Introduction to Abnormal Psychology PDF

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Introduction to Abnormal Psychology Reyxielle Tomas, RPsy, RPm CEAS-Psychology Instructor ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 1 Understanding...

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Introduction to Abnormal Psychology Reyxielle Tomas, RPsy, RPm CEAS-Psychology Instructor ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 1 Understanding Psychopathology 2 Historical Concepts of Abnormalities Presentation 3 Supernatural Tradition Overview 4 5 Biological Tradition Psychological Traditions 6 Difference of History and Present Approach in Psychopathology 7 Assessment 02 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY KEY TERMS IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY BASIC TERMINOLOGIES | CLINICAL DESCRIPTIONS ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Important terms to remember!  Deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. It studies people who are “abnormal” or “atypical” compared to the members of a given society. Concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders. A destructive beliefs and attitudes held by society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner. Linked to deviant/ undesirable attributes by society. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 1. Presenting Problem- “reason for referral” 2. Clinical Description- unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a disorder EXAMPLE:  Lea had sleepless nights, loss of appetite, feeling of emptiness and hopelessness, and loss of interest in her usual hobbies. PRESENTING PROBLEM  According to the results of examination and interview, Lea presented symptoms leading to diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. CLINICAL DESCRIPTION ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 3. Prevalence- number of cases of disorder in a given population 4. Incidence- number of cases of a disorder in a given timeframe EXAMPLE:  The average number of girls who developed anorexia nervosa is 2,500. PREVALENCE  Boys who have been depressed in the Philippines this year is 1,000. INCIDENCE ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 5. Course- pattern of disorder development (chronic, episodic, time-limited) 6. Onset- the age by which the disorder surfaced (acute, insidious) 7. Prognosis- anticipated course of a disorder 8. Etiology- study of origins of psychological disorders ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) - OTHER SPECIFIED DISORDER Not Otherwise Specified is a subcategory in systems of disease/disorder classification. It is used to note the presence of a condition where the symptoms presented indicate a general diagnosis within a family of disorders (e.g. depressive disorders, anxiety disorders), but don’t meet criteria established for specific diagnoses within that family. The DSM-5 has replaced NOS with either other specified disorder or unspecified disorder. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY What is a normal behavior? ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Accepted to social Usual A normal patterns Common Average behavior… Typical Norm ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY What is abnormality? When does one become abnormal? ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Defining Psychological Disorder APA Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V define psychological disorder as:  Occurs within the individual that involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving  Involves personal distress in social relationships or occupational functioning  Dysfunction in psychological, developmental, and neurobiological processes  Not a culturally specific reaction to an event  Not primarily a result of social deviance. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Abnormality Psychological Disorder Clinically referred to as PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Characterized by four dimensions of ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR manifested by: 1. Dysfunction 2. Distress 3. Deviance 4. Danger No single criterion that fully defines abnormality. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Dysfunction A person has significant impairment in a life area (work, social, relationship, etc) Distress Emotional and psychological responses (ex: unhappiness and pain) Atypical or not culturally expected Deviance Occurs infrequently Violation of social norms Danger Possibility of hurting or killing oneself or others ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Abnormality According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- 5th Edition, Abnormality is defined as “behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in one’s cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.” ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Short assessment  1. Jennie find herself feeling sad. Although she can still function at school and fulfill her responsibilities at DISTRESS home, she worries about what is going on with her. 2. Joshua Garcia, a 25 years old actor, started to feel demotivated going to show and taping. He refused to DYSFUNCTION leave his condo and spend his time staring outside the window. He doesn’t feel to work, take a bath, or communicate with his friends anymore. 3. Coco searched a wellness center near his house PRESENTING because of his feelings of anxiety and distress. PROBLEM ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Short assessment  1. Jennie find herself feeling sad. Although she can still function at school and fulfill her responsibilities at DISTRESS home, she worries about what is going on with her. 2. Joshua Garcia, a 25 years old actor, started to feel demotivated going to show and taping. He refused to DYSFUNCTION leave his condo and spend his time staring outside the window. He doesn’t feel to work, take a bath, or communicate with his friends anymore. 3. Coco searched a wellness center near his house PRESENTING because of his feelings of anxiety and distress. PROBLEM ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Short assessment  4. How many people in the population suffer from PREVALENCE Bipolar Disorder? 5. Biological, psychological, and social influences that ETIOLOGY contribute to a variety of disorders. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Short assessment  4. How many people in the population suffer from PREVALENCE Bipolar Disorder? 5. Biological, psychological, and social influences that ETIOLOGY contribute to a variety of disorders. Nice try! Let’s continue! ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY HISTORICAL CONCEPTS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 16 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SUPERNATURAL TRADITION Historical Foundations BIOLOGICAL TRADITION PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Supernatural Tradition 14th Century: DEMONOLOGY & WITCHES Treatment: Exorcism- ritualistic casting out evil spirits. OTHER TREATMENT FOR POSSESSION OR EVIL SPIRITS:  Confinement, beatings, other forms of torture.  