Multiple Choice Quiz PDF

Multiple-Choice Quiz 1. What is the primary goal of a conception of psychopathology? A) To explain the causes of psychological disorders B) To determine which human experiences are considered psychopathological C) To classify disorders based on genetic factors D) To eliminate subjectivity in psych...

Multiple-Choice Quiz 1. What is the primary goal of a conception of psychopathology? A) To explain the causes of psychological disorders B) To determine which human experiences are considered psychopathological C) To classify disorders based on genetic factors D) To eliminate subjectivity in psychological diagnoses Answer: B 2. Which of the following conceptions of psychopathology is based on determining statistical abnormality? A) Social deviance B) Harmful dysfunction C) Statistical deviance D) Dysregulation Answer: C 3. A key problem with the statistical deviance conception of psychopathology is that: A) It does not allow for scientific measurement B) It considers only one side of deviation as problematic C) It completely eliminates subjectivity D) It focuses solely on biological factors Answer: B 4. Which of the following is a benefit of defining psychopathology as maladaptive (dysfunctional) behavior? A) It is entirely objective and free of subjectivity B) It aligns with how laypeople use terms like "disorder" and "illness" C) It only considers behaviors that are statistically abnormal D) It disregards the effectiveness of a person's behavior in their environment Answer: B 5. The distress and disability conception of psychopathology primarily focuses on: A) Deviating from social norms B) The presence of unwanted feelings and impairments in life functioning C) Determining which behaviors are statistically abnormal D) The biological basis of mental disorders Answer: B 6. A major drawback of defining psychopathology as social deviance is: A) It is based solely on objective scientific criteria B) It does not consider cultural differences C) It relies on social and cultural norms, which can be subjective D) It ignores the importance of psychological dysfunction Answer: C 7. The concept of "dyscontrol" or "dysregulation" in psychopathology suggests that: A) Mental disorders are only those that involve loss of control over thoughts, feelings, or behaviors B) Any self-destructive behavior is automatically classified as a mental disorder C) Only biological causes should be considered in diagnosing disorders D) Mental disorders should be defined by statistical norms Answer: A 8. Wakefield’s concept of “Harmful Dysfunction” in psychopathology requires which two criteria? A) A statistical abnormality and maladaptive behavior B) A behavior that is harmful and caused by psychological dysfunction C) A genetic predisposition and a social construct D) A distressful experience and a cultural component Answer: B 9. The DSM definition of mental disorder emphasizes that: A) Disorders are defined solely by statistical deviance B) Social deviance alone does not constitute a mental disorder C) Every distressful experience is considered a disorder D) All cultural beliefs about mental health are invalid Answer: B 10. The social constructionist perspective on psychopathology suggests that: A) Psychopathology is defined by natural, objective categories B) Reality is shaped by how a culture interprets and makes sense of mental health C) There are universal truths about mental illness that apply to all societies D) Categories of mental illness are fixed and independent of cultural influence Answer: B 11. According to Wakefield’s Harmful Dysfunction model, which of the following is NOT a necessary criterion for defining psychopathology? A) The condition must cause significant distress or harm according to cultural values B) The dysfunction must stem from a failure in an evolved psychological mechanism C) The disorder must be objectively measurable through statistical means D) The dysfunction must have a basis in biological or psychological processes Answer: C 12. One major critique of conceptualizing psychopathology as statistical deviance is that: A) It fails to account for the subjectivity of mental illness experiences B) It assumes that all rare behaviors are necessarily problematic C) It applies only to observable behaviors, ignoring internal experiences D) It dismisses the role of biological dysfunction in mental disorders Answer: B 13. The conception of psychopathology as maladaptive behavior differs from statistical deviance in that: A) It focuses solely on the biological causes of mental disorders B) It considers the functional effectiveness of behavior rather than its rarity C) It disregards cultural and social influences on mental health D) It assumes that all abnormal behaviors must be treated as mental illnesses Answer: B 4. Why is the distress and disability model of psychopathology sometimes inadequate for classifying all mental disorders? A) It ignores the role of subjective experience in defining mental illness B) Some individuals with severe psychopathology do not experience personal distress C) It fails to differentiate between social deviance and dysfunction D) It does not align with the DSM and ICD definitions Answer: B 14. Which of the following conceptions of psychopathology is most directly related to the impact of societal norms and cultural expectations? A) Statistical deviance B) Maladaptive behavior C) Social deviance D) Harmful dysfunction Answer: C 15. From a social constructionist perspective, the definition of mental disorders is problematic because: A) It assumes psychopathology is an objectively measurable phenomenon B) It overlooks the biological and psychological origins of mental illness C) It is influenced by shifting cultural values rather than fixed scientific criteria D) It rejects the role of diagnosis in clinical psychology Answer: C 16. In the DSM-5, a key distinction between normal responses to stress and a mental disorder is that the latter must involve: A) A biological predisposition B) A failure to adapt to cultural expectations C) A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior D) A long history of mental illness in the individual's family Answer: C 17. How does the dimensional model of psychopathology differ from the categorical model used in the DSM and ICD? A) It eliminates the need for diagnostic classifications B) It treats psychological disorders as existing on a continuum rather than discrete categories C) It replaces mental disorder labels with genetic explanations D) It is based entirely on social deviance rather than clinical symptoms Answer: B Chapter 6: Classification and Diagnosis – Advanced Questions 18. Which of the following best explains why the DSM and ICD have different diagnostic