Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the protein Cas9 in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?
What is the primary function of the protein Cas9 in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?
How does the guide RNA (gRNA) contribute to the CRISPR-Cas9 mechanism?
How does the guide RNA (gRNA) contribute to the CRISPR-Cas9 mechanism?
Which feature makes the CRISPR-Cas9 system more advantageous than traditional gene editing tools?
Which feature makes the CRISPR-Cas9 system more advantageous than traditional gene editing tools?
What is the role of CRISPR sequences in bacterial defense mechanisms?
What is the role of CRISPR sequences in bacterial defense mechanisms?
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The human genome comprises how many bases of DNA?
The human genome comprises how many bases of DNA?
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What components constitute the CRISPR-Cas9 system?
What components constitute the CRISPR-Cas9 system?
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What is a characteristic of CRISPR-Cas9 technology compared to previous genetic editing methods?
What is a characteristic of CRISPR-Cas9 technology compared to previous genetic editing methods?
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How do bacteria utilize the information captured from viruses via CRISPR sequences?
How do bacteria utilize the information captured from viruses via CRISPR sequences?
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What technology would He Jiankui propose to protect a baby from AIDS?
What technology would He Jiankui propose to protect a baby from AIDS?
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Which ethical concern arises from germline editing?
Which ethical concern arises from germline editing?
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What is a significant risk associated with not using genetic engineering according to some perspectives?
What is a significant risk associated with not using genetic engineering according to some perspectives?
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Which country strictly prohibits germline editing?
Which country strictly prohibits germline editing?
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What unexpected finding was revealed about the father in the IVF proposal?
What unexpected finding was revealed about the father in the IVF proposal?
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What does CRISPR stand for in genetic engineering?
What does CRISPR stand for in genetic engineering?
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What is a potential benefit of advances in anti-aging research?
What is a potential benefit of advances in anti-aging research?
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What societal concern is raised by genetic testing for genetic diseases in pregnancies?
What societal concern is raised by genetic testing for genetic diseases in pregnancies?
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What is the primary function of the Cas9 enzyme in CRISPR technology?
What is the primary function of the Cas9 enzyme in CRISPR technology?
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What role does Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) play in the combination treatment with CRISPR?
What role does Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) play in the combination treatment with CRISPR?
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What type of genetic abnormality can cause genetic diseases?
What type of genetic abnormality can cause genetic diseases?
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How does CRISPR technology propose to address genetic diseases?
How does CRISPR technology propose to address genetic diseases?
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What was a major outcome of using CRISPR in mice for HIV treatment?
What was a major outcome of using CRISPR in mice for HIV treatment?
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What medical application does CRISPR technology primarily focus on?
What medical application does CRISPR technology primarily focus on?
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What ethical concerns are associated with the concept of 'designer babies'?
What ethical concerns are associated with the concept of 'designer babies'?
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What was the innovative approach taken by He Jiankui in June 2017?
What was the innovative approach taken by He Jiankui in June 2017?
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Study Notes
Bioengineering: Future of Bioengineering
- Bioengineering is a field of study combining biological, chemical, and engineering principles.
- The field involves designing and developing innovative technologies for healthcare, agriculture, and other areas.
Bioengineering: The CRISPR-Cas9 System
- CRISPR-Cas9 is derived from natural defence mechanisms of bacteria.
- It is a powerful gene-editing tool adapted from bacteria and archaea defence mechanisms.
- CRISPR-Cas9 is faster, cheaper, more accurate, and more efficient than other editing tools.
- CRISPR-Cas9 uses a short noncoding guide RNA.
- It guides the Cas9 protein to specific genomic DNA sequences.
- Cas9 acts like molecular scissors, cutting target DNA segments.
Bioengineering: Objectives
- Discussing the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9
- Identifying the future applications of CRISPR-Cas9
Bioengineering: The CRISPR-Cas9 System (Details)
- The DNA is a long molecule carrying an organism's unique genetic code.
- Human DNA is composed of 3.2 billion bases.
- DNA comprises of four nucleotide bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
- CRISPR-Cas9 was adapted from bacterial defense mechanisms.
- Cas9 is an enzyme that acts as molecular scissors capable of cutting foreign DNA strands.
- CRISPR-Cas9 is comprised of a short noncoding guide RNA (gRNA) to guide the protein Cas9 to a specific location on the DNA strand.
Bioengineering: CRISPR-Cas9 System - Mechanism
- Cas9 protein guides the gRNA genomic locus by base pairing with target DNA.
- Binding of Cas9 leads to a double-stranded DNA break.
- Cellular repair mechanisms follow the break, allowing for potentially editing the target genomic locus.
Bioengineering: CRISPR Applications
- CRISPR can be used to eliminate HIV chromosomes from DNA.
- CRISPR can be used to cure diseases involving genetic abnormalities..
- CRISPR is used to genetically alter patients' T cells to halt the production of PD-1 to combat tumor cells.
Bioengineering: CRISPR and Cancer Treatment
- As of January 2018, China treated 86 cancer patients using CRISPR technology.
- CRISPR alters patients' T cells to halt PD-1 production, helping to combat tumor cells.
- Gene-edited T cells are cultured and increased in concentration in a lab setting. Then, they are injected back into the patient.
Bioengineering: CRISPR and Genetic Diseases
- Genetic diseases are caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup.
- Abnormalities can vary from minor mutations to large-scale chromosomal changes.
- CRISPR technology is being improved to modify even a single base in the DNA strand.
Bioengineering: Future of CRISPR
- CRISPR technology may help eliminate diseases.
- CRISPR-based treatments are currently limited to the patient.
- CRISPR is still evolving.
Bioengineering: Designer Babies
- The creation of genetically modified babies raises numerous ethical concerns.
- Some view this as unethical due to the potentially unpredictable consequences of inheritable changes.
- Germline editing is prohibited in many countries, including China.
Bioengineering: Ethical Concerns of CRISPR
- He Jiankui's experiment with "gene-edited babies" caused international controversy.
- Germline editing is considered ethically unacceptable by many.
Bioengineering: Aging
- Aging is a time-related deterioration in physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
- Causes include "wear and tear," small traumas, and genetic defects in DNA repair.
- Aging is responsible for approximately 55% of global deaths.
Bioengineering: Naturally Immortal Organisms
- Some organisms, like lobsters, planarians, and Turritopsis dohrnii, appear to defy aging processes.
- These organisms' abilities to rejuvenate or regenerate suggest potential pathways to better understanding of aging processes.
Bioengineering: Modified Human
- Scientists are researching ways to stop or slow biological deterioration to increase life expectancy and combat diseases.
- This includes high-energy diets, improved immunity, and space travel preparedness.
Bioengineering: Ethical Implications of Advancements
- Researchers discuss whether genetic testing for disease risk should be standard practice.
- The application of genetic technology raises ethical questions about what constitutes desirable and undesirable traits.
- North Korea is seen exploring genetic engineering for military applications.
Bioengineering: Q&A Session
- This section is allocated for answering any remaining questions on the topic of bioengineering.
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Description
Explore the innovative field of bioengineering with a focus on the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system. Discover how this powerful tool adapts bacterial defense mechanisms for precise genetic modifications, its efficiency, and its potential applications in various sectors. Dive into the future of bioengineering and its impact on healthcare and agriculture.
