Southeast Asian Music PDF

**MUSIC 8- SOUTHEAST ASIAN MUSIC** **SOUTH EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES** **S**ingapore [**I**ndonesia **L**aos] **Phi**lippines [**Ca**mbodia] [**Ma**laysia **My**anmar **T**hailand] **V**ietnam **Bru**nei **Ti**mor **Le**ste **TWO CATEGORIES OF MUSIC** - **[VOCAL MUSIC]** is music made specificall...

**MUSIC 8- SOUTHEAST ASIAN MUSIC** **SOUTH EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES** **S**ingapore [**I**ndonesia **L**aos] **Phi**lippines [**Ca**mbodia] [**Ma**laysia **My**anmar **T**hailand] **V**ietnam **Bru**nei **Ti**mor **Le**ste **TWO CATEGORIES OF MUSIC** - **[VOCAL MUSIC]** is music made specifically for voices. It may be performed with or without instruments. - **[INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC]** is made solely for instruments. **HORNBOSTEL-SACHS CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS** - **[AEROPHONE]- any musical instrument that produces sound primarily by causing body of air to vibrate.** - **[CHORDOPHONE]- any musical instrument that makes sound by way of a vibrating string or strings stretched between two points** - **[IDIOPHONE]- any musical instrument which creates sound primarily by way of the instrument\'s vibrating by itself.** - **[MEMBRANOPHONE]- any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by way of a vibrating stretched membrane** **ELEMENTS OF MUSIC** **1. RHYTHM** - The element of ***\"TIME\"*** in music. - When you tap your foot to the music, you are ***\"keeping the beat\"*** or following the structural rhythmic pulse of the music. - ***Largo*** = very slow - ***Adagio*** = slow - ***Andante*** = steady \"walking\" tempo - ***Moderato*** = moderate **2. DYNAMICS** - All musical aspects relating to the ***loudness or softness*** of music - The terms used to describe dynamic levels are often in Italian: 1\. ***pianissimo \[pp\]*** = (very quiet) 2\. ***piano \[p\]*** = (quiet) 3\. ***mezzo- piano \[mp\]*** = (moderately quiet) 4\. ***mezzo-forte \[mf\]*** = (moderately loud) ***3. MELODY*** - The **LINEAR/HORIZONTAL** presentation of ***pitch*** (the word used to describe the ***highness or lowness*** of a musical sound). **4. HARMONY** - **VERTICALIZATION** of pitch and is thought as the art of ***combining pitches*** into chords **5. TIMBRE** - Each musical instrument or voice produces its own characteristic of ***tone*** which gives it a unique ***\"tone color\"* or *"tone quality"*** ***6. TEXTURE*** - Refers to the number of individual musical lines (melodies) and the relationship these lines have to one another. - **Types of texture:**  **7. BASIC MUSICAL FORMS** **INDONESIA** Indonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia comprising approximately **17,500 islands.** With **over 277** **million people**, Indonesia is the **world\'s fourth most populous country.** Through interaction with other cultures such as Indian, Arabic, Chinese and European, a wide range of musical styles has been developed. **Indonesian culture** is **extraordinarily rich.** It is as busy and adaptive as its landscape and natural beauty. The **rich culture** is a **result of the influence of the various neighboring countries and its very traditional culture.** The real spirit of the Indonesian culture is reflected in their music, dance, drama, literature, and their cuisine. It is very unique and colorful. **[GAMELAN ]** - the **most popular form of music** in **Indonesia.** - There are many types of Gamelan but **Javanese and Balinese Gamelan** are the most famous. It contains a variety of instruments such as ***metallophones, xylophones, kendang and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings.*** - **used to *accompany dances, songs, and Wayang Kulit.*** - **believed to *possess supernatural powers.*** - **consider their instruments sacred, *therefore stepping over the instrument is a [sign of disrespect.]*** - **musicians bow before playing the instruments to show respect.** **SILAT ART *(indigenous martial arts)*** was created and developed in the islands of Java and Sumatra. Old Indonesian kingdoms used **Silat** **to determine the rank and position.** **There are two basic kinds of Indonesian music scale:** - **[Slendro] -- five (5) *equidistant tones in octave*** - **[Peloq] -- *heptatonic (7) tone scale with semi tone*** - **[IRAMA] -- is an Indonesian term for tempo.** **CAMBODIA** **CAMBODIA is one of the most beautiful countries in Southeast Asia. It is also known as KÂMPŬCHÉA. It was the center of the Khmer (Cambodian) kingdom of Angkor, a great empire that dominated Southeast Asia for 600 yrs** **The PINPEAT is a Cambodian musical ensemble or an orchestra that usually accompanies ceremonial music of the royal courts and temples. Music is always part of their court dances, masked plays, shadow plays, and religious ceremonies.