Motor Development Practice Questions PDF

1. What is the research study design in which researchers measure individuals or groups at selected ages and observe them all within a relatively short period of time? a. longitudinal *b. cross-sectional c. sequential (mixed longitudinal) 2. In graphing a change in motor beh...

1. What is the research study design in which researchers measure individuals or groups at selected ages and observe them all within a relatively short period of time? a. longitudinal *b. cross-sectional c. sequential (mixed longitudinal) 2. In graphing a change in motor behavior over time, the behavior measurement is traditionally placed on the vertical axis, and the better or more advanced scores are lower on the scale. *b. False 14. __________________ refers to an increase in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already formed body parts. *a. physical growth b. maturation c. development d. aging e. motor change 15. It is important that researchers study motor development across the life span, especially into the later the United States, China, Russia, Australia, Canada, and the majority of the European Union countries will be aged 65 years and older. a. 24% b. 78% c. 11% d. 5% *e. 13% a. change b. constant *c. dynamic d. interaction e. individualistic 17. Which of the following is NOT a type of constraint commonly discussed with regard to motor development theories and models? a. individual b. structural c. functional *d. categorical e. environmental 19. Motor development uses such research designs in which several age groups are observed repetitively over a shorter time span, permitting observation of an age span that is longer than the observation period. *a. True 20. Pretend you are a physical education teacher for a preschool. For one activity, you set up an obstacle course for the children to complete by moving various ways. Match the following type of constraints to the examples. [d] 1. environmental constraint [c] 2. task constraint [a] 3. individual constraint [b] 4. functional constraint  ics b. the motivation of each child c. the mats and equipment used for the obstacle course d. the temperature of the gym 21. Any given type of constraint is often considered negative with regard to movement. *b. False 30. Research involves two main components: __________________ and __________________. *a. systematic; controlled observation b. variation; controlled observation c. systematic; experimental research design d. systematic; random observation e. variation; random observation 1. A researcher who explains the onset of a new motor skill as the reinforcement of stimulus response bonds use which of the following theoretical perspectives? a. cognitivism b. maturational *c. information processing d. dynamical systems 2. If a parent or teacher believes an infant cannot walk before the step reflex disappears, then she follows which theoretical viewpoint? a. dynamical systems b. information processing *c. maturational d. ecological e. behaviorism 3. If you follow the dynamical systems perspective, you believe that *a. behaviors emerge as a result of self-organization b. behaviors emerge as a result of maturation c. behaviors are built by reinforcing stimulus response bonds d. behaviors are genetically determined 4. Someone who tries to relate the onset of a new motor skill with maturation of the nervous system, skeletal system, or muscular system has which theoretical perspective? a. cognitivism *b. maturational c. information processing d. dynamical systems e. mechanistic 5. According to the dynamical systems approach, behavior emerges from the cooperation of subsystems within a context. This is called a. predetermined epigenesis b. hierarchical suppression c. context-conditioned variability *d. self-organization e. hard-wired reflexive movement 6. If a researcher says that walking emerges from the individual, her surroundings, and the goal she is trying to achieve, rather than is driven by a genetic prescription, the researcher would most likely agree with what theory? a. neuromaturational *b. dynamical systems c. information processing 7. Gibson described the phenomenon of direct perception and the perception action link. As an example of this link, he used the term a. dynamical systems b. self-organization *c. affordances d. self-assembly 8. You follow the information processing theory of development. You are teaching your preschool class locomotor skills, and a smaller boy is having difficulty skipping. Based on your theoretical perspective, what should you do? a. Work on coordination skills, which may be limiting the rate at which he learns to skip. b. Do not intervene; he will eventually be able to skip. *c. Increase the amount of time he practices the skill and reward good skips. d. all of the above e. none of the above 15. Select the scientific discipline that does NOT typically contribute to theories of motor development. a. biology b. psychology *c. chemistry d. embryology e. All of these typically contribute to theories of motor development. *b. False 22. Gibson, the creator of the perception action approach, proposed that the CNS is responsible for the infinite calculations that estimate and determine the speed and direction of both people and objects with regard to movement. *b. False 23. Match the following theories and models of motor development with the person most associatied with their formulation and development. [d] 1. perception action approach [c] 2. maturational perspective [a] 3. dynamical systems [b] 4. information processing perspective a. Kugler, Kelso, and Turvey b. Schmidt c. Arnold Gesell d. J.J. Gibson 24. Match the following theories and models of motor development with the decade in which they were primarily formed or made popular.  [b] 1. maturational perspective [a] 2. information processing perspective [c] 3. dynamical systems [d] 4. perception action approach a. 1960s and 1970s b. 1930s c. 1980s d. Developed in the 1960s and 1970s, made popular in more recent years 26. The terms rate limiter and controller are interchangeable. *a. True 27. According to a dynamical systems perspective, the most important factor in the motor development of an infant is physical growth. *b. False 29. The dynamical systems approach and the maturational perspective are often in agreement with each other regarding topics in motor development. *b. False further development of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. *b. False motion until acted upon by a force. *a. True a. force production *b. gravity c. acceleration d. mass to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass. a. first *b. second c. third d. fourth *a. True 8. A characteristic of skilled locomotor movements is a familiar pattern known as ____________ arm and leg movement. a. consistent b. variable *c. oppositional 