OCR Reformation Recap PDF

UNIT 3 – REFORMATION RECAP CHURCH AND STATE RELATIONS CHURCH AND STATE Holy Roman Emperors Elected by princes and nobles Crowned by the pope Church and State Problems (1000s AD) Simony Investiture Controversy Pope St. Gregory VII Imposes clerical celib...

UNIT 3 – REFORMATION RECAP CHURCH AND STATE RELATIONS CHURCH AND STATE Holy Roman Emperors Elected by princes and nobles Crowned by the pope Church and State Problems (1000s AD) Simony Investiture Controversy Pope St. Gregory VII Imposes clerical celibacy Clash with Henry IV CHURCH AND STATE Philip IV of France Costly wars drained treasuries Had to seize assets and tax clergy Expulsion of Jews; Knights of Templar Caused uproar with Pope Boniface VIII Boniface threatens excommunication Dies and is replaced by a French pope Starts the Avignon Papacy Reputed for its corruption Papacy lost all real political authority FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS The power and prestige of the pope waned over the course of the Middle Ages There were political reasons for kings and rulers to limit the pope’s influence DISSIDENTS AND REBELS DISSIDENTS AND REBELS John Wycliffe (1328-1384) Taught that the Church’s assets should be subordinated to the state Thought all individuals could be priests Wanted the Bible translated into vernacular Ideas spread to Prague DISSIDENTS AND REBELS Jan Hus (1370-1415) Spreads message in Czech vernacular Called out corruption in the Church Proclaimed primacy of the Bible over the papacy Opposed indulgences Executed at the Council of Constance Followers rebel and crusades are proclaimed against them DISSIDENTS AND REBELS Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) One of the first authors after the Printing Press Greek New Testament, trans into Latin Wrote satires critiquing the pope, the Church’s excessive wealth Thought that individual education in the Bible would lead to better morals Never left the Catholic Church FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS The Church’s immense wealth was seen as hypocritical The authority of the Bible should supersede the authority of the Church The Scriptures should be made accessible to all LAY PIETY LAY PIETY Partially caused by chaos at the top Partially caused by Black Death and Famine of 1315 Focus on individuality Didn’t need to be in an order to be a monk or nun Beguines; Brethren of Common Life Individually following Christ’s example The Imitation of Christ FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS Piety should not be restricted to ordained priests or monks/nuns in official orders Religious faith should be an introspective, individual act LUTHER LUTHER Church was the largest patron of Renaissance art St. Peter’s Basilica Partially funded with indulgences Writes his 95 Theses Written against indulgences Printing press makes it viral Translates Bible into German LUTHER Salvation by Grace through Faith Asked to retract his beliefs at the Not works Diet of Worms Sola Fide Instead, he doubles down Believed that priests should Labelled an outlaw by the marry Church and the Holy Roman Believed in priesthood of all Empire believers He’s sheltered by German Nobody needed to be ordained princes to give the Sacraments Who want more independence from the Church and their emperor Takes their side in the Peasant REFORMERS AFTER LUTHER Ulrich Zwingli Priest in Zurich, Switzerland Opposed all religious images and icons Ordered their destruction in 1524 Rejects sacramentality Thought of the Eucharist as symbolic Disagreed with Luther over the Real Presence in the Eucharist REFORMERS AFTER LUTHER John Calvin Based in Geneva, Switzerland Believed in Predestination Led a theocratic society in Geneva Entertainment and games are banned Dissidents were banished or shamed Heretics were burned at the stake Stripped every church of images Becomes the most organized and influential Protestant sect REFORMERS AFTER LUTHER Presbyterians Followers of John Knox Influenced by Calvinism Depose Catholic monarch of England, Mary Queen of Scots Anabaptists Rejected infant baptism Persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants