The Reformation PDF

THE REFORMATION  CHRISTIANITY IN EUROPE IN 1500 1500: Christianity in Europe was divided between Catholic and Orthodox religion. Orthodox: Greece and Russia. Catholic: Everywhere else.  CHRISTIANITY IN EUROPE IN 1500 Pope was the head of Catholic countries. Catholic...

THE REFORMATION  CHRISTIANITY IN EUROPE IN 1500 1500: Christianity in Europe was divided between Catholic and Orthodox religion. Orthodox: Greece and Russia. Catholic: Everywhere else.  CHRISTIANITY IN EUROPE IN 1500 Pope was the head of Catholic countries. Catholic cardinals and bishops had mass power. Religion was very important. Catholic Church provided salvation. Problems with the Catholic Church led to the Reformation.  WHAT WAS THE REFORMATI0N Began in Germany, 16th century. Protested abuses of the Catholic Church. 100 years later: Northern Europe almost entirely Protestants. Reformation caused this.  WHAT CAUSED THE REFORMATI0N 1) The influence of the Renaissance. 2) The wealth of the church. 3) Abuses within the church. 4)The power of kings.  1. THE INFLUENCE OF THE RENAISSANCE The Church funded much of the Renaissance. This led to consequences. More people began to read the Bible. Their interpretations differed from the Church. The invention of the printing press allowed these new ideas to spread. Support grew for new ideas.  2. WEALTH OF THE CHURCH Wealthiest organisation in Europe. Bishops owned much land. 1/3 of land in Germany belonged to the Church. Tithes paid to local bishop (1/10th of income). Resented by Kings and normal people.  3. ABUSES WITHIN THE CHURCH Catholic Church abused power. People thought they were more interested in gaining wealth than serving god. These abuses included:  3. ABUSES WITHIN THE CHURCH Simony: buying and selling positions within the church. Priests, bishops and popes became wealthier. Nepotism: Appointing relatives to Church jobs regardless of merit. Many members broke vows of celibacy and fathered children.  3. ABUSES WITHIN THE CHURCH Pluralism: Holding more than one position in the Church at the same time. Bishops and priests ruled multiple dioceses at the same time. Absenteeism: a priest of bishop absent from their parish for long periods of time. This meant people could not receive sacrament.  3. ABUSES WITHIN THE CHURCH The sale of Indulgences: Catholics believed that when they died they had to pay to get into heaven or they would be stuck in Purgatory. The Church sold special prayers called indulgences to get people into heaven. This money was spent on the church.  3. ABUSES WITHIN THE CHURCH Misbehaviour of priests and popes: did not live Christian lives. Broke celibacy and fathered children. Some could not read nor write so they could not deliver mass. People began to lose faith in the Church. E.g. Julius II and Alexander VI.  4. THE POWER OF KINGS Kings in Europe brought nobles under control and establishing rule throughout the kingdom. The Church remained outside their authority and was controlled by Rome. They looked for ways to break their power.  MARTIN LUTHER Born to a wealthy family in Saxony, Germany in 1483. Studied law, but decided to become and Augustinian monk. Studied theology: became a Professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg.  GOING TO HEAVEN Luther was worried about going to heaven (salvation). Worried God would not forgive sinners. Found answers in the Bible. Read “the just man shall live by faith alone”  GOING TO HEAVEN Catholic Church’s indulgences pardoned sins. Luther did not believe in this. Believed only faith in God would allow a person into heaven. This was called justification by faith alone.  SELLING INDULGENCES 1517: Johann Tetzel came to Wittenberg to sell indulgences. Anyone could buy these to get into heaven. Half of the money collected went to building St Peter’s Basilica in Rome, other half to Archbishop of Mainz.  TETZEL’S SPEECH “Can’t you hear the voices of your dead parents and other relatives crying out, ‘Have mercy on us for we suffer great punishments and pain. Why do you leave us to suffer in the flames when it takes only a little to save us?”- Johann Tetzel preaching indulgences, 1517. What do you think he is saying here?  LUTHER’S 95 THESES Luther objected Tetzel. He wrote 95 Theses against the sale of indulgences. Wrote them in Latin (language of the scholars). Translated into German. His intentions was not to rebel against the Catholic Church.  LUTHER’S 95 THESES Ninety-Five Theses ideas: 1) The Pope had no power to forgive sin. 2) Indulgences do not save people. 3) The Pope should pay for the rebuilding of St Peter’s Basilica himself, not the poor.  WHY DID HE PUBLISH THE 95 THESES? He was stating that (in the theses): Theses 5: The pope has no power to forgive penalties due to sin. Theses 21: Indulgences do not save people from all punishment. These 86: It is better to give money to the poor than to building the St Peter’s Basilica. The 95 Theses were translated into German (vernacular) and printed around the country.  