9. In running, the lower body twists one way and the upper body twists the opposite way. This movement pattern creates a(n) ____________ amount of force. a. lower *b. greater c. equal 10. With regard to the relationship between rotating limbs and projected objects, which of the following does NOT contribute to optimal performance of throwing a baseball (maximum velocity and maximum distance thrown)? *a. elbow and humeral flexion b. extension of the limb c. increase of limb length d. increase in rotational velocity 11. Skilled athletes always extend their limbs as much as possible during movement in order to achieve the greatest velocity. *b. False 15. Force absorption is another principle of motion. This principle states that to _______________ the impact of a reaction force, you must either _______________ the amount of time in which the impact occurs or __________________ the area over which the impact occurs. a. decrease; decrease; increase b. decrease; increase; decrease c. increase; decrease; increase *d. decrease; increase; increase 19. Maximal performance of motor skills often requires performers to minimize stability to increase mobility. *a. True development. *a. True 24. In most movement skills a(n) __________________ relationship exists between force and distance. a. linear b. significant c. nonlinear *d. optimal e. neutral 26. With regard to rotating limbs to project objects, a relationship exists between the __________________ of the rotating arm and the __________________ of the projected object. *a. velocity; velocity b. angle of the shoulder joint; path c. velocity; curved trajectory d. trajectory; velocity *b. False 29. Athletes need to understand the principles of force absorption because if athletes cannot control their ankles, knees, and hips when they land, an injury will likely occur. *a. True 1. The normal growth curve is S-shaped, meaning which of the following? a. Every member of the species begins growth spurts at the same age. b. The rate of growth (slope of the curve) is the same for every member of the species. *c. Every member of the species has the same pattern of growth, featuring two periods of rapid growth. d. all of the above e. a and c 2. Which of the following is the fastest growing in infancy and childhood? a. head b. trunk *c. legs d. a and b e. a and c 3. When do the secondary sex characteristics appear? *a. at a younger age in early maturers than in late maturers b. at an older age in early maturers than in late maturers c. at the same age, no matter whether one is an early or late maturer 4. Which of the following factors determines how much catch-up growth takes place when a positive environment is restored after negative extrinsic factors have retarded growth? a. timing of the negative influence b. duration of the negative influence c. severity of the negative influence *d. all of the above 5. Adult men and adult women tend to have different shoulder-to-hip breadth proportions. Why does this occur? *a. Boys increase in shoulder breadth during the growth spurt. b. Girls increase in hip breadth during the growth spurt. c. Boys decrease in hip breadth during the growth spurt. d. Girls decrease in shoulder breadth during the growth spurt. e. a and b 6. The decrease in height that can occur in older adulthood results mainly from change in what body area? a. legs *b. spine c. head d. a and b 7. What are anomalies present at birth called? a. genetic defects b. extrinsic defects *c. congenital defects 8. Which of the following crosses the placental barrier? a. blood *b. oxygen c. large viruses d. drugs with molecular weights over 1,000 e. all of the above 9. Growth tends to proceed in what direction(s)? a. proximodistal b. cephalocaudal c. caudalocephal *d. a and b e. a and c 10. Peak height velocity and peak weight velocity occur at the same age in both boys and girls. *b. False 11. Genetic abnormalities are always inherited. *b. False 12. After the age of 3 years, individuals tend to maintain their percentile position in comparison with group norms (i.e., if they are at the 40th percentile for height at age 3, they tend to remain around the 40th percentile throughout childhood and adolescence). *a. True 13. Extrinsic factors are those influences that have only a negative effect on growth and development. *b. False 14. Girls begin their adolescent growth spurt approximately 2 years before boys begin their adolescent growth spurt, on the average. *a. True 15. Changes in body size during adulthood are more and more variable among individuals as we consider increasingly older age groups. *a. True 16. The loss of weight in older adulthood results mainly from loss of muscle tissue. *a. True 17. Maturity can be accurately inferred from age and size. *b. False 18. About one-third of preadolescents begin their growth spurt within a year of the average age for their sex? *b. False 1. Which of the following occurs in the typical older adult? a. Fibers of the valves of the heart undergo little change. *b. The major blood vessels around the heart lose elasticity. c. The heart maintains its elasticity. 2. Where does the ossification of long bones begin? *a. midshaft b. end (epiphysis) c. a and b 3. The epiphyseal, or growth, plates close at relatively younger ages in which of the following groups? a. boys b. girls c. early maturers d. a and c *e. b and c 4. Which of the following factors contributes to bone loss with aging in women? a. level of exercise b. level of calcium in the diet c. level of estrogen hormones *d. all of the above e. b and c 5. What period shows the most rapid increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue? a. during childhood, until age 6 or 7 years in both boys and girls *b. in preadolescence, from 6 to 7 years until 12 to 13 years in both boys and girls c. in adolescence in both boys and girls d. a and b e. b and c 6. What period shows the most rapid increase in adipose tissue? a. during the first 6 postnatal months in both boys and girls b. in preadolescence and adolescence in boys c. in preadolescence and adolescence in girls d. all of the above *e. a and c 7. Active older adults add less fat weight than their sedentary peers with aging. *a. True 8. Body fat redistributes with aging, and both men and women typically experience an increase in internal fat as they move through middle adulthood and into older adulthood. *a. True 9. In the typical adult, fat weight increases from the 20s to age 50 and decreases thereafter. *b. False 10. In infancy, childhood, and adolescence, adipose tissue growth is by both hyperplasia and hypertrophy. *a. True 11. Deficiencies of hormones rather than excesses of hormones disturb the normal process of growth and development. *b. False 12. Until age 50 years, the loss of muscle mass is slight (approximately 10% of muscle mass). *a. True 