Modernism (Arabic) PDF

‫مادة الشعر‬ Modernism Modernism :it is a comprehensive and wide term applied to all trends tendencies and movements of all human beings..‫ هو مصطلح شامل وواسع ٌطبق على جمٌع اتجاهات المٌول والحركات لجمٌع البشر‬:‫الحداثة‬ Modernism: Modernism begins soon aft...

‫مادة الشعر‬ Modernism Modernism :it is a comprehensive and wide term applied to all trends tendencies and movements of all human beings..‫ هو مصطلح شامل وواسع ٌطبق على جمٌع اتجاهات المٌول والحركات لجمٌع البشر‬:‫الحداثة‬ Modernism: Modernism begins soon after the death of Queen Victoria in 1901 and continues up to now..‫ وتستمر حتى اآلن‬1091 ‫ تبدأ الحداثة بعد وقت قصٌر من وفاة الملكة فٌكتورٌا فً عام‬:‫الحداثة‬ Modernism falls into 2 periods: ‫تنقسم الحداثة الى فترتٌن‬ 1:The Edwardian Period: it begins with the death of Queen Victoria in 1901 and ends with the beginning of the First War in 1914. This period is related to (King Edward) who reigned from 1901 to 1914. ‫ ترتبط هذه‬.1014 ‫ وتنتهً ببداٌة الحرب األولى عام‬1091 ‫ تبدأ بوفاة الملكة فٌكتورٌا عام‬:‫الفترة اإلدواردٌة‬ ‫ توماس‬:‫ الشعراء الرئٌسٌٌن فً هذا العصر هم‬1014 ‫ إلى‬1091 ‫الفترة ب (الملك إدوارد) الذي حكم من‬.‫هاردي ووٌلٌام بتلر ٌٌتس‬ The major poets of this age are: Thomas Hardy and William Butler Yeats..‫ توماس هاردي و وٌلٌام بتلر ٌٌتس‬:‫الشعراء الرئٌسٌون فً هذا العصر هم‬ 2: The second period of modernism starts from 1914-1936. It is called The Georgian Age. It is related to King George the first who ruled England from 1914-1936 till he dies in 1936. This period still silent continues till now. ‫ إنه مرتبط بالملك جورج األول‬.ً‫ ٌطلق علٌه العصر الجورج‬.1031-1014 ‫تبدأ الفترة الثانٌة من الحداثة من‬.‫ هذه الفترة ال تزال صامتة مستمرة حتى اآلن‬.1031 ‫ حتى وفاته فً عام‬1031-1014 ‫الذي حكم إنجلترا من‬ The major poets of this period are: T. S. Eliot: Ezra Pound: Dylan Thomas..... etc ‫ الخ‬.....‫ دٌالن توماس‬:‫ عزرا باوند‬:‫ تً إس إلٌوت‬:‫الشعراء الرئٌسٌون فً هذه الفترة هم‬ 1 t.m.M1SMR  1: Sailing to Byzantium BY WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS (Born 1865, Died 1939) Stanza 1 stanza 2 That is no country for old men. The young An aged man is but a paltry thing, In one another's arms, birds in the trees, A tattered coat upon a stick, unless -Those dying generations at their song Soul clap its hands and sing, and louder sings The salmon-falls, the mackerel-crowded seas, For every tatter in its mortal dress, Fish, flesh, or fowl, commend all summer long Nor is there singing school but studying Whatever is begotten, born, and dies. Monuments of its own magnificence; Caught in that sensual music all neglect And therefore I have sailed the seas and come Monuments of unageing intellect. To the holy city of Byzantium. Stanza 3 stanza 4 O sages standing in God's holy fire Once out of nature I shall never take As in the gold mosaic of a wall, My bodily form from any natural thing, Come from the holy fire, perne in a gyre, But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make And be the singing-masters of my soul. Of hammered gold and gold enameling Consume my heart away; sick with desire To keep a drowsy Emperor awake; And fastened to a dying animal Or set upon a golden bough to sing It knows not what it is; and gather me To lords and ladies of Byzantium Into the artifice of eternity. Of what is past, or passing or to come, W.B. Yeats, from "The Tower" 1928 Analysis of the Poem Sailing to Byzantium: by W.B.Yeats 2 t.m.M1SMR The whole poem is an imaginary journey from the world of flesh to the world of spirit. Byzantium. is a city in Turkey called Istanbul now. It is Constantinople. In the poem, the poet reflects his own feelings and attitudes towards this glorious city which would be his last resort. ‫ هً مدٌنة فً تركٌا تسمى اسطنبول‬.