** **PINPEAT ENSEMBLE INSTRUMENTS:** **1. ONEAT-** metal or bamboo xylophone **4. SAMPHOR**- double-headed drum **2. KONGYONG-** gong circles **5. CHHING-** finger cymbals **3. SKORTOM-** two big drums **6. KHLOY-** ancient bamboo flute **THAILAND** **[THAILAND]** is known for being the sole nation in Southeast Asia that has never been ruled by a Western power; **called "MUANG THAI"** which means **"LAND OF FREE"** Music is theoretically based on the **five-tone or seven-tone scale system.** Consists of simple songs with melodic lines; **focus in singing is the articulation of the text rather than the style or technique of execution.** **[THAI MUSIC]** is a conglomeration of Asian influences. Its **musical principles and elements** are basically derived from **Chinese music**, while its **musical instruments** are inspired from the **Indian and Indonesian strings and gong-chimes.** Thai music is a blending of musical elements from a number of cultures, such as **Chinese, Khmer (Cambodian music),and Indian. Burma, Laos, and Malaysia also made an influence to their music.** These countries were able to influence every aspect of traditional Thai music. But the **two great civilizations, China and India,** **made a big impact and influence to its music.** Characteristically, the integrated elements were incorporated into the existing culture of the Thais to suit their own taste. **INSTRUMENTAL ENSEMBLES OF THAILAND** **1. PIPHAT** - Consist of **woodwind and percussion instruments.** - It can be performed in either a **loud outdoor style using hard mallets or in an indoor style using the padded hammers.** - This is traditionally associated with **funerals and cremation ceremonies.** **Musical instruments:** a. **ranaat** (xylophone) d. **ching** (small cymbals) b. **khaong-wong** (a set of gongs in a circular frame) e. **taphoon** (a drum beaten by hands) c. **pi-nai** (double reed pipe) f. **kalong-tat** (a drum beaten by sticks) **2. KHRUANG SAI** - orchestra that **combines some of the percussion and wind instruments** of the piphat with a **stretched string section.** - It is used for instrumental indoor performances and for accompanying the **Thai hoon grabok,** the Thai stick puppet theater. **Musical instruments:** a. **so duang** (high-pitched two stringed bowed lute) d. **klui** (flute ) in several sizes and ranges b. **solaw** (bowed lute) e. **than** (goblet drum) c. **three-string jhakhe** (plucked zither) f. **khim** (small hammered Chinese dulcimer) **3. MAHORI** - It is the **combination of Piphat and Kruang Sai.** - This ensemble is **traditionally played by women in the courts** of Central Thailand and Cambodia. - A **vocalist** performing with the mahori is usually accompanied by the **"so sam sai"** **MYANMAR** - **MYANMAR** was known as **Burma** - **HSAING WAING** is **Myanmar's traditional folk music ensemble.** It is made up mainly of different gongs and drums as well as other instruments depending on the nature of the performance. - **Myanmar's musical instruments** are categorized into two types, the **[loud sounding and soft sounding]**. The ***loud sounding instruments*** are performed in **open air ensembles** at ceremonies and festivals. Most of the ***hsaing waing instruments belong to the loud sounding category.*** **HSAING WAING Instruments** For more formal and classical performances that are performed indoors, the ensemble may be accompanied by the **[SAUNG GAUK]** (13 string angular harp with soft sound) the **national instrument of Myanmar. The extensive collection of classical songs called the MAHAGITA.** **MALAYSIA** -is a constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It is divided into two regions: 1. **West Malaysia** -- also known as Peninsular Malaysia 2. **East Malaysia** -- consists of thirteen states and three federal territories. **Chinese and Indian cultural influences** made their mark when trade began in the country. Trading also increased when immigrants flocked to Malaysia. **MALAYSIAN ENSEMBLES:** **1. AGUNG & KULINTANG** This is a gong-based musical ensemble commonly used in **funerals and weddings in East Malaysia**. This type of ensemble is similar to the kulintang of the Philippines, Brunei, and Indonesia. **2. KERTOK** This is a musical ensemble from the Malay Peninsula that **consists of xylophones** played swiftly and rhythmically in traditional Malay functions. **MALAYSIAN Types of Performance:** **1. DIKIR BARAT** **This is a type of musical form that is important to Malaysia's national culture. It is performed by singing in groups and often in a competitive manner usually with percussion instrumental accompaniment or sometimes without instruments at all.** **2. SILAT MELAYU** **This is a form of martial art that is similar to t'ai chi. It originated in the Malay Peninsula since the Christian Era and is a mixture of martial arts, dance, and music usually accompanied by gongs, drums, and Indian oboes.** **LAOS** - an independent state of Southeast Asia and officially known as **Lao People's Democratic Republic.** - The **classical music and dance of Laos** is highly influenced by **India, Cambodia and Thailand.** - **WAT PHA THAT LUANG, VIENTIANE** is one of its famous landmarks. - Traditional music, called ***Mor Lam*.**