Gunpowder Empires PDF

UNIT 2 – GUNPOWDER EMPIRES OTTOMANS Turkic people in Anatolia Migrated in the 10th century from Central Asia Muslims Fought the Byzantine Empire Fought the Crusaders Osman I Leads Turkic Muslims to fight for Islam Namesake of “Ottoman” OTTOMANS Re...

UNIT 2 – GUNPOWDER EMPIRES OTTOMANS Turkic people in Anatolia Migrated in the 10th century from Central Asia Muslims Fought the Byzantine Empire Fought the Crusaders Osman I Leads Turkic Muslims to fight for Islam Namesake of “Ottoman” OTTOMANS Religiously motivated Ghazi warriors Wanted to expand Muslim rule Power vacuum Conquered non-Muslims Did not face persecution Instead paid jizya Expand against the Byzantines Conquer most of Anatolia under Orhan Becomes a sultanate Use gunpowder OTTOMANS Mehmed II “The Conqueror” Besieges Constantinople in 1453 Used cannons to break down the walls Went around the sea defenses Fall of Constantinople City falls after weeks under siege Byzantine emperor Constantine XI dies Mehmed converts the Hagia Sofia Rebuilds the city Establishes colleges Allows Christians and Jews to live there OTTOMANS Powerful military and navy Renowned for Janissaries To maintain control over Christian lands Suleyman I “The Magnificent” (1520) Sultan at Ottoman Empire’s peak Expanded the empire into Eastern Europe, Mesopotamia, and North Africa OTTOMANS Laws for religious minorities Millet system Autonomous legal standing Christians and Jews often allowed their own leaders Ottomans could rule without resistance Art and culture Calligraphic textile art Hired directly by the state Textiles sold to European merchants SAFAVID EMPIRE Located in Persia In modern-day Iran On the Silk Road trade routes Kurdish people from Azerbaijan Turkicized Invade Persia Use gunpowder Force conversion to Shiite Islam To ensure homogeneity SAFAVID EMPIRE Ottoman Opps Rivals for 300 years Wars for Anatolia, Caucasus, and Mesopotamia Abbas I Becomes the shah Capital at Isfahan Cultural, commercial, and religious hub Artists and scholars imported SAFAVIDS European alliance Habsburgs reach out to Persia Agree to fight Ottomans on 2 fronts Continues in response to Franco-Ottoman alliance Government Based on meritocracy rather than birth Ruled autocratically by the shah Art Patronized by the ruling family Unmarried aunts and daughters of the shah MUGHAL EMPIRE Islam in India Akbar I Spread from traders and Turkic Emperor at the peak of Mughals invaders Conquers most of India Predominantly in northern India Trade Indian Ocean trade Delhi Sultanate Exporter of dyes, cotton, and Muslim state pepper Babur Primarily agricultural Turkic prince from Central Asia Most revenue from agriculture taxes Takes over the Delhi Sultanate Tax-advantaged settlement Sunni Islam Transformation of Bangladesh MUGHAL EMPIRE Religious problem Nur Jahan Wife to Jahangir Hindu population, Muslim rulers Runs the government behind the Akbar rules with religious toleration scenes Allows Hindu communities their own Brought Persian influence in art legal autonomy Emphasized trade Integrates Hindu officials into the Aurangzeb Expanded empire through costly Mughal government wars Presents Mughals as their own Taxed non-Muslims “caste” Weakened treasuries and unhappy Forgoes jizya locals Results in decline after Aurangzeb REVIEW What religion did these empires have in common? What was different between them? How did these empires come to power? With what technology did they achieve this? What kind of rule/government did they have in common? How did these empires deal with religious minorities? What were their relationships with European powers? What was their attitude towards the arts?