Mr. C Chapter 12 Notes PDF

Chapter 12 Internationalism and Foreign Policy To what extent should foreign policy promote internationalism?  Section 1 - Canadian Foreign Policy Foreign Policy ⚫ A country’s commitment to internationalism and its willingness to participate in internati...

Chapter 12 Internationalism and Foreign Policy To what extent should foreign policy promote internationalism?  Section 1 - Canadian Foreign Policy Foreign Policy ⚫ A country’s commitment to internationalism and its willingness to participate in international affairs are reflected in its foreign policy. ⚫ A country’s foreign policy involves the decisions made by its government as to how the country will participate in issues, agreements, or conflicts worldwide. ⚫ Multilateral agreements (those involving more than two countries) can include political, military, or economic alliances. ⚫ Multilateral actions, which may be aggressive or peaceful in nature, often serve to promote the ideology of internationalism.  Becoming a Global Energy Player ⚫ Major oil companies from around the globe are currently investing billions of dollars in oil production in northern Alberta. ⚫ The development of the oil sands has a vast environmental impact. ⚫ The effect of oil sands production on the environment has sparked protest at home and around the world. ⚫ Many countries—including Canada—are currently attempting to reduce the human impact on the environment globally. Answer the following questions in your notes Chapter 12 Questions Section 1: Pages 253-261 Workblock #1 COMPLETE the first 2 pages (Q1-16)  Section 2 - Canadian Peacekeeping and Foreign Aid ⚫ A country can also promote internationalism by adopting a foreign policy of providing foreign aid to other countries that are experiencing economic, social, or political difficulties. ⚫ Aid may be required for many reasons, such as civil war or natural disasters, and can be provided in various forms, such as monetary, medical, or manpower. ⚫ Sometimes, countries provide "tied aid," which means that the country providing aid expects some kind of benefit in exchange. ⚫ For example, a country may provide the funds and materials to build a hospital but then require that all supplies and drugs be purchased from businesses in the country that provided the aid. ⚫ Similarly, a country may provide aid and expect support for political policies or military action in return.  Peacekeeping and Peacemaking ⚫ Peacekeeping is a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace. ⚫ UN peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes that emerge in post-conflict situations and assist conflicting parties to implement the peace agreement they have signed. ⚫ Former PM Lester Pearson often referred to international co-operation for peace as the most important aspect of national policy. ⚫ It was Pearson’s idea that a United Nations Emergency Force be used in the Suez Crisis, that became the basis for UN peacekeepers  Canada in Afghanistan ⚫ Afghanistan represents a situation in which Canada sent troops before UN peacekeeping was established. ⚫ The stated aim of the operations was to halt the country’s use as a base for terrorist activity and extensive human rights abuses. ⚫ The military action of occupying forces in Afghanistan clearly cannot be considered peacekeeping in the traditional sense of helping conflicting factions negotiate peace. ⚫ Canada and UN forces are actively fighting to establish a peaceful nation in what has come to be called peacemaking or peace building. Answer the following questions in your notes Section 2: Pages 262-268 WORKBLOCK #2 COMPLETE QUESTIONS 16-31  Section 3 – International Organizations, Laws, and Agreements ⚫ Supranationalism is a type of decision-making in which countries have representatives in an organization and the organization is able to make decisions for the group as a whole. ⚫ Countries may still be independent, but some of their decision—making power has been surrendered to the larger group. ⚫ There are various organizations around the world that work to promote internationalism. ⚫ A good example of one of these organizations is the United Nations (UN). The UN is an organization, with 192 member-countries, that works to promote peace and security around the world. ⚫ Two of the main bodies of the UN are the General Assembly and the Security Council. ⚫ The General Assembly meets to discuss issues of worldwide importance that range from economic to humanitarian to social to environmental. In the General Assembly, each country has one seat and one vote. ⚫ The Security Council is comprised of live permanent members (Russia, China, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom) as well as ten non-permanent members that rotate on a two-year basis. ⚫ The General Assembly may make recommendations to the Security Council; however, the Council is not obliged to follow or implement these recommendations. ⚫ The United Nations has many other bodies that work toward various goals, some of which include stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS, eradicating poverty, improving the status of women and children, and ensuring environmental sustainability. ⚫ Through membership in the United Nations, countries demonstrate a willingness to promote and participate in internationalism. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) is a creation of the African Union (AU) and acts under its charter. Its primary objectives are: ⚫ To eradicate poverty; ⚫ To place African countries, both individually and collectively, on a path of sustainable growth and development; ⚫ To halt the marginalization of Africa in the globalization process and enhance its full and beneficial integration into the global economy; ⚫ To accelerate the empowerment of women ⚫ The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a group of nation-states who work together to resolve trade issues. ⚫ The WTO promotes the equal treatment of foreign and national companies in terms of trade, as well as a reduction in government involvement in commerce, through tariffs, concessions, and regulation (free trade between nations). ⚫ Some people and groups believe that governments have a responsibility to regulate trade for the common good and the good of the environment. ⚫ Some feel that the WTO ignores important environmental and labour issues, and values the interests of free markets over the interests of ordinary people. ⚫ The WTO has also been criticized for benefiting rich countries and not poorer ones—and thus not being a supranational organization.  International Law and Treaties ⚫ International law is one way to control how nations treat one another ⚫ Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), for example, nations are expected to follow a set of rules that determine water boundaries, fishing rights, salvage rights, protocol between vessels at sea, harbour regulations, the use of national flags, and registries. ⚫ NATO is an example of a multinational military treaty (it involves 26 nations) designed to promote a strong defensive posture to the world. ⚫ Originally designed to maintain European security against possible communist threats, it has now transformed itself into more of a supranational agency by becoming a more general security force. ⚫ The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a bilateral treaty between Canada and the United States. ⚫ Its purpose is charged with the missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control for North America. ⚫ The Geneva Conventions on war sets regulations about actions permissible in war, including the care of prisoners and injured, the law of warfare at sea, and the control of “collateral damage” to civilians. ⚫ Nations are expected to temper their actions during a war so that there is at least a basic level of respect for humanity, especially civilian populations, even when armies are trying to kill one another. ⚫ Holding war crimes trials, like the Nuremberg trials, happened after the Second World War. Nazi leaders were tried, convicted, and sentenced—many to ⚫ In addition to peace and security issues, nations enter into international treaties to address other issues, such as environmental degradation. ⚫ The Kyoto Protocol, a multinational treaty, was agreed to by over 160 nations in an effort to bring world climate change under control. ⚫ Internationalism can also be promoted through a country’s willingness to become involved in affairs outside of its own borders, even if such involvement may have detrimental results for the country. ⚫ For example, sometimes countries send military personnel to regions experiencing conflict in an effort to maintain a fragile peace or to put an end to aggression. Answer the following questions in your notes Section 3: Pages 269-274 WORKBLOCK #3 FINISH THE NOTES/HANDOUT PAGE