THESES IDEAS 32. Those who believe they can be certain of their salvation because they have indulgence letters will be eternally damned, together with their teachers. 36. Any truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without indulgence letters. 47. Christians are to be taught that the buying of indulgences is a matter of free choice, not commanded.  THESES IDEAS 50. Christians are to be taught that if the Pope knew the exactions of the indulgence preachers, he would rather that the Basilica of St Peter were burned to ashes than built up with the skin, flesh and bones of his sheep. 62. The true treasure of the Church is the most holy gospel of the glory and grace of God.  WHY DID HE PUBLISH THE 95 THESES? “Out of love for the truth and from desire to elucidate it, the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and Sacred Theology, and ordinary lecturer and Wittenberg, intends to defend the following statements and to dispute on them in that place. Therefore he asks that those who cannot be present, and dispute with him orally, shall do so in their absence by letter. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, Amen”.- 95 Theses, Martin Luther.  ROME’S RESPONSE Pope took action. Ordered to meet Cardinal Cajetan. Luther did not budge. Public debate vs. John Eck: questioned the authority of the Pope. Pope sent a papal bull excommunicating Luther. Luther burned this.  DIET OF WORMS Luther continued to reject the Pope. Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), called a meeting: Diet of Worms, 1521. Luther refused to change his beliefs. ‘I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe’.  EDICT OF WORMS Charles V then called the Edict of worms. Luther’s supporters protested: Protestants. Luther to be arrested for heresy. Prince Frederick of Saxony faked his kidnapping.  WARTBURG CASTLE Translated New and Old Testaments to German, the vernacular. Everyone could read it for themselves now. WARTBURG CASTLE  LUTHER’S BELIEFS The Bible is the only source of guidance for Christians. There is no need for bishops or Church hierarchy. Each prince/king should control the Church in their area of rule. Mass and the Bible should be in the vernacular. ‘Justification by Faith Alone’.  LUTHER’S BELIEFS The clergy should be allowed to marry. Catholic Church has 7 sacraments. Luther only found two in the Bible. Lutherans only believe in: baptism and communion. Catholics believed that the bread and wine became the body and blood of Jesus (transubstantiation). Luther did not believe in this: they co-exist (consubstantiation).  THE SPREAD OF LUTHERISM. Divisions grew between Catholics and Protestants. Luther’s support came from Princes in North Germany. Emperor Charles V rejected the Augsburg Confessions, a statement of Luther’s beliefs.  LUTHER’S LATER LIFE Married Catherine von Bara and had 6 children. Died in 1546. Belief’s spread rapidly: huge consequences for Germany and Europe.  THE PEACE OF AUGSBERG, 1555. Civil and religious war broke out for 9 years. Peace of Augsburg 1555: stated that each ruler was free to decide the religion of their state. Single-religious states. Original 🡪  THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION Many questioned the teachings of the Church after reading Luther’s writings. This inspired other reformers.  THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION 1531: Ulrich Zwieli launched the Reformation in Switzerland. 1534: Henry VIII established Church of England. 1537: King Christian III declared Lutheranism the official religion of Denmark and Norway. 1571: The Netherlands became Protestant. 1572: John Knox introduced Presbyterianism to Scotland.  JOHN CALVIN Began in Geneva. Founded the Calvanist/Presbyterian Church. Followers called Huguenots in France, Puritans in England and Presbyterians in Scotland.  THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION The Catholic Church was alarmed at how fast Protestantism was growing. They feared the Church would collapse. Used force and persuasion to keep people in the church.  THE COURTS OF INQUISITION Set up to arrest, try and punish anyone who they thought was a threat to the Church. Imprisonment, torture, burned at the stake. Accused people of heresy.  THE COURTS OF INQUISITION Burnings carried out in public. Inquisition was successful in Spain and Italy.  NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS Church realised it needed to reconnect with the faithful. New religious orders set up. Ursuline nuns and Capuchin monks helped communities by spreading the gospel.  NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS Society of Jesus/ Jesuits. Set up by St Ignatius of Loyola, 1534. Priests treated like soldiers. Highly educated and very successful at two main tasks:  NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS Travelled to newly discovered land as missionaries. Responsible for converting people of South America and Asia to Catholicism. Set up schools and targeted educating sons of wealthy and noble families to grow their power and influence.  