13. The growth, thyroid, and gonadal hormones all promote growth by stimulating protein anabolism. *a. True 14. The heart follows the sigmoid pattern of whole-body growth, and the growth of the blood vessels surrounding the heart is proportional to that of the heart; therefore, the size of the heart is not a limiting factor for exercise in children. *a. True b. False 15. Because not all muscle fibers are differentiated to a specific type of fiber, such as type I or type IIb, we know that infants' early activities influence the proportion of fiber types in later life. *b. False 16. After the adolescent growth spurt, sex differences in muscle mass result more from differences in arm musculature than leg musculature. *a. True 17. In infancy, childhood, and adolescence, muscle growth is by both hyperplasia and hypertrophy. *b. False 18. Bone composition changes over the life span, becoming more inorganic in composition and therefore more brittle in older adulthood. *a. True 19. New bone stops forming and bone remodeling ends in older adulthood. *b. False 20. Youths can experience irritations of traction epiphyses during their growth years. *a. True 21. The ossification of the skeleton begins postnatally. *b. False 22. After age 50 years, both the number of and diameter of muscle fibers decrease in the average older adult. *a. True 23. Gonadal hormone replacement therapy tends to counteract many of the effects of aging. *a. True 24. The prevalence of disorders associated with hormone balance tends to decrease with aging. *b. False 25. In childhood and adolescence, neurological system growth is predominantly by hyperplasia of the neurons, glial cells, and myelin rather than synaptic formation. *b. False 26. Because the brain attains 80% of its adult size in the first few postnatal years, it is particularly susceptible to extrinsic factors such as poor nutrition or a physical blow during this time. *a. True 27. The neural network model of aging holds that links in the network of neurons break at random, thus slowing the responses made by older adults. *a. True All of the following could be considered individual constraints, or rate limiters, on early motor development except a. posture b. strength *c. gravity d. coordination 2. All of the following are considered environmental constraints on motor development except a. social expectations b. cultural norms c. early stimulation or deprivation *d. balance control 3. An infant moves involuntarily when you touch the soles of his feet. Such a movement is a. uncoordinated b. random c. habituated d. long latency *e. reflexive 4. The response associated with the Babinski reflex is *a. toe extension b. toe flexion c. toe contraction around object d. leg extension and toe flexion e. none of the above 5. You are working in a child development center. You notice that one of your kids, an 18-month-old girl, seems to be exhibiting the asymmetric tonic neck reflex. Is this a concern? *a. Yes. She should not have this reflex at 18 months. b. No. As long as she has her postural responses, she's okay. c. Yes. This leads to synergistic responses. d. No. We should worry only if she cannot move voluntarily. e. No. This is a structural rather than functional constraint. 6. When placed in an infant walker, an infant will often be able to walk or move from place to place using a walking pattern. What rate limiter does an infant walker overcome or adjust for? a. balance b. strength c. stepping reflex *d. a and b e. none of the above 7. Which of the following is characteristic of motor milestones? a. They represent an intertask sequence. b. They are specific achievements leading to general achievements.  c. They occur within a predetermined sequential order. d. all of the above *e. a and b 8. Which of the following is the most probable order of motor milestones? I. Lifts head in prone, gets on hands and knees, rolls over, walks alone; II. Lifts shoulders, lifts head in prone, gets on hands and knees, cruises furniture; III. Sits unsupported, gets on hands and knees, lifts head in prone, lifts shoulders. *a. II only b. I and III c. I, II, and III d. none of the above 9. Several theories have been proposed to explain why reflexes exist. These theories suggest that a. reflexes exist to aid the fetus in the birth process b. reflexes allow the infant to survive while it is weak and vulnerable c. reflexes provide for prenatal fetal movement d. reflexes have remained over the process of evolution *e. more than one of the above 10. Derotative righting is a postural reaction. The stimulus for this reaction is turning the head to the side. What reflex must disappear in order for derotative righting to occur? a. Moro reflex b. labyrinthine righting reflex c. symmetric tonic neck reflex *d. asymmetric tonic neck reflex e. none of the above 11. The stimulus for the symmetric tonic neck reflex is a. stretching the infant's neck muscles by turning the head to one side *b. either flexing or extending the infant's head and neck c. laying the infant on its back and lifting it to the sitting position d. linearly accelerating the baby sideways e. none of the above 12. A newborn's spontaneous kicking is exactly the same as an adult's voluntary walking. *b. False 13. If you stimulate an infantile reflex enough times, the infant will learn to inhibit it. *b. False 14. The coupling of sensory information to the appropriate motor response is probably the rate-controlling factor in infant posture and balance, not visual perception of self-motion. *a. True 15. Adults sometimes use light touch of a surface to aid balance. Infants do the same but only after they have acquired some walking experience. *a. True 16. Infants rely more on visual information to balance than on proprioceptive and vestibular information because the latter are not used for balance until the second year. *b. False 17. Infants are not sensitive to optical flow until they begin to creep or crawl. a. True *b. False. What is the primary rate limiter for walking? a. strength b. balance c. body proportions or size d. coordination *e. more than one of the above 2. Which of the following is characteristic of new walking? a. The arms are held in high guard. b. Short individual steps are taken. c. Feet are wide apart. *d. all of the above e. two of the above 3. What is the primary rate limiter for skipping? a. strength b. balance c. body proportions or size *d. coordination e. more than one of the above 4. What is the primary rate limiter for running? *a. strength b. balance c. body proportions or size d. coordination e. more than one of the above 5. You are assessing a group of 3- to 5-year-olds on locomotor skills. One 3-year-old boy can't gallop while participating in your assessment. However, when you see him later in the day on the playground, he is galloping. What constraint is