Multiple1.4.docx

Multiple-Choice Questions: 1\. Which drug class is primarily used to treat hyperkalemia in patients with CKD? \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) Potassium binders \- D) Thiazide diuretics Answer: C) Potassium binders 2\. Which of the following drugs is known to reduce albuminuria...

Multiple-Choice Questions: 1\. Which drug class is primarily used to treat hyperkalemia in patients with CKD? \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) Potassium binders \- D) Thiazide diuretics Answer: C) Potassium binders 2\. Which of the following drugs is known to reduce albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy? \- A) Metformin \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) Insulin \- D) Sulfonylureas Answer: B) ACE inhibitors 3\. Which of the following is a common side effect of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)? \- A) Hypoglycemia \- B) Weight gain \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Edema Answer: D) Edema 4\. Which class of drugs is often used as a first-line treatment for hypertension in patients with CKD? \- A) Calcium channel blockers \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Loop diuretics Answer: C) ACE inhibitors 5\. Which of the following mechanisms is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors? \- A) Increasing insulin sensitivity \- B) Reducing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys \- C) Stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion \- D) Inhibiting hepatic glucose production Answer: B) Reducing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys 6\. Which complication is most commonly associated with poorly controlled diabetes? \- A) Hypothyroidism \- B) Neuropathy \- C) Hyperthyroidism \- D) Hyponatremia Answer: B) Neuropathy 7\. Which of the following drugs is most effective in reducing proteinuria in CKD? \- A) Statins \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Calcium channel blockers Answer: C) ACE inhibitors 8\. Which of the following is a major complication of uncontrolled hypertension in CKD patients? \- A) Acute kidney injury \- B) Stroke \- C) Hypotension \- D) Hypercalcemia Answer: B) Stroke 9\. Which drug class is commonly associated with the risk of lactic acidosis in patients with renal impairment? \- A) Biguanides (e.g., Metformin) \- B) Sulfonylureas \- C) DPP-4 inhibitors \- D) SGLT2 inhibitors Answer: A) Biguanides (e.g., Metformin) 10\. Which of the following is a typical characteristic of prerenal AKI? \- A) Decreased renal perfusion \- B) Increased urinary obstruction \- C) Intrinsic renal damage \- D) Increased GFR Answer: A) Decreased renal perfusion 11\. Which of the following medications is primarily used to control hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients? \- A) Potassium binders \- B) Phosphate binders \- C) Loop diuretics \- D) Beta-blockers Answer: B) Phosphate binders 12\. Which drug class works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II? \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) Calcium channel blockers \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Thiazide diuretics Answer: C) ACE inhibitors 13\. Which of the following drugs is known to cause hyperkalemia as a side effect? \- A) Loop diuretics \- B) Potassium-sparing diuretics \- C) Beta-blockers \- D) Calcium channel blockers Answer: B) Potassium-sparing diuretics 14\. Which of the following is a common cause of intrinsic AKI? \- A) Dehydration \- B) Nephrotoxic drugs \- C) Bladder obstruction \- D) Heart failure Answer: B) Nephrotoxic drugs 15\. Which of the following drug classes can exacerbate hyperkalemia in CKD patients? \- A) Calcium channel blockers \- B) Loop diuretics \- C) Potassium-sparing diuretics \- D) Thiazide diuretics Answer: C) Potassium-sparing diuretics 16\. Which of the following is a primary benefit of GLP-1 agonists in Type 2 Diabetes management? \- A) Weight loss \- B) Increased insulin resistance \- C) Increased appetite \- D) Hyperglycemia Answer: A) Weight loss 17\. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the inability to concentrate urine leading to polyuria? \- A) Nephrotic syndrome \- B) Diabetes insipidus \- C) CKD \- D) Hyponatremia Answer: B) Diabetes insipidus 18\. Which of the following medications is most likely to be used in the management of fluid overload in heart failure and CKD? \- A) ACE inhibitors \- B) Loop diuretics \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Statins Answer: B) Loop diuretics 19\. Which of the following is a key adverse effect of potassium-sparing diuretics? \- A) Hypokalemia \- B) Hyperkalemia \- C) Hypernatremia \- D) Hyponatremia Answer: B) Hyperkalemia 20\. What is the \'triple whammy\' effect in the context of kidney injury? \- A) The combined use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and diuretics leading to an increased risk of AKI. \- B) The use of three different diuretics simultaneously. \- C) The combination of NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics increasing the risk of AKI. \- D) The use of insulin, metformin, and sulfonylureas in diabetes management. Answer: C) The combination of NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics increasing the risk of AKI. Short Answer Questions: 1\. Explain the role of ACE inhibitors in the management of diabetic nephropathy. \- Answer: ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure and decrease proteinuria, thereby slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy and protecting kidney function. 2\. What is the primary mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors in diabetes management? \- Answer: DPP-4 inhibitors work by increasing the levels of incretin hormones, which stimulate insulin secretion and decrease glucagon release, helping to regulate blood glucose levels. 3\. List one advantage and one disadvantage of using sulfonylureas in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. \- Answer: Advantage: Sulfonylureas effectively lower blood glucose levels. Disadvantage: They carry a significant risk of causing hypoglycemia. 4\. What is the \'triple whammy\' effect and why is it a concern in patients with CKD? \- Answer: The \'triple whammy\' refers to the combined use of ACE inhibitors (or ARBs), NSAIDs, and diuretics. This combination significantly increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to reduced renal perfusion, decreased glomerular filtration, and impaired renal excretion of sodium. 5\. Why are SGLT2 inhibitors beneficial in managing both diabetes and CKD? \- Answer: SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose levels and reduce intraglomerular pressure, thereby protecting kidney function and slowing the progression of CKD.