THE COUNCIL OF TRENT Church’s response to the Reformation. Bishops and cardinals met between 1545-63 in Trento, Italy. Wanted to impose discipline by:  THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 1) Banning simony, pluralism, nepotism, absenteeism and sale of indulgences. 2) Seminaries set up to train priests. 3) Priests were to be celibate. Strict rules for priests who broke this. 4) Published list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read (Index of Prohibited Books).  THE COUNCIL OF TRENT Faith and good works required to get into heaven. Seven Sacraments. Mass and the Bible must be in Latin. Single ‘rulebook’: Catechism. Provided clear, simple answers to faith and was consistent.  WAS THE COUNTER REFORMATION SUCCESSFUL? Success: stopped the spread of Protestantism. The authority and control of the pope was strengthened. Failure: could not undo the spread of Protestantism in the countries it spread to. Greater divisions between Catholics and Protestants.  HENRY VIII AND THE REFORMATION Began the Reformation in England. Tudor from 1509 till his death, 1547. He married 6 times, beheading two of his wives. This caused a rift with the Catholic Church His son Edward VI succeeded him after his death.  HENRY VIII The English Reformation occurred between 1514-29. 1534: Henry declared himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Brought about much change and reform, and enabled many acts.  HENRY’S NEW ACTS Act of Appeals: People could not turn to the Pope to overlook Henry’s ruling. Act of Succession and : required all subjects to take an oath to Henry.  HENRY’S NEW ACTS Act of Supremacy: made him the Supreme head and severed ecclesiastical ties with Rome.  HENRY’S LIFE He had six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr.  REBELLION AGAINST HENRY 1536-37: Great uprising known as the Pilgrimage of Grace occurred. 30,000 people rebelled against Henry. Leaders were executed. Was the only real threat to his reformation.  HENRY VIII Disbanded monasteries, priories and convents. He did this in England, Ireland and Wales. He gained wealth and suppressed political opposition because of this.  HENRY VIII Implemented their religious views into Ireland. Failed to convert the majority of Irish people to Protestantism. The Plantations made Protestantism grow in Ireland.  RESULTS OF THE REFORMATION 1. Division and Persecution. 2. Religious Wars. 3. Power of Kings. 4. Education. 5. Art and Architecture.  DIVISION AND PERSECUTION 1650: Protestant north, Catholic south. Protestants arrested and tried by Inquisition in Catholic countries, and vice versa. Countries passed laws banning members of other faiths from owning property and attending religious services.  RELIGIOUS WARS Sectarian violence. Spain (C) vs Netherlands (P): Dutch fought for independence 1568-1648. Anglo-Spanish War: England vs Spain. Spain attempted to invade England with the Spanish Armada. Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 in Germany. Holy Roman Emperor vs Catholic and Protestant. Ended with Peace of Westphalia.  RELIGIOUS WARS The Peasants Revolt in Germany, 1524-25. The French Wars of Religion or Civil Wars, 1562-98. The Spanish Armada, 1588. The English Civil War, 1642-51. The Thirty Years War, 1618-48.  ST BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY MASSACRE PAINTING BY FRANCOIS DUBOIS. Catholics attacked French Protestants, called Huguenots.  POWER OF KINGS Pope no longer controlled Protestant countries. All Catholic property seized. Even in Catholic countries, the Pope needed the support of the ruler now to keep them Catholic. Church’s power reduced.  EDUCATION Protestants wanted everyone to read and understand the Bible. Catholics believed people converted as they did not understand their faith. Catholics now set up schools. Increased education from 1500 onwards.  EDUCATION Education became more important. Protestants wanted everyone to read the Bible. Protestant leaders wanted all children to attend school. Why is this staggering? What would the outcomes be?  ART AND ARCHITECTURE Protestants rejected decoration of churches: sinful and distracting. Simple design. Two pulpits: one for the minister, one for the lead singer of the psalms. No images, organs or crosses.  ART AND ARCHITECTURE Catholics continued to decorate lavishly. Gave rise to the Baroque movement.  TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE Catholics persecuted Protestants, and vice versa. Rulers allowed only one religion in their land. What does this next extract tell you about tolerance and intolerance?  LUTHER TODAY Germany celebrated the 500 year anniversary of the Reformation in 2017. Religion in Germany, 2015: 29% Catholic, 27% Lutheran, 44% other. Barack Obama joined Angela Markel to discuss the importance of the Reformation for 500 years celebration.  CHRISTIANITY IN THE WORLD TODAY Roman Catholic Church: 50% Protestant religions: 37% Orthodox Christians: 12% Other Christians: 1% Total= 2.2 billion