most likely influencing the motor behavior of this child? a. individual structural *b. environmental sociocultural c. environmental physical d. task (equipment) e. task (rules) 6. What is the primary rate limiter for galloping? a. strength b. balance c. body proportions or size *d. coordination e. more than one of the above 7. A proficient walker has which of the following characteristics? a. oal movement of the upper and lower body b. out-toeing of feet and wide base of support  c. double knee-lock pattern d. all of the above *e. a and c 8. Which of the following could be considered an individual constraint (rate limiter) for hopping on one foot? a. posture *b. strength c. gym floor surface d. all of the above e. a and b 1. Which of the following is characteristic of proficient kicking? a. The kicking leg winds up and the knee extendeds (straight leg). b. On the forward kick, the thigh rotates forward then the knee straightens. c. Arms move in opposition to the legs. d. all of the above *e. b and c 2. Very young children's throws tend to consist of what type of action? a. foot action b. trunk action *c. arm action d. all of the above 3. Which of the following is characteristic of proficient overarm throwing? a. differentiated trunk rotation b. lag of the upper arm behind upper trunk rotation c. a short step of the foot opposite the throwing arm d. all of the above *e. a and b 4. Which of the following is the most advanced developmental step in the backswing component of the overarm throw? a. an upward backswing *b. a circular, downward backswing c. flexion of the arm at the shoulder and the elbow 5. Sex differences among children and adolescents have been documented in which body components for overarm throwing? a. trunk action b. foot action c. arm action d. b and c *e. a and c 6. Sex differences among older adults in overarm throwing have been associated with which of the following? a. sex alone b. childhood and young adult experiences alone *c. both gender and childhood and young adult experiences 7. Action in which of the following body components is characteristic of early kicking? a. trunk action *b. leg action  c. arm action d. a and b e. b and c 8. Which of the following is characteristic of early punting attempts? a. holding the knee bent as the ball is kicked b. tossing the ball up rather than just dropping it c. kicking with the toes *d. all of the above e. b and c 9. Which of the following is characteristic of proficient punting? *a. using the arms in opposition to the legs after the ball is dropped b. a short step onto the supporting leg immediately before the punting leg swings forward c. keeping a slight bend in the knee at ball contact d. all of the above e. b and c 10. Which of the following is characteristic of proficient sidearm striking? a. a step into the hit, toward the oncoming ball b. differentiated trunk rotation c. arm extension before contact *d. all of the above e. a and c 11. In changing from a throw for distance to a throw for accuracy, the most likely change observed would be a transition to lower steps in the developmental sequences. *a. True 12. One problem with using the throw for distance as a gauge of throwing development is that the score reflects body size and strength as well as skill. *a. True 13. Research on the tennis serve in older adults demonstrates little change in the coordination of the serve during the older adult years. *a. True 14. Research on the golf swing demonstrates that most older adults are less accurate than young adult golfers. *b. False 15. In overarm striking, the upper arm (humerus) lags behind the trunk, but the racket precedes the forearm at ball contact. *b. False 16. Assuming the sequential movements are well timed, upper arm and forearm lag allows momentum to be transferred from proximal body parts to successively more distal body parts, increasing the speed of movement in the more distal body parts. *a. True 17. A long contralateral step facilitates trunk rotation. *a. True b. False 18. Recent research has shown that children can be at the most advanced levels of upper arm and forearm action before they routinely use trunk rotation. *b. False 19. One of the differences between development of throwing and development of overarm striking is the elbow action. *a. True 20. Racket lag and trunk rotation less than 90 degrees are characteristic of proficient overarm striking. *b. False 21. Longitudinal study of older adult throws over a period of 7 years shows that the development level is relatively stable. *a. True 22. An individual's given developmental level in the sequences for overarm throwing is so stable that we can compare performance with various task constraints, such as distance and type of ball. *b. False 23. A valid and reliable way to gauge the development of throwing is to record the accuracy with which children and adolescents can hit a target of a specified size from a short distance away. *b. False 24. In very young children, early attempts at overarm throwing, sidearm striking, and overarm striking all tend to look the same. *a. True 25. In proficient kicking, the swing (kicking) leg moves through a shortened, compact range of motion at the hip. *b. False 26. The developmental transition for trunk action in sidearm striking is (1) block rotation followed by (2) differentiated rotation. *a. True 27. The developmental transition for arm action in the punt is (1) no use of the arms, (2) arm movement in opposition to the legs, (3) bilateral arm movement. *b. False 28. The developmental transition for the nonpunting leg in punting is (1) a short step, (2) a long step, (3) a leap. *a. True 29. A very young child's early attempts at sidearm striking often resemble early attempts at throwing overhand. *a. True 30. In general, research has found that older adults perform at the lower levels in the developmental sequences when executing overarm throws. *b. False 1. When are infants first able to use the arms in complementary roles, such as holding a box lid open with one hand while the other removes an object from the box? a. the first half of the first year  b. the last half of the first year c. the first half of the second year *d. the last half of the second year 2. Which view of the development of reaching now seems to be the most accurate? a. Infants must see their hands and match their vision of it to the feel of reaching. *b. Infants begin with "ball park" reaches and then improve control of their arms, each infant in its own way. c. Infants fine-tune reaching from poorly coordinated initial attempts to reach. 3. Infants transition from pre-reaching to reaching at what age? a. 1 month *b. 3 to 4 months c. 6 to 9 months d. 10 to 12 months 4. During the first year, which type of reach predominates? a. unimanual b. bimanual *c. Infants vary between periods of one or the other. 