‫ بٌزنطة‬.‫القصٌدة كلها هً رحلة خٌالٌة من عالم الجسد إلى عالم الروح‬ ‫ ٌعكس الشاعر مشاعره ومواقفه تجاه هذه المدٌنة المجٌدة التً ستكون‬, ‫ فً القصٌدة‬.‫ إنها القسطنطٌنٌة‬.‫اآلن‬.‫مالذه األخٌر‬ In the first stanza, the poet presents the "Aged people "who have no place in the world of flesh symbolized by the" sensual music" which is concerned with youth only. This "sensual music" is a means to enjoy the life of the young people. ‫ ٌقدم الشاعر "كبار السن" الذٌن ال مكان لهم فً عالم الجسد الذي ٌرمز إلٌه "الموسٌقى‬, ‫فً المقطع األول‬.‫ هذه "الموسٌقى الحسٌة" هً وسٌلة لالستمتاع بحٌاة الشباب‬.‫الحسٌة" التً تهتم بالشباب فقط‬ In the second stanza, flesh is also inserted: the aged man is no more than a tattered coat hung upon a stick just to frighten the animals which come to eat the fruits of the fields. In this stanza, there is also a comparison between the tattered coat and the aged man and this is obvious when the poet tries to use the "scarecrow "which is put in any field in order to keep the animals out of it. Therefore, the aged man is like that scarecrow which has a shape only. ‫ الرجل المسن لٌس أكثر من معطف ممزق معلق على عصا فقط‬:‫ ٌتم إدخال اللحم أٌضا‬, ً‫فً المقطع الثان‬ ‫ هناك أٌضا مقارنة بٌن المعطف الممزق والرجل المسن‬, ‫ فً هذا المقطع‬.‫لتخوٌف التً تأتً لتأكل ثمار الحقول‬ , ‫ لذلك‬.‫وهذا واضح عندما ٌحاول الشاعر استخدام "الفزاعة" التً ٌتم وضعها فً أي مجال من أجل إبعاد عنه‬.‫فإن الرجل المسن ٌشبه تلك الفزاعة التً لها شكل فقط‬ In the third stanza, the speaker introduces "The Sages". The wise men who have witnessed and visited the place of this "Holy city". ".‫ الحكماء الذٌن شهدوا وزاروا مكان هذه "المدٌنة المقدسة‬."‫ ٌقدم المتحدث "الحكماء‬, ‫فً المقطع الثالث‬ In the last stanza, this old man is somewhat happy and glad. He is to be free from his "bodily form" so that he would be transformed from his bodily form to his spiritual entity where there are no more mistakes or sins. ‫ ٌجب أن ٌتحرر من "شكله الجسدي" حتى‬.‫ هذا الرجل العجوز سعٌد وسعٌد إلى حد ما‬, ‫فً المقطع األخٌر‬.‫ٌتحول من شكله الجسدي إلى كٌانه الروحً حٌث ال توجد أخطاء أو خطاٌا أخرى‬ 3 t.m.M1SMR  2: The Truth By William Henry Davies (Born 1871, Died 1940) Since I have seen a bird one day, His head pecked more than half away; That hopped about, with but one eye, Ready to fight again, and die, Offtimes since then their private lives Have spoilt that joy their music gives. So when I see this robin now, Like a red apple on the bough, And question why he sings so strong, For love, or for the love of song; Or sings, maybe, for that sweet rill Whose silver tongue is never still, Ah, now there comes this thought unkind, Born of the knowledge in my mind: He sings in triumph that last night He killed his father in a fight; And now he'll take his mother's blood, The last strong rival for his food. 4 t.m.M1SMR Analysis of the poem The poem consists of 3 stanzas. It shows the cruel and savage side of life. It's about a small singing bird with a red chest (Robin) who struggles and sacrifices everything in order to be able to live and to afford its daily food. The poet starts the poem by describing the bird's status after it has gone through a violent fight. It is wounded and loses its eye but it is ready to fight again even if it will cost it its life. ً‫ إنها تدور حول طائر صغٌر ٌغن‬.‫ إنه ٌظهر الجانب القاسً والوحشً من الحٌاة‬.