Snake Pits- hang over a pit full a poisonous snakes  Dunking- soaking in ice-cold water  Hydrotherapy- shocking with strong current of ice cold water. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Supernatural Tradition TORTURE TECHNIQUES  Strappado- rope  Guillotine- metal blade  Garotte- striangulation using metal wire  Pear of Anguish- metal ball  Lobotomy- ice pick  Trephination- removing part of skull bone ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Supernatural Tradition MASS HYSTERIA  Large scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior  Saint Vitus Dance/ Tarantism MODERN MASS HYSTERIA  Phenomenon of emotion contagion  Shared response referred as mob psychology ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Supernatural Tradition MOON AND STARS  Paracelsus  Movements of moon and stars affected psychological functioning  Gravitational effects of moon on bodily fluids ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Biological Tradition HIPPOCRATES  Denied that demons caused mental illness.  Viewed abnormal behavior as having internal causes.  Believed patients needed to choose health over mental illness.  Treatment like electric shock used to intimidate patients into choosing health. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Biological Tradition HUMORAL THEORY  Chemical system regulating human behavior HIPPOCRATES & GALEN HUMOR PERSONALITY DISORDER Hippocrates- father of Black Bile Melancholia Depression modern Western medicine Blood Sanguine Cheerful and Brain pathology, head optimistic trauma, heredity Phlegm Phlegmatic Apathy and Galen- Roman physician sluggishness Yellow liver Choleric Hot tempered ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Biological Tradition HUMORAL THEORY Treatments Bleeding/ Bloodletting Vomit Inducement 23 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Biological Tradition 19th Century: SYPHILIS  Sexually transmitted disease entering the brain  Symptoms: persecutory delusion, grandiose, paralysis, insanity, and death  “general paresis”  LOUIS PASTEUR  Germ Theory of Disease  Treatment: infect sufferer with malaria ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Biological Approaches JOHN P. GREY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN American Psychiatrist Electric shock to head Insanity = physical Produce convulsion and trauma Treatment: rest, diet, room temperature, ventilation UGO CERLETTI & LUCIO BINI MANFRED SAKEL Electroconvulsive therapy Insulin shock therapy Treated a depressed patient Higher dosage of insulin until comatose ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Biological Approaches MANFRED SAKEL Insulin shock therapy Higher dosage of insulin until comatose ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Biological Approaches Electroconvulsive Therapy It is used to treat: Severe depression, psychosis, refusal to eat, desire to commit suicide. Treatment-resistant depression Severe mania Catatonia Agitation and aggression in people with dementia ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Biological Approaches EMIL KRAEPELIN Father of Modern Psychiatry Distinguish various disorders Classified psychosis in 2 forms (manic depression & dementia praecox) Categorize psychological disorders based on classical/categorical approach ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Short assessment  1. Donalyn witnessed an evil demons took over the EXORCISM guy’s body and controlled his behavior. 2. A way of balancing four bodily fluids or humors. BLOODLETTING 3. Jake believed that an individual must be treated through a small shocks directly through the brain. In UGO CERLETTI this case, he is a follower of: & LUCIO BINI ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Short assessment  1. Donalyn witnessed an evil demons took over the EXORCISM guy’s body and controlled his behavior. 2. A way of balancing four bodily fluids or humors. BLOODLETTING 3. Jake believed that an individual must be treated through a small shocks directly through the brain. In UGO CERLETTI this case, he is a follower of: & LUCIO BINI ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Supernatural tradition Historical Foundations Biological tradition Psychological tradition ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Reforms in Mental Health Treatment Benjamin Rush  Father of American Psychiatry  Believe that mental illness is a disease of the mind and not a “ possession of demons”.  He served on the Pennsylvania Hospital medical staff from 1783-1813.  Treatment was “moral management” which focused on the patient’s social and occupational needs. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Tradition Philippe Pinel  French physician who pioneered in humane treatment of mentally ill  Believed mental illness were caused by excessive psychological and social stresses.  Advocated to treat with sympathy, compassion, and empathy.  One of the founders of psychiatry. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Tradition Dorothea Dix  Helped establish 32 mental hospitals through US.  1845- first public mental hospital in Pennsylvania Harrisburg State Hospital  1847- first state mental institution in Illinois  Established mental hygiene movement ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Tradition Dorothea Dix  Helped establish 32 mental hospitals through US.  1845- first public mental hospital in Pennsylvania Harrisburg State Hospital  1847- first state mental institution in Illinois  Established mental hygiene movement ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Tradition Franz Anton Mesmer and Jean Charcot  Theorized that there was a natural energetic transference between animal animate and inanimate objects called ANIMAL MAGNETISM or MESMERISM.  Treated patients with hysteria  Hysteria: physical incapacities such as blindness or paralysis for which no physical cause found.  Charcot believed hysteria was a problem of nervous system. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Tradition Breuer and Cathartic Method  Cathartic Method: reliving an earlier emotional trauma and releasing emotional tension by expressing previously forgotten thoughts about the event.  Breuer hypnotized Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O.) and spoke freely about upsetting events from the past. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Moral Philippe Pinel- brought the moral therapy in France Benjamin Rush- brought the moral therapy in US Therapy William Tuke- brought the moral therapy in England ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Humanistic Traditions ABRAHAM MASLOW CARL ROGERS Postulated hierarchy of Person Centered Therapy, needs Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy to the Clients HANS SELYE STAGE 1: Alarm - initial body symptoms General Adaptation STAGE 2: Resistance Syndrome (GAS) - body begin to repair itself STAGE 3: Exhaustion - stress or other effects ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY End of presentation  Don't hesitate to ask any questions! Thank you for listening!