5. Infants rely on vision to refine the path of arm reaches after they have learned to generally reach to objects. *a. True 6. Which of the following is not characteristic of children's early attempts to catch? a. making the arms and hands rigid *b. catching the ball in the hands c. closing the eyes in anticipation 7. Which of the following is characteristic of proficient catching? a. pointing the fingers upward to catch a high ball b. pointing the fingers upward to catch a low ball c. letting the shoulders and elbows move to "give" with contact of the ball *d. a and c e. b and c 8. Which of the following task constraints makes catching more difficult for young children? a. a flat trajectory as opposed to a high trajectory *b. varying the speed of the ball to be caught as opposed to keeping the speed constant c. moving a short distance to intercept the ball as opposed to moving a longer distance d. a and c e. b and c 9. From the perception-action perspective, which of the following might be used to help us catch balls? a. the expanding optic array b. keeping a ratio based on the angle of gaze at or near zero c. keeping the acceleration of the ball in the vertical direction close to zero *d. all of the above e. a and b 10. From the perception-action perspective, the best strategy in teaching children to catch is having them practice with little variation of task constraints. *b. False 11. During the first year of life, infants make a transition from precision grips to power grips when grasping an object. *b. False 12. More recent research that has considered task and environmental constraints in grasping demonstrates that infants use a larger variety of grips than earlier researchers such as H.M. Halverson thought they used. *a. True 13. Posture can affect the reaching behavior observed in infants. *a. True 14. Research demonstrates that older adults can maintain their coincidence-anticipation performance, and even improve it, with practice. *a. True 15. There are two developmental trends in catching: improvement in adjusting the body to the oncoming ball and improvement in adjusting hand position. Children tend to improve in adjusting their bodies to the oncoming ball before they improve in adjusting hand position. *b. False 16. Research demonstrates that older adults decline in both attentional aspects and manipulative aspects of automobile driving tasks. *b. False 17. In rapid aiming movements, older adults need to make more adjustments at the end of the aiming movement than do young adults. *a. True 23. According to the dynamic systems perspectrive, all children will eventually learn how to catch a ball in a way that is typical of most adults. *b. False 26. Young children are more successful at intercepting small balls rather than large balls. *b. False 27. Which of the following does NOT affect the ability to intercept a moving object? a. ball size b. speed c. trajectory d. environmental and task constraints *e. All of these affect the ability to intercept a moving object. 1. Which of the following occurs with aging of the auditory system? *a. an increase in the absolute threshold for hearing pure tones and speech b. a decrease in the differential threshold for discriminating sounds and speech c. a and b 2. A newborn's level of acuity is closest to which of the following?  a. 1%, or 20/2000 *b. 5%, or 20/400 c. 20%, or 20/100 3. There is an age-related trend to improve in localizing touches on the hands and arms over which age range? a. infancy *b. early childhood c. late childhood d. early adolescence 4. Which of the following could help infants perceive depth? a. retinal disparity b. motion parallax c. shape constancy *d. a and b e. a and c 5. Which of the following is true of motion perception in infants under 8 weeks of age? a. Motion can be perceived. b. Direction of motion can be perceived. c. Speed of motion can be perceived, but thresholds for detection are higher than in adults. d. a and b *e. a and c 6. Infants' hearing is near adult levels, even for high-frequency sounds, by 6 months of age. *a. True 7. Newborns can hear an average nearby speaking voice. *a. True 8. All older adults experience decreased sensitivity to skin temperature and pain with aging. *b. False 9. At birth, infants can locate touches to the face, especially around the mouth. *a. True 10. The kinesthetic receptors begin functioning after birth. *b. False 11. Perception is the neural activity triggered by an environmental stimulus that activates a sensory receptor and results in nerve impulses traveling to the brain. *b. False 12. Many older adults maintain their depth perception, but the number who fail depth perception tests is higher than the number of young adults who fail depth perception tests. *a. True 13. By 8 to 9 years of age, children's whole-and-part perception attains near-adult levels. *a. True 14. Infants do not demonstrate size constancy until approximately 1 year of age. *b. False 15. Just several days after birth, infants can perceive their mothers' faces.  *a. True 16. Children learn to perceive directional extremes of spatial orientation at the same time they perceive intermediate orientations (various angles and diagonals). *b. False 17. Only one-third of 6-year-olds can identify (label) the major body parts. *b. False 18. Children find it easier to integrate two temporal stimuli than two spatial stimuli or one temporal with one spatial stimulus. *b. False 19. The asymmetries in hand use demonstrated during infancy predict which hand will be dominant in adulthood. *b. False 20. Pure dominance (i.e., having the eye, ear, hand, and foot on the same side of the body as dominant) is necessary for proper neurological organization. *b. False 21. Newborns can turn in the direction of a sound, demonstrating they perceive sound direction, but we know little about their perception of sound distance. *a. True 22. When integrating visual and auditory information, children find tasks in which the auditory information is presented first and visual information second to be easier than the opposite types of tasks. *b. False 23. On visual-kinesthetic perception tasks, children find the task more difficult if the information is presented first in the kinesthetic sense. *a. True 24. By age 6, children can systematically explore objects with their hands, sight unseen. *a. True 25. Visual-kinesthetic intermodal perception in infants is probably linked to the ability to systematically manipulate objects. *a. True 26. Older adults with poor speech discrimination often have poor sound localization. *a. True 27. Newborns move their eyes in the direction of a sound. *a. True 28. By 12 months of age, infants can perceive changes in frequency patterns only if the length of the patterned sequence is short and simple. *b. False 29. By 12 months