Future of Bioengineering 2018 PDF

Bioengineering Future of Bioengineering MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology  Bioengineering The CRISPR- Cas9 System MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology  OBJECTIVES Discuss the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9; and Discuss and identify fu...

Bioengineering Future of Bioengineering MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology  Bioengineering The CRISPR- Cas9 System MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology  OBJECTIVES Discuss the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9; and Discuss and identify future applications of CRISPR-Cas9.  1 THE CRISPR-Cas9 SYSTEM ▪ Deoxyribonucleic acid ▪ Long molecule containing an organism’s unique genetic code ▪ Human genome is made of 3.2 billion bases of DNA Source: yourgenome.org  CRISPR-Cas9 Clusters of Its technology is adapted from natural Regularly defense mechanisms of bacteria and archaea (single-celled Interspaced microorganisms) Protein Cas9 (or CRISPR-associated) Short an enzyme acting like a pair of Palindromic molecular scissors capable of cutting foreign DNA strands Repeats Faster, cheaper, more accurate, and more efficient than other editing tools Composed of a short noncoding guide RNA (gRNA) Guides the Cas9 protein to a specific genomic locus via base pairing the crRNA sequence and the target sequence Source: yourgenome.org Source: Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell Youtube Channel  Bacteriophage 1 2Vrius’ genetic inserts its DNA to the bacteria material into the bacteria’s DNA 3 Bacteria 4 When the same captures virus attacks snippets from again, the bacteria virus’ DNA produces RNA known as from CRISPR to CRISPR attack virus. Source: Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell Youtube Channel  5 Cas9 enzyme scans the bacteria’s DNA. When Cas9 6 found the virus DNA, the DNA segment is cut. Source: Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell Youtube Channel Source: zmescience.com ▪ Upon binding to the target sequence, Cas9 induces a specific double-strand break. ▪ Followed by cellular repair Source: yourgenome.org  2 THE FUTURE WITH CRISPR END OF DISEASE ▪ Temple University’s Lewis Katz School of Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) ▪ Combination of CRISPR and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) ▪ ART to stop HIV cells from replicating ▪ CRISPR to eliminate HIV chromosomes from DNA ▪ Cured 9 out of 23 mice Source: cnbc.com Source: Dash, P.K. et al., 2019 As of January 2018, China has treated 86 cancer patients using CRISPR technology CRISPR is used to genetically alter patients’ own T cells to halt the production of PD-1 to combat tumor cells Source: sciencedirect.com Source: sciencedirect.com GENETIC DISEASE Caused by an abnormality in the genetic makeup of an individual the genetic abnormality can range from minuscule to major -- from a discrete mutation in a single base in the DNA of a single gene to a gross chromosomal abnormality involving the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes CRISPR technology is being improved to modify even one letter base in the DNA strand Source: labiotech.eu Getting rid of diseases might mean getting just a couple of injections of our own cells engineered in the lab to heal us for good. But these medical applications are limited to the individual. Source: google.com DESIGNER BABIES “In 10 June 2017, a sunny and hot Saturday in Shenzhen, China, two couples came to the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) to discuss whether they would participate in a medical experiment that no researcher had ever dared to conduct.” The Chinese couples, who were having fertility problems met with He Jiankui, a SUSTech biophysicist and DNA sequencing specialist. Seventeen months later, he will shocked the world and his experiment will trigger an international controversy. Source: sciencemag.org ▪ HE would suggest in vitro fertilization (IVF) to resolve the fertility problems ▪ But, he would discover the father to be HIV positive ▪ IVF with sperm washing could be used Rather, he would propose CRISPR to naturally immunized the baby against AIDS. Source: sciencemag.org Problem: Germline editing is prohibited in many countries including China. Source: sciencemag.org Did He Jiankui crossed the ethical red line? Problem: Germline editing is prohibited in many countries including China. Crossing the ethical red line? The couples children could pass the protective mutation to future generations. It could ultimately alter our Source: sciencemag.org species.  As technology progresses and gets more refined, people may argue that not using genetic engineering is unethical. It denies children of cure, and preventable sufferings and death. ANTI-AGING time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility Causes: “wear-and-tear” Small traumas build up in the body Genetic defects in DNA repair enzymes (premature aging) Causes 55% of deaths in the world Lobster Planarian Turritopsis nutricula Source: google.com ▪ Stopping of biological deterioration/Increasing life expectancy ▪ Cope with high energy food to combat obesity ▪ Immunity from diseases ▪ Equipped for extended space travel ▪ Keeping life in hostile environments Source: pharmaceutical-journal.com  Are we creating a world that Rejects non-perfect humans? Pre-selects features based on our idea of healthy? NOWADAYS, test for genetic diseases and complications have become standard for pregnant women around the world. IN EUROPE, 92% of pregnancies where Down Syndrome are detected get terminated.  The Dark Side North Korea embracing genetic engineering Totalitarian regime engineering an army of supersoldiers SO SHOULD IT BE BANNED? DASH, P.K. et al. (2019) Sequential LASER ART and CRISPR Treatments Eliminate HIV-1 in a Subset of Infected Humanized Mice. Nature Communications, (2019) 10:2753. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10366-y What is CRISPR-Cas9? (2016). Retreived from https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is- crispr-cas9 What are Genetic Editing and CRISPR Cas9? (2020). Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/genomeediting Image sources: Google.com yourgenome.org zmescience.com labiotech.eu pharmaceutical-journal.com sciencemag.org Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell Youtube Channel cnbc.com sciencedirect.com