Spain and Portugal in the Americas PDF

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL FIRST CONTACT Christopher Columbus Pedro Alvares Cabral Pope divides Atlantic b/w Portugal and Spain Treaty of Tordesillas Gives Brazil to Portugal Gives the rest to Spain Given the task to convert the Natives COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Exchange of goods an...

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL FIRST CONTACT Christopher Columbus Pedro Alvares Cabral Pope divides Atlantic b/w Portugal and Spain Treaty of Tordesillas Gives Brazil to Portugal Gives the rest to Spain Given the task to convert the Natives COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Exchange of goods and animals Europeans import crops and animals Wheat, apples, bananas, sugar, coffee, rice Horses, pigs, sheep Diseases Europeans export crops Potatoes, tomatoes, beans, corn, tobacco SPANISH CONQUESTS Hernan Cortes and the conquistadores Conquers the Aztec Empire Allies with the population of Nahuas Francisco Pizarro Conquers the Inca Empire Aided by Hernando de Soto Surprise attacks the Incan king Smallpox epidemic SPANISH COLONIES Organized into Viceroyalties Strict social hierarchy Peninsulares, Criollos, Mestizos Africans and Indios Labor Systems Indigenous slavery Bartolome de las Casas Encomienda Repartimiento SPANISH ECONOMY Sugarcane Hacienda economy Relied on the Encomienda system Replaced with tenants or slavery Silver mines In the Viceroy of Rio de la Plata Potosi Becomes essential in global trade Relies on the Repartimiento system PORTUGUESE BRAZIL Sugarcane The major export of Brazil Enslavement of natives not always possible Required the importation of slaves Gold Gold was mined in 1700 Becomes the 2nd major export of Brazil SPAIN AND PORTUGAL IN ASIA The Philippines Conquered by the Spanish The only Pacific possession for Spain Used for trading silver to China Portuguese India Naval might Control important trade corridors Goa in western India TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE BACKGROUND Slavery uncommon in Europe by 1500 Plantation economies of the Americas Southern colonies of North America Sugar plantations of Caribbean & Brazil Haciendas of Spanish America West Africans immune to diseases from the Old World Indigenous labor and indentured servitude Not economically feasible THE TRIANGULAR TRADE Connected Europe, Africa, and Americas European manufactured goods Guns, textiles Exchanged for slaves African slaves to the Americas Traded for raw goods Sugar, tobacco, timber, rum Goods return to Europe THE MIDDLE PASSAGE Humans transported in ships as cargo Brutal, inhumane conditions Disease Cramped quarters Up to 20% die on the voyages 12 million people taken as slaves from 1500-1800 Justification Religion Racism SLAVERY IN THE NEW WORLD Plantations in the Caribbean Owners were often absent Estate was overseen by lower status Europeans Slave labor Working to death Farming, harvesting, processing Especially worse on sugar plantations 15-25 year life expectancy 8/10 slaves went to Caribbean or Brazil RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY Subtlety Hindering work Prayers and hymns Sprituals Escape Joining pirate groups Joining Native Americans Forming their own communities Maroon Communities Black Seminoles