of age, infants can perceive temporal patterns. *a. True 30. Children can detect differences in sounds, even similar sounds, by age 5 years. *b. False 31. The sound patterns to which we are exposed in infancy might be the basis for cultural preferences for certain types of music. *a. True 1. Perceptual-motor programs can achieve which of the following? a. remediation of learning disabilities b. experience in performing skills based on key perceptual characteristics c. reinforcement of concepts needed for motor and cognitive tasks, such as direction d. a and c *e. b and c 2. Which of the following systems is involved in declining ability to balance with aging? a. the nervous system, through slowed nerve conduction speed b. the visual system, through a decline in visual information about the environment c. the kinesthetic system, through a loss of kinesthetic receptor sensitivity in the lower limbs *d. all of the above 3. When infants use tools, they generate opportunities for perceptual learning. *a. True 4. When standing still, the typical older adult sways more than the typical younger adult. *a. True 5. There is a trend of improved performance on balance tasks throughout childhood and adolescence, and the pattern of improvement is the same for all types of balance tasks. *b. False 6. Individualized exercise programs stressing strength and balance have been ineffective in reducing the risk of falling in older adults. *b. False 7. Evidence from animal research indicates that self-produced locomotion and the associated perceptual experiences, compared with having the same perceptual experiences through passive movement, are necessary for normal perceptual development. *a. True 8. Research on infants demonstrates that avoidance of heights is linked to self-produced locomotion. *a. True 9. Infants who are carried around barriers can detour around them once they can crawl on their own just as easily as infants with weeks of locomotor experience. *b. False 17. Balance performance on a variety of tasks improves primarily during which age range? a. 3 to 6 years of age *b. 3 to 19 years of age c. 7 to 19 years of age 18. As children grow, they rely ___________ on ___________ information and ___________ on ___________ information for balance. a. less; kinesthetic; more; visual  b. less; visual; less; kinesthetic c. more; kinesthetic; more; visual *d. more; kinesthetic; less; visual e. none of the above 19. As individuals age, the ability to balance often declines, especially in the elderly population. This decline in the ability to balance is often attributed to the change in only the nervous system. *b. False 22. Select the statement that best reflects the current view regarding brain research in both cognitive and motor tasks. *a. Motor development and cognitive development may be fundamentally intertwined. b. Motor development and cognitive development are separate and distinct systems. c. Motor development and cognitive development are probably not related. d. Motor development and cognitive development occur through essentially the same processes. 23. Select the term best used for the following case: An infant has limited ability to perceive the world, yet this limited perception still guides movement. Additional perceptions are generated by movement, and the cycle is repeated; the infant eventually refines perception. a. perception-action program *b. perception-action loop c. perception-action affordance d. perception-action process 24. Animal studies tend to support the notion that movement is ___________ for normal perceptual development. a. unnecessary b. counterproductive *c. necessary 25. Depth perception does not typically develop until the age of 2. *b. False 26. Which of the following was NOT a popular theory during the mid-20th century? a. neurological organizational theory b. movigenics theory c. perceptual-motor theory d. physiological optics program *e. All of these were popular theories during the mid-20th century. 27. About half of the children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have motor coordination problems. *a. True 30. Which of the following does locomotor experience NOT facilitate? a. surface texture perception b. slope perception c. spatial relationships d. depth perception *e. Locomotor experience facilitates all of these. 1. Which of the following is a social constraint on development? a. religious beliefs  b. attitudes of significant others c. male or female sex characteristics d. all of the above *e. a and b 2. Researchers have found that for girls, the parent who influenced behavior most was their *a. mother b. father c. mother and father equally d. more physically active parent 3. The motor development of a young adult will be most affected by which socializing agents? *a. peer groups b. teachers c. parents d. all of the above e. a and b 4. The sociological construct that differentiates males and females is called *a. gender b. sex c. biological determinant d. all of the above e. a and b 5. Research suggests that the socializing agents that influence physical activity and sport participation across the life span are *a. peers b. parents c. siblings d. all of the above e. b and c 6. A cultural phenomenon in the United States that may act as a constraint for girls' motor behavior is *a. enforcement of Title IX by schools b. playing with their peer groups on the playground c. neither a nor b d. both a and b 7. The pattern of socializing influences for girls is more variable than that for boys, regardless of social background. *a. True 8. If your parents are sedentary, it is likely that you will react against this and become active. *b. False 9. In terms of influencing the type of sports an individual chooses to play, peers provide a stronger influence on team sports than on individual activities. *a. True 10. Females often report that their coaches were the most influential socializing agent for their participation in sport.  *b. False 11. Video game systems such as Nintendo and Playstation promote a physically active lifestyle. *b. False 12. An infant's motor development is generally not affected by its sex. *b. False 1. In past research, children have said ____________ makes them drop out of sport. a. lack of progress b. parental pressure for success c. time constraints *d. all of the above e. b and c 2. In a study by Horn (1985), positive comments by a coach did not lead to increases in self-esteem. Why? a. The positive comments were too infrequent. b. The positive comments were too general. c. The positive comments didn't specifically relate to performance. d. all of the above *e. b and c 3. Adults differ from children in the way they determine their self-worth in sport. Which of the following correctly describes how adults determine physical self-esteem? a. whether they are physically fit, or "in shape" b. watching the performance of others and comparing it with their own c. success or failure in previous attempts at the sport *d. all of the above e. a and b 4. Which of the following leads to enjoyment of participation in early adolescence? a. perceptions of high ability b. low parental pressure c. greater coach satisfaction *d. all of the above e. a and b 5. You are coaching an athlete with high self-esteem. After losing a game, he attributes the loss to a. how he played during the game b. bad luck c. lack of ability on his part d. all of the above *e. a and c 6. Which of the following best describes a functional individual constraint? a. ability to coordinate one's finger, hand, and arm movements in a task b. motivation to participate on a rainy day c. memories of past experiences in a team sport d. all of the above  *e. b and c 7. Sociocultural constraints often interact with functional individual constraints to allow certain motor behaviors to emerge. *a. True 8. Self-esteem is based on your objective evaluation of your worthiness. *b. False 9. As people become older, they tend to participate in physical activities more often. *b. False 10. If you have high self-esteem in one domain or area, it is likely you will have high self-esteem in most domains. *b. False 11. Young children generally do not compare themselves with others but depend on parental appraisals to determine their physical competence. *a. True 12. An individual's self-esteem may fluctuate a little but will stay fairly constant across the life span. *b. False 1. Which of the following types of knowledge can be generalized across topics? a. declarative b. procedural *c. strategic 2. Which of the following distinguishes experts and novices in regard to knowledge about a topic? a. Experts have more declarative knowledge than novices do. b. Experts have more procedural knowledge than novices do. c. Experts structure their knowledge differently than novices do. *d. all of the above e. none of the above 3. Who tends to preplan responses for specific situations? a. novices *b. experts c. both novices and experts 4. Which of the following leads to slowing in older adults? a. requiring responses that are not compatible with stimulus signals b. increasing the number of signals to which they must respond c. giving them more time in which to respond *d. a and b e. b and c 5. Who tends to organize their knowledge in relation to the goal of a game? a. novices *b. experts c. both novices and experts 6. Which of the following is more likely to slow down in older adults? a. single, discrete actions b. simple, continuous, and repetitive actions *c. actions requiring a series of different movements 7. Which of the following is partially responsible for children's slower cognitive processing speeds? a. peripheral nerve conduction speed b. attention c. memory d. a and b *e. b and c 8. Which of the following is not one of the reasons that performance is related to the size of one's knowledge base? *a. A bigger knowledge base allows one to hold more information in short-term memory. b. A bigger knowledge base allows more effective use of cognitive processes. c. A bigger knowledge base reduces the conscious attention needed for performing many tasks. 9. Nevett and French studied baseball shortstops and their knowledge of defensive plans. They found that experience had little to do with the development of a knowledge structure. a. True *b. False 10. French and Thomas explored the basketball knowledge of boys aged 8 to 10 over the course of a season. They found that children may acquire knowledge about a sport faster than they can improve their physical skills in that sport. *a. True 11. A youth with much experience in a sport can have a more advanced knowledge base than an adult with little experience. *a. True 12. Langley and Knight studied an older adult tennis player. They found that this player compensated for a loss of physical conditioning with increased skill in executing specific shots. *a. True 13. Children can process cognitive information just as quickly as adults can. *b. False 14. Children can make responses that are compatible with stimulus signals faster than they can make responses that are not compatible with stimulus signals. *a. True 15. Older adults learn new skills more slowly than younger adults do. *a. True 16. Unlike in children, slowing of cognitive processes in older adults seems to come from slowing nerve conduction speed rather than slowing within the central nervous system. *b. False 17. Active older adults do not slow in their responses as much as inactive older adults.  *a. True 1. Which of the following factors is most strongly related to absolute maximal oxygen uptake? a. age *b. body size c. training d. sex 2. Which index of maximal oxygen uptake increases linearly from age 4 years into adolescence? *a. absolute b. relative (to body size) c. a and b 3. Which of the following is a valid factor in considering how much exercise children need? a. Children are active and automatically get enough exercise. b. The cardiovascular system of children cannot support extended activity. *c. A high percentage of children are at risk for coronary heart disease. 4. Which of the following is related to declines in maximal oxygen uptake in older adults? a. cardiovascular changes b. respiratory system changes c. muscle mass changes *d. all of the above 5. Why do children have smaller energy reserves and lower absolute anaerobic power output than adults do? *a. They have less muscle mass. b. Their major blood vessels are relatively small. c. They have smaller lungs. d. a and b e. a and c 6. As they grow, children and youths improve in anaerobic performance because muscle mass increases and neuromuscular coordination and skill improve. *a. True b. False 7. Once individuals attain their adult body size, the only way they can improve anaerobic performance is through training. *a. True b. False 8. The major reason for a loss of anaerobic performance in older adults is a loss of lung capacity. a. True *b. False 9. Research shows that preadolescents can make significant gains in anaerobic performance with training. a. True *b. False 10. For any individual, the limiting factor in continuing vigorous activity is the heart's ability to pump enough blood to meet the oxygen needs of working muscles. *a. True b. False 11. Children compensate for smaller stroke volume with higher heart rates to achieve a cardiac output slightly lower than that of adults. *a. True b. False 12. Despite lower hemoglobin concentrations than those of adults, children achieve comparable efficiency in oxygen transport during prolonged exercise because they can extract relatively more oxygen from the blood than adults can. *a. True b. False 13. There is a strong relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and lean body mass. *a. True b. False 14. Older adults reach their peak cardiac output at a lower work intensity than young adults do.  *a. True b. False 15. Declines in hemoglobin and peripheral blood flow result in less oxygen being delivered to the working muscles in older adulthood. a. True *b. False 16. According to Katch's trigger hypothesis, until the effects of the increased hormone levels that accompany pubescence are realized, aerobic training has a minimal effect at best. *a. True b. False 17. When research studies use appropriate methodology, aerobic training in prepubescents results in the same rate of improvement observed in adults. a. True *b. False 18. Sedentary older adults who begin aerobic training can realize benefits that are relatively similar to that of young adults but not as a high in absolute terms. *a. True b. False 19. Middle-aged and older adults who maintain an active lifestyle still lose aerobic capacity at the same rate as those who are sedentary. a. True *b. False 20. Athletes in good physical condition can expect to maintain training levels even with a short-term infectious disease. a. True *b. False 21. A major factor in reduced maximal oxygen uptake with aging is a decline in the maximum achievable heart rate during exercise. *a. True b. False 1. After puberty, which of the following occurs when individuals initiate a strength training program? a. muscle hypertrophy b. improved coordination in recruiting muscle fiber units *c. a and b 2. Although there are other factors involved in muscle strength, the cross- sectional area of muscle (muscle mass) is related to strength. *a. True b. False 3. Strength increases steadily as children grow older, and there is little sex difference in strength until about 13 years of age. *a. True b. False 4. Peak gain in muscle strength coincides with peak gain in muscle mass (in terms of age at which peak is attained) during the adolescent growth spurt. a. True *b. False 5. Children of the same height always have approximately the same strength levels. a. True *b. False 6. The strength differences between adult men and women are due largely to differences in muscle mass, and therefore differences in strength, in the upper body. *a. True b. False 7. Strength steadily declines in the 20s and on into older adulthood. a. True *b. False 8. Strength in older adulthood, after age 50, is lost at a greater rate than muscle mass.  *a. True b. False 9. Loss of strength in older adulthood is variable such that some older adults might not lose any strength over periods as long as 10 years. *a. True b. False 10. Prepubescent children can increase both strength and muscle size with strength training. a. True *b. False 11. Older adults engaged in regular flexibility training preserve the range of motion in the joints being trained. *a. True b. False 12. Lack of flexibility is a concern only for older adults. a. True *b. False 13. Flexibility tends to improve throughout childhood. a. True *b. False 14. Girls tend to be more flexible than boys. *a. True b. False 15. Flexibility is joint specific. *a. True b. False 16. Flexibility declines during adulthood about the same amount in all joints of the body. a. True  *b. False 1. Which of the following was found by Parizkova in a longitudinal study of boys from 10.7 to 14.7 years of age? a. The absolute amount of fat weight remained the same in the most active boys. b. The most inactive boys had more fat weight at 10.7 years than the most active boys. c. The most active boys increased in lean body mass. *d. a and c e. b and c 2. Regular physical activity reduces fatness in obese children. *a. True b. False 3. Obesity tends to be stable over young adulthood, middle adulthood, and older adulthood. *a. True b. False 4. An increase in fat weight on the limbs in adulthood is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. a. True *b. False 5. We know for sure that older adults who begin exercising can increase their bone density. a. True *b. False 6. Middle-aged and older adults who exercise regularly lose muscle mass and gain fat weight, just as sedentary adults do. a. True *b. False 7. In observing swimmers of both sexes ranging in age from 12 to 16 years, Parizkova found that both boys and girls increased their proportion of lean body mass. *a. True  b. False 8. Parizkova found that the girls she observed who participated in gymnastics year-round for 5 years actually consumed more calories during periods of intense training, and their fat weight during these periods declined. *a. True b. False 9. The girls participating in gymnastics, whom Parizkova observed for 5 years, went through periods when their subcutaneous fat decreased but their total body weight increased. *a. True b. False 10. When Parizkova compared the boys she observed longitudinally, at 16.7 years of age the most active group of boys weighed more than the most inactive group of boys. *a. True b. False 11. Differences in body composition between children who are in physical education programs and those who are not in physical education do not exist until late childhood. a. True *b. False 12. Body composition is related to calories consumed in the diet and calories burned in daily activities plus exercise. *a. True b. False 17. ____________ proportions of lean body mass show a ____________ link to working capacity, and ____________ proportions of fat tissue show a ____________ link. a. higher; negative; higher; negative *b. higher; positive; higher; negative c. higher; positive; higher; positive d. lower; positive; higher; negative e. higher; positive; lower; negative 18. Obesity does NOT place a person at risk of suffering coronary heart and artery disease, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension. a. True *b. False 20. Adolescents should be encouraged to exercise as much as possible. a. True *b. False 22. The prevalence of obesity is increasing across all age categories but only in well-developed countries. a. True *b. False 24. In the United States, approximately ____________ of children and adolescents are obese. a. 3/4 *b. 1/4 c. 1/2 d. 1/3 e. 2/3 25. In active teenage boys, increased body weight reflects increased lean body mass. *a. True b. False 26. Teenage girls in train can ____________ lean body mass and ____________ subcutaneous fat, even when they eat more calories in response to training. a. decrease; increase b. increase; increase *c. increase; decrease d. decrease; decrease e. none of the above 28. Middle-aged and older adult athletes and regular exercisers who tend to maintain their muscle and fat masses are still not capable of approaching the muscle and fat levels of the average younger adult. a. True *b. False 29. Body mass index is the most accurate measure of body composition in individuals across all ages. a. True *b. False