systems? A) The DSM is designed specifically for research purposes, while the ICD is for clinical use B) The ICD is internationally governed, while the DSM is developed primarily in the U.S. C) The DSM includes all possible disorders, while the ICD only includes major ones D) The ICD does not allow for cultural modifications, while the DSM does Answer: B 19. What was a primary innovation of DSM-III? A) It introduced dimensional classification B) It replaced diagnostic categories with a purely biological approach C) It introduced specific diagnostic criteria for disorders D) It removed all theoretical biases in psychiatric diagnoses Answer: C 20. Why was paraphiliac rapism removed from DSM-III-R? A) There was insufficient evidence for its validity B) It was deemed to reinforce gender biases and legal loopholes C) The ICD had already classified it separately D) It did not meet statistical criteria for diagnosis Answer: B 21. What was one major criticism of DSM-5 compared to previous editions? A) It introduced excessive reliance on categorical classification B) It included disorders with limited empirical validation C) It eliminated childhood disorders from classification D) It failed to incorporate neurobiological perspectives Answer: B 22. What key difference did DSM-IV introduce compared to DSM-III? A) It removed the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders B) It emphasized a dimensional approach to diagnosis C) It incorporated systematic literature reviews to guide decisions  D) It completely rejected psychoanalytic influences Answer: C 23. The main limitation of the DSM’s categorical approach is that: A) It does not accommodate the spectrum of psychological symptoms B) It is purely based on genetic explanations C) It ignores cultural influences on mental illness D) It lacks empirical validation Answer: A 24. The biggest ethical concern about expanding DSM criteria is: A) Overpathologizing normal behavior B) Excluding major disorders from classification C) Limiting access to mental health treatment D) Ignoring neurobiological causes of disorders Answer: A 25. A fundamental issue with DSM-5’s field trials was: A) They focused on feasibility rather than empirical validation B) They did not allow for clinician input C) They were based on outdated diagnostic models D) They eliminated the use of reliability testing Answer: A 26. What is a key problem with the DSM’s reliance on a medical model? A) It assumes all mental disorders have a biological cause B) It focuses exclusively on psychoanalysis C) It does not recognize psychiatric comorbidities D) It only applies to Western cultures Answer: A 27. Which of the following would best describe the shift toward a dimensional model in DSM-5? A) The introduction of autism spectrum disorder as a continuum B) The elimination of all personality disorder classifications C) The rejection of psychometric validation methods D) The removal of anxiety-related diagnoses Answer: A Chapter 7: Psychological Assessment & Clinical Judgment – Advanced Questions 28. The primary goal of psychological assessment is to: A) Accurately diagnose mental disorders B) Predict future outcomes based on psychological data C) Improve clinical decision-making and treatment outcomes D) Develop psychometric tests for research purposes Answer: C 29. Which form of reliability is most critical for ensuring consistent clinical diagnoses across practitioners? A) Test-retest reliability B) Internal consistency C) Interrater reliability D) Predictive reliability Answer: C 30. If a test has high reliability but low validity, this means: A) The test is consistent but does not measure what it claims to B) The test cannot be trusted for any psychological measurement C) The test is neither reliable nor valid D) The test can still be used in structured interviews Answer: A 31. Incremental validity refers to: A) A test providing unique information beyond existing assessments B) The consistency of a test over multiple administrations C) The ability of a test to accurately predict future behavior D) The cultural neutrality of an assessment tool Answer: A 32. Which form of bias is most likely to affect clinical decision-making? A) Confirmatory bias B) Statistical regression C) Standard error of measurement D) Incremental distortion Answer: A 33. Why are structured interviews generally more valid than unstructured ones? A) They ensure standardized diagnostic criteria are applied  B) They allow more flexibility in interpreting symptoms C) They are based on subjective clinical judgment D) They eliminate all sources of bias Answer: A 34. Signal detection theory in psychological assessment is useful for: A) Measuring the likelihood of false positives and false negatives in diagnosis B) Determining the neurobiological causes of mental disorders C) Validating structured interviews over projective tests D) Identifying the presence of malingering in patients Answer: A 35. Why are self-report inventories sometimes problematic for assessing psychopathology? A) Clients may intentionally overreport or underreport symptoms B) They have no basis in empirical research C) They require interpretation by multiple clinicians D) They cannot measure stable personality traits Answer: A 36. One major issue with projective techniques like the Rorschach test is: A) They lack strong empirical support for their reliability and validity B) They are too structured and limit client responses C) They do not account for cultural differences D) They are no longer used in clinical practice Answer: A 37. What is the main reason experienced clinicians do not always improve their diagnostic accuracy over time? A) They receive vague and ambiguous feedback on their judgments B) They rely too much on standardized tests C) They focus exclusively on biological explanations D) They are trained to ignore confirmation bias Answer: A 38. Which of the following arguments supports the idea that psychopathology is best understood through an essentialist rather than a social constructionist framework? A) Mental disorders have universal biological and psychological underpinnings B) Definitions of mental illness vary widely across cultures and historical periods C) Psychopathology is entirely dependent on cultural values and norms D) Social institutions create and reinforce labels of mental disorder Answer: A 39. One limitation of using social deviance as a criterion for defining psychopathology is that: A) It fails to distinguish between harmful behaviors and harmless unconventionality B) It provides an objective, scientific basis for classification C) It disregards the influence of historical changes in cultural values D) It relies too heavily on evolutionary explanations for mental illness Answer: A