‫ مقاطع‬3 ‫تتكون القصٌدة من‬ ‫بصدر أحمر (روبن) ٌكافح وٌضحً بكل شًء من أجل أن ٌكون قادرا على العٌش وتحمل تكالٌف طعامه‬ ‫ إنه جرٌح وٌفقد عٌنه لكنه مستعد‬.‫ ٌبدأ الشاعر القصٌدة بوصف حالة الطائر بعد أن مر بمعركة عنٌفة‬.ً‫الٌوم‬.‫للقتال مرة أخرى حتى لو كلفه ذلك حٌاته‬ In the second stanza, the poet sees that bird again standing on a branch of a tree looking so nice just like a red apple, singing so loud that makes the poet wonders why is it singing so strong like that. Is it to sing for its beloved or because it loves that song or maybe he sings for the small river beneath him. ‫ ٌرى الشاعر ذلك الطائر ٌقف مرة أخرى على غصن شجرة ٌبدو لطٌفا تماما مثل تفاحة‬, ً‫فً المقطع الثان‬ ‫ هل هو أن ٌغنً لحبٌبه أم‬.‫ ٌغنً بصوت عال ٌجعل الشاعر ٌتساءل لماذا ٌغنً بهذه القوة بهذه الطرٌقة‬, ‫حمراء‬.‫ألنه ٌحب تلك األغنٌة أو ربما ٌغنً للنهر الصغٌر تحته‬ In the last stanza the poet discovers the embett truth behind its excitement. He knows that the bird is singing because it feels victorious after killing his father and it is ready to kill its mother too, so cruel selfish to sacrifice everything just in order to stay alive. ‫ إنه ٌعلم أن الطائر ٌغنً ألنه ٌشعر باالنتصار بعد قتل‬.‫فً المقطع األخٌر ٌكتشف الشاعر الحقٌقة وراء اإلثارة‬.‫ أنانً قاسً جدا للتضحٌة بكل شًء فقط من أجل البقاء على قٌد الحٌاة‬, ‫والده وهو مستعد لقتل أمه أٌضا‬ The poet criticizes the life of modern man. We are so involved in the dull routine of daily life that we have no time to enjoy the beauty of nature that exists all around us. If we want to lead a happy and rich life, we are required to return to the world of nature. The poet criticized the modern man due to his materialistic nature and permanent aloofness from nature. ‫ نحن منخرطون فً روتٌن الحٌاة الٌومٌة الممل بحٌث لٌس لدٌنا وقت‬.‫ٌنتقد الشاعر حٌاة اإلنسان الحدٌث‬ ‫ فنحن مطالبون‬, ‫ إذا أردنا أن نعٌش حٌاة سعٌدة وغنٌة‬.‫لالستمتاع بجمال الطبٌعة الموجود فً كل مكان حولنا‬.‫ انتقد الشاعر اإلنسان الحدٌث بسبب طبٌعته المادٌة وعزلته الدائمة عن الطبٌعة‬.‫بالعودة إلى عالم الطبٌعة‬ 5 t.m.M1SMR The main themes ‫المواضٌع الرئٌسٌة‬ 2 ‫ او‬1 ‫اختار واحد اما‬ 1: The main theme is that we should abandon our material pursuits and establish a firm contact with nature to lead a rich and diverse life. The poem starts with a rhetorical question, i.e. the author is sure you will agree with him that it's important to have free time. The idea of "stand and stare" has been focused all through the poem. ‫الموضوع الرئٌسً هو أننا ٌجب أن نتخلى عن مساعٌنا المادٌة ونقٌم اتصاال قوٌا مع الطبٌعة لنعٌش حٌاة غنٌة‬ ‫ أي أن المؤلف متأكد من أنك ستتفق معه على أنه من المهم أن ٌكون‬, ً‫ تبدأ القصٌدة بسؤال بالغ‬.‫ومتنوعة‬.‫ تم تركٌز فكرة "الوقوف والتحدٌق" طوال القصٌدة‬.‫لدٌك وقت فراغ‬ 2: The major idea presented in 'The Truth" is nature, but it is not the benovelent nature: it is the cruelty of nature on animals in particular and on Human beings in general. ‫ إنها قسوة الطبٌعة على‬:‫ لكنها لٌست الطبٌعة الجدٌدة‬, ‫الفكرة الرئٌسٌة المقدمة فً "الحقٌقة" هً الطبٌعة‬.‫بشكل خاص وعلى البشر بشكل عام‬ 6 t.m.M1SMR  3: When I Was One-and-Twenty By A. E. HOUSMAN Alfred Edward HOUSMAN (Born 1859 , Died 1936) Stanza 1 stanza 2 When I was one-and-twenty When I was one-and-twenty I heard a wise man say, I heard him say again, “Give crowns and pounds and guineas “The heart out of the bosom But not your heart away; Was never given in vain; Give pearls away and rubies ’Tis paid with sighs a plenty But keep your fancy free”. And sold for endless rue.” But I was one-and-twenty, And I am two-and-twenty, No use to talk to me. And oh, ’tis true, ’tis true. The poem consists of Two stanzas. ‫تتكون القصٌدة من مقطعٌن‬. The first stanza focuses on the young man who has no experience about the term Love and the lack of knowledge. This stanza focuses on what the old man has to say. This old man tries to tell the young man that you can give every precious thing in order to avoid offering his heart to any woman because you are going to to suffer a lot, but the young man doesn't heed to the old man and pay no attention to the advice given by the wise man. ‫ ٌركز هذا المقطع على ما‬.‫ٌركز المقطع األول على الشاب الذي لٌس لدٌه خبرة فً مصطلح الحب وقلة المعرفة‬ ‫ ٌحاول هذا الرجل العجوز أن ٌخبر الشاب أنه ٌمكنك إعطاء كل شًء ثمٌن لتجنب تقدٌم‬.‫ٌقوله الرجل العجوز‬.‫ لكن الشاب ال ٌلتفت إلى الرجل العجوز وال ٌلتفت إلى نصٌحة الرجل الحكٌم‬, ‫قلبه ألي امرأة ألنك ستعانً كثٌرا‬ The second stanza reveals the truth of the old man's advice. After a year, the young man has offered his heart to a beautiful woman who has controlled this rushing man and he begins to suffer a lot as he didn't stick to the advice given by the wise man. ‫ قدم الشاب قلبه المرأة جمٌلة سٌطرت على هذا‬, ‫ بعد عام‬.‫ٌكشف المقطع الثانً حقٌقة نصٌحة الرجل العجوز‬.‫الرجل المتسرع وبدأ ٌعانً كثٌرا ألنه لم ٌلتزم بنصٌحة الرجل الحكٌم‬ 7 t.m.M1SMR Major Themes in “When I Was One-and-Twenty”? ‫الموضوعات الرئٌسٌة فً "عندما كنت فً الواحد والعشرٌن"؟‬ Major Themes in “When I Was One-and-Twenty”: Wisdom, experience, and youth are the major themes underlined in this poem. The poem reflects upon two things; ‫ الحكمة والخبرة والشباب هً الموضوعات الرئٌسٌة التً تم التأكٌد‬:"‫الموضوعات الرئٌسٌة فً "عندما كنت فً الواحد والعشرٌن‬.‫ تعكس القصٌدة شٌئٌن‬.‫علٌها فً هذه القصٌدة‬ the attitude of the young speaker toward life in contrast with the wise man’s perception of life.The wise man, keeping his experiences in mind, tries to make the speaker understand that the heart is more precious than all the riches; therefore, he should guard it more carefully. ‫ أن‬, ‫ مع مراعاة تجاربه‬, ‫ ٌحاول الرجل الحكٌم‬.‫موقف المتحدث الشاب تجاه الحٌاة على النقٌض من تصور الرجل الحكٌم للحٌاة‬.‫ ٌجب أن ٌحرسه بعناٌة أكبر‬, ‫ لذلك‬.‫ٌجعل المتحدث ٌفهم أن القلب أغلى من كل الثروات‬ Throughout the poem, the young speaker receives advice from the old man. At first, he does not pay any heed, but within a year, he becomes the victim of lost love and realizes that the old man’s advice was based on reality. ‫ ٌصبح ضحٌة‬, ‫ ولكن فً غضون عام‬, ‫ ال ٌلتفت‬, ‫ فً البداٌة‬.‫ ٌتلقى المتحدث الشاب نصٌحة من الرجل العجوز‬, ‫طوال القصٌدة‬.‫للحب المفقود وٌدرك أن نصٌحة الرجل العجوز كانت مبنٌة على الواقع‬ Q2) Who are the major characters in : When I was One and Twenty? ‫ عندما كنت فً المرة األولى والعشرٌن؟‬:ً‫) من هً الشخصٌات الرئٌسٌة ف‬2 ‫س‬ A2) There are two major characters in this poem: ‫هناك شخصٌتان رئٌسٌتان فً هذه القصٌدة‬ A young man talks about the experience of falling in and out of love. He was being given some advices from a wise man who told him that the ability of love is more valuable than the material objects, the young man should not give love too freely to everyone. But, he seems did not notice the advice and at the end he regret with it at the age of 22. ‫ كان ٌتلقى بعض النصائح من رجل حكٌم أخبره أن قدرة‬.‫شاب ٌتحدث عن تجربة الوقوع فً الحب والخروج منه‬ ‫ لكن ٌبدو أنه لم‬.‫ وال ٌنبغً للشاب أن ٌعطً الحب بحرٌة كبٌرة للجمٌع‬, ‫الحب أكثر قٌمة من األشٌاء المادٌة‬.22 ‫ٌالحظ النصٌحة وفً النهاٌة ندم علٌها فً سن‬ a wise man who has the experience and wisdom to give a good advice to the young man..‫رجل حكٌم لدٌه الخبرة والحكمة إلعطاء نصٌحة جٌدة للشاب‬ 8 t.m.M1SMR