressure. * Aloe - Aloe vera: * Uses: * Used for relieving heartburn to potentially slowing the spread of breast cancer. * Used in cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food industries. * Asuro - Justicia adhatoda: * uses: * It has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory functions. * Used for a host of therapeutic indications like upper respiratory infections, tuberculosis, heart problems etc. * Yarsagumba - Cordyceps Sinensis * Yarsagumba is also known as cordyceps sinensis and colloquially known as caterpillar fungus. It is found above the altitude of 3500 m in Himalayan regions. After germination of larvae by fungus, it kills the insect and mummifies, from the fruit body a dark brown colored emerges from the dead insects and stands erect. * Uses of Yarshagumba: 1. Contributes to increased blood production and sperm production as well. 2. Helps to cure tiredness, chronic cough and asthma. 3. Helps to strengthen the immune system for tumor patients. 4. Helps to combat infertility in women & cures erectile dysfunction in men. 5. Cures cardiovascular problems, sexual health, irregular heartbeats, allerging issues etc. ### Some important questions * How does deforestation cause climate change? Write in a sentence. * Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees available to absorb carbondioxide from the atmosphere, leading to the higher concentration of this greenhouse gases and consequently, global warming. * What is the main cause of drought and flood on earth? * The main cause is the variability and shifts in weather patterns, which can be influenced by factors such as climate change, natural climate; Phenomena, and human activities like deforestation and urbanization. * Name any two protected mammals of Nepal found in the Terai region. * Two protected mammals of Nepal found in the Terai region are; 1. One-horned rhino 2. Elephant * Why Himalayan bear is called protected animal? * Himalayan bear is called a protected animals due to its vulnerable status on the IUCN Red List, as it faces threats from habitat loss and poaching, necessitating conservation efforts to safeguard its population. * Regular consumption of Asiatic pennywort increase intellectual power, how? * Regular consumption of Asiatic pennywort is believed to potentially enhance intellectual power by improving blood circulation to the brain, providing essential nutrients and potentially boosting cognitive function. * Write any two characteristics of caterpillar fungus (Yarsha gumba)? * The following are the characteristics of the caterpillar fungus: 1. Caterpillar fungus is parasite in nature. It infects the larvae of certain moth species, particularly the ghost moth. 2. Caterpillar fungus has immunomodulatory, anti inflammatory and aphrodisiac properties. * Nepal is also passing through the adverse effects of climate change. Present any two bases to justify this statement. * Nepal is indeed experiencing adverse effect of climate change, and here are the two bases to justify this statement: 1. Melting glaciers: Nepal's Himalayan region is experiencing the rapid retreat of glaciers due to rising temperatures, leading to the formation of glacial lakes that pose a risk of flooding downstream areas. 2. Erratic monsoon: Climate change has disrupted monsoon patterns, causing irregular rainfall, which can result in both droughts & floods, impacting agriculture and water resources, crucial for the country's economy and livelihood. * Climate change is a global problem-Justify this statement with any two reasons. * Climate change is indeed a global problem, and here are the two reasons to justify this statement are; 1. climate change affects the entire planet, causing rising global temperatures, altered weather patterns and sea-level rise, impact ecosystem economies and communication worldwide. 2. The primary driver of the climate change is the emission of greenhouse gases, which are released by various countries. Addressing climate change requires collective action and cooperation among nations to reduce emissions, making it global challenge that necessitates a global response. * Climate change is the main cause of unseasonal rain. How? * Climate change can lead to unseasonal rain by altering established weather patterns and increasing atmospheric moisture levels. Rising temperature can disrupt traditional seasonal boundaries, leading to unexpected different weather conditions. This disruption is a consequence of the overall warming of the planet and its impact on global climate system. * Climate change is also the cause of extinction of animals. Justify this statement. * Climate change contributes to the extinction of animals by altering their habitat & disrupting ecosystems. Rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns and sea level rise directly affect the environments that many species rely on for survival. These changes can lead to habitat loss, reduced food availability. Climate change induced impacts such as extreme weather events and disease outbreaks further exacerbate the threat vulnerable animal populations, making climate change a significant driver of species extinct. * The use of medicinal plants is beneficial for human health, why? * The use of medicinal plant is beneficial for human health for the following reasons: 1. Medicinal plants provide natural and holistic remedies that have been used for centuries, offering effective treatments for wide range of health issues. 2. These plants contain bioactive compounds with-therapeutic properties such as antioxidants, antiinflammatory agents which can help combat